AP Euro Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars

Mary I

"Bloody Mary". Super-Catholic. Married PHILIP II of Spain. KILLED PROTESTANTS, or exiled them.

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Battle of Lepanto

(1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean

defenestration of Prague

(1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Gaspard de Coligny

He was a protestant advisor of Henry III. He was murdered by the devout Catholic, Henry of Guise, under the orders of Catherine 'de Medici.

Henry of Navarre

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

Albrecht of Wallenstein

Protestant mercenary fighting for Catholics, assassinated by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Killed Gustavus Adolphus. Ferdinand killed him because he was threatened by Wallenstein's extreme power over the territories he acquired through the war.

Marian exiles

Protestants that fled England fearing persecution under Bloody Marry

Babington Plot

Queen Elizabeth I was plotted to be assinated by her cousin Mary Queen of Scots and has her beheaded for it

January Edict

This edict allowed Protestant in France to worship outside towns publicly and privately inside them.

Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

This ended the 3rd war of religion and allowed Protestants full religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities.

Frederick III

became king of Prussia, Sergeant-king, obsessed with the military and doubled the size of the army by requiring all young men to register for the army and created the first military reserves

39 Articles

created during the reign of Elizabeth I which made moderate Protestantism the official religion of England

Thirty Years' War

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburgs, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Ferdinand II

(r. 1619-1637) Austrian Habsburg king who began to implement absolutist policies in Austria by reducing the power of the Bohemian Estates. Catholic, revoked Protestant freedoms.

Gustavus Adolphus II

., Swedish Lutheran king who was a military genius, and lead the Protestant forces in the 30 years war until he died vs Wallenstein at the Battle of Lutzen 1632

Pacification of Ghent

1576; all provinces in the Netherlands would stand together under William of Orange's leadership, respect religious differences, and demand the removal of Spanish troops

Union of Utrecht

1579 The 7 Northern Dutch provinces allied against Spain & led by William of Orange (the Silent). A response to the Union of Arras

Edict of Nantes

1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.

Baroque

1600s to early 1700s, a grand, ornate style that characterized European painting and architecture

Politiques

A ruler who puts the success of his state above everything else, especially theology (Henry IV of France, Elizabeth I of England).

Union of Arras

A union of southern Dutch provinces that made peace with Spain.

William of Orange

An exile in Germany, he emerged as the leader of a broad movement for the Netherlands' independence from Spain.

Sea Beggars

An international group of anti-Spanish exiles and war criminals, they captured the port city of Brill.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

August 24, 1572; a massacre of 6,000 to 8,000 Huguenots in Paris authorized by King Charles IX and his mother Catherine de Medici.

Huguenots

Calvinists in France

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Cardinal Granvelle

Created a plan for ecclesiastic reorganization of the Netherlands. It was to tighten control of the Catholic hierarchy over the country and to accelerate its consolidation as a Spanish ward.

Spanish Fury

During the occupation of the Low Countries by Phillip II's forces, the Spanish army mutinied after not having received pay. During the subsequent rampage, these Spanish troops pillaged and murdered over six thousand people in Antwerp.

Jane Grey

Ed VI's heir, became queen at age 16, ruled nine days before being beheaded by Mary Tudor

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold

Catholic League

Formed by ultra-Catholics in 1576 with the goal of exterminating heresy and putting a true Catholic champion (Henry, duke of Guise) on the French throne

Day of the Barricades

Henry III's failed attempt to rout the French Catholic League with a surprise attack in 1588. The effort failed and the King had to flee Paris.

Charles IX

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis

Philip II

King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Peace of Beaulieu

Passed by Henry III. Allowed Huguenots full religious and civil freedoms. Pressure from the Catholic League forced him to shorten it.

Duke of Alba

Philip of Spain dispatched this man to suppress the Dutch revolt.

Catherine de Medicis

Ruled as Queen of France for after Francis II and fought to reconcile French and Protestant relations. Because of her fear of the Guises, she fought to maintain the monarchy. However she was forced to cooperate with the Guises. Balanced the two religious sides.

John Knox

Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) and who opposed Mary Queen of Scots

Theodore Beza

South to advance Protestant cause by arguing favor with powerful aristocrats, had conversations with Catherine and Coligny before January Edict issued.

Guise family

Strong Catholic family in France who had goals and interests of greatly influencing and physically obtaining the throne of France. They would be major participants in the French Wars of Religion and the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

presbyteries

The group of male elders of a Calvinist congregation who appointed the minister

Sir William Cecil

The shrewd adviser of Elizabeth I. Together, they guided a religious settlement through Parliament that prevented England from being torn asunder by religious differences.

The Compromise

a pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition by the Dutch

Conventicle Act of 1593

gave separatists the choice of conforming to the church of England, exile, or death

Palantine Calvinists

headed Protestant defense alliance receiving support from the UK, France, and the Netherlands

Council of Troubles

inaugurated reign of terror against Spanish rule (dutch called it Council of Blood) by Calvinists, nobles and merchants, 1,000s killed, begins inquisition in Netherlands