AP Euro Chapter 13: Reformations and Religious Wars

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Catholicism remains official religion of France, but limited toleration granted to Huguenots; Right to worship (except in Paris - no H worship in Paris),Can build fortified cities, Can access universities, public office

Catholic League (1609)

Catholics formed this league in 1609 in response to the formation of the Protestant Union and was determined to not let the Protestants make religious advances.

John Knox (1505?-1572) / Presbyterian

wanted to structure the Scottish Church after Calvin's model of Geneva. This created the this church/denomination which was strictly Calvin in doctrine, adopted a simple and dignified service of worship, and laid great emphasis on preaching

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

weakened the Holy Roman Emperor (No Control Over Princes);Rulers in the HRE may now adopt Calvinism as a religion, in addition to Lutheranism & Catholicism. treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; boosted power of sweden, netherlands, and france

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus;Catholic;founded by Ignatius Loyola as a teaching and missionary order; played powerful international role in strengthening Catholicism and spreading faith to new world; secured palpal approval

Baroque art

Art that applies naturalistic, realist styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious and secular themes. Involved with absolutism.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church; opposed protestants intellectually, politically, militarily, and institutionally;

Thomas Cromwell

Chief minister of King Henry VIII; reformed and centralized the king's household, council, secretariats and set up new depts; he ordered that every church should have an English translation of the Bible.; ordered that any idolatrous images should be removed from churches; later executed

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Cuius regno, eius religio="whose realm, his/her religion" - meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled; treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed in September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg;

Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542-1567) (Mary I)

Elizabeth I's cousin but Catholic; next in line to throne; Philip II (ruler of spain) had hoped marriage to this Mary Tudor; would re-establish catholicism in England, but was wrong; this person provided another opportunity; was imprisoned by Elizabeth bc center of catholic plots to overthrow her; was implicated in plot to overthrow Elizabeth

Huguenots

French Calvinists; brutally suppressed in France; Especially strong among the nobility although Calvinism saw converts from every social class

John Calvin (1509-1564), The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536/1559)

Frenchman; studied to be a priest and later trained as a lawyer; influenced by Erasmus and humanism; exiled to Switzerland; believed in predestination; established theocracy in geneva; published book that said belief in sovereignty and omnipotence of god, weakness of humanity; before infinite power of god, men and women were insignificant; said humans have no free will

Charles V (r. 1519-1556)

He was the Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands. He demanded that Luther recant, as he strongly supported the Catholic Church. He also confronted an expanded Ottoman Empire while attempting unsuccessfully to restore Catholic unity across Europe

Diet of Worms (1521)

Held by Charles V, an assembly of nobility, clergy and cities of the Holy Roman Empire, where Luther was asked to appear. Luther refused to take back his ideas; this gave him an audience to share ideas to

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Imperial decree restoring all Catholic lands lost to Protestants since 1552, before the Peace of Augsburg & only legalizing Catholicism & Lutheranism

Philip II (r. 1556-1598)

King of Spain and the most powerful ruler in Europe.. He was a devout Catholic determined to restore Catholic unity in Europe, encouraged mary queen of scotts in trying to overthrow Elizabeth; He attempted to invade England with the Spanish Armada, but he failed. He was the wife of Mary I of England.

Gustavus Adolphus

Lutheran king of sweden; his death in battle led to a decline in Sweden's active leadership role in the Protestant cause.

Ninety-five Theses (1517)

Martin luther wrote this, a letter, to archbishop Albert on indulgences; argued that indulgences undermined seriousness of sacrament of penance, competed with preaching of gospel and downplayed importance of charity in christian life; was quickly printed and translated

Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

Named "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope for his tract "Defense of the Seven Sacraments" in 1521, only to declare the English Church independent of Rome later on and be excommunicated. He wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon in order to marry Anne Boleyn but had been denied annulment.

iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

Supremacy Act (1534)

Parliament declares Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England. Annuls marriage to catherine of aragon after passing this

Habsburgs

Powerful royal family in Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain; Fredrick III of this family got a lot of money and some territory from marriage with Princess Elanor of Portugal; their son Maximillian to marry europe's most prominent heiress Mary of Burgundy (inherited Luxembourg, netherlands, country of burgundy); holy roman empire became international power through maximilian marriage; but, bc french considered burgundy their territory, led to centuries of arguing

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

politiques

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs;

Union of Utrecht (est. 1581)

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

Johann Tetzel

The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther.

"Defenestration of Prague" (1618)

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

The war between the Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire

transubstantiation v. consubstantiation

Transubstantiation is the name of the Catholic doctrine, while consubstantiation is the name of the idea held by many Lutherans and Anglicans. ... Consubstantiation is the idea that, at the same time, it is both bread and wine and the body and blood of Christ.

Protestant Union (1608)

Union formed by Protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire; a coalition of Protestant German states. It was formed on May 14, 1608 by Frederick IV, Elector Palatine in order to defend the rights, land and safety of each member. It included both Calvinist and Lutheran states, and dissolved in 1621.

Anne Boleyn

Who Henry VIII divorced catherine for; failed to produce a male heir twice, so henry also divorced her

Genevan Consistory

this council of Calvinists/protestant church (?) in Switzerland regulated very strictly the conduct of members of Genevan Society under Calvin; a council of the Protestant Church of Geneva; was organized by John Calvin upon his return to Geneva in 1541 in order to integrate civic life and the church.

Teresa of Ávila (1515-1582)

a carmelite nun that traveled reforming carmelite order, bring back to stricter standards; thought god sent her mystical visions to do it

Henry of Navarre / Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)

a politique who became first bourbon king of france; "paris is worth a mass", converted to catholicism; assassinated by catholic fanatic

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

admirer of erasmus; thought christian life rested on scriptures, which were pure words of god and sole basis of religious truth; attacked religious truth, the mass, institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy; took eucharist less literally;

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

attack by Catholics on Calvinists in Paris; a few days after marriage ceremony of King's sister Margaret of Valois and Protestant Henry of Navarre (was intended to reconcile catholics and huguenots bc henry was raised protestant); led to renewal of wars of religion; huguenot leaders who came to paris ended up massacred by kings soldiers;

Anabaptists

believed in adult baptism/when oficially a member of the church; new testament was rules for living; shunned the world: met in homes, refused to hold public office, no taxes, pacifists; targeted by catholics and protestants

Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558), "Bloody Mary"

brief reign; moved england back to roman catholicism; devoutly catholic, daughter of Catherine of Aragon; rescinded reformation legislation of her father's reign (henry VIII); married cousin Philip II of Spain (son of emperor charles V); her sister elizabeth's reign followed hers

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

called to reform catholic church and secure reconciliation with protestants; 1) equal validity to scriptures and tradition as sources of religious authority 2) reaffirmed 7 sacraments and traditional catholic teaching on transubstantiation 3) disciplinary matters tackled (absenteeism, priests and celibacy, selling of offices) 4) bishops given greater authority 5) seminary professors determine if candidates for ordination had vocations or sense of calling to priesthood 6) to be valid, marriage had to have witnesses and priest

Elizabeth (r. 1558-1603)

created beginnings of religious stability in their reign; at beginning of their reign (after Mary's reign) differences in religion existed in England (Roman Catholic vs Puritans) ; chose middle ground stance between religion; ordered churches to swear that this leader was the supreme leader in religion and politics; didn't interfere with people's private beliefs

Elizabethan Settlement

elizabeth came up with this to bring together different religious groups and ease tension; included Act of Supremacy (made Elizabeth supreme governor of church) and Act of Uniformity (made Protestantism England's official faith and set rules of religious practice and worship in a prayer book; retained some Catholic traditions which Elizabeth hoped would make a good compromise and keep her people happy, but still had opposition)

Holy Office/Inquisition

established by Pope Paul III; had jurisdiction over roman inquisition; published index of prohibited books;

Spanish Armada (1588)

fleet sent by Philip II after Mary Queen of Scotts was imprisoned; prepared from lisbon to flanders where troop was stationed; met up with England fleet in channel before reaching flanders; combo of storms, squalls, spoiled food and water, inadequate spanish ammo, and english fire caused to scatter, resulting in English victory

Ursulines

founded in 1535 by Angela Merici; focused on education of women; concentrated on teaching young girls; goal of re-christianizing society by teaching future wives and mothers; got paypal approval, rapidly spread to france and new world

Catherine of Aragon

had been betrothed to king arthur of england, who died early in life; was technically a widow, and had to get palpal approvement to mary Henry VIII; had one female heir Mary; later was betrothed to henry viii instead because they were still young and wanted a political alliance; later was divorced from henry because she didn't have a male heir;

Charles V (1500-1558)

holy roman emperor; was catholic; held diet of worms and called for luther to attend and take back his ideas;

indulgence

individuals could be reconciled to God by confessing sins to priest and doing penance; created this as a drawing out of treasury of merits from saints and signed by pope; had to pay for it;

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

led the Catholic counter reformation; Wanted to reassert moral authority of the Catholic Church, end corruption in the Church; supported imporvements in education for clergy, end of simony, and stricter clerical life;

anti-clericalism

opposition to the clergy; critics concentrated on three problems, clerical immortality, clerical ignorance, clerical pluralism (absenteeism)

German Peasants' War (1525)

poor economic conditions, crop failures, and the raising of taxes by nobles in Germany led to a riot. The rebellion was crushed by nobility, about 75,000 were killed, greatly strengthened authority of lay rulers and the Reformation lost much appeal after this; economic conditions for this group only merely improved

Dutch Revolt (1566-1587)

revolt in the Low Countries against the rule of the Habsburg King Philip II of Spain, hereditary ruler of the provinces

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

started wave of movements called reformation; joined Augustinian friars, was ordained as a priest and earned doctor in theology; believed in faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone;

predestination

the belief that what happens in human life/salvation has already been determined by God; calvinists believed in this;

simony

the buying and selling of church offices