AP Euro Chapter 16

National Workshops

Product of the new government in France. Imagined as nearly socialist cooperatives. In reality they were really temporary relief programs. Disliked by the moderates. Disbanded in June (bad move). Incited 3 day revolution (June Days) where workers fought against troops (and lost).

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule

Mikhail Bakunin

Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar

Flora Tristan

(1803-1844) Socialist and feminist who called for working woman's social and political rights.

Count Cavour

(1810-1861) Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Napoleon III

(1852-1870) Former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts

Georges Sorel

A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like democracy.

Alfred Dreyfus

A Jewish military captain in the French Army, he was falsely accused of treason, and his affair split France apart

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Pan-slavism

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Klemes Von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna. Claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy.

Balance of power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

Sergei Witte (1849-1915)

Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad.

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Formed under the Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867. Happened after the Austro-Prussian war, when Austria was defeated and excluded from German affairs. Joins Hungary in a monarchy. Except for a common monarchy, army, and foreign relations, essentially were two separates states with different ministers and parliaments.

Clara Zetkin

German Marxist who focused on women's issues in the Communist Party (1857-1933)

Anti-Semitism

Hatred of Jews

Victor Emmanuel II

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy

Anarchism

Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation. What is this belief system called?

Rosa Luxemburg

Polish-Jewish socialist who worked with V.I. Lenin and was murdered in 1919 by right-wing nationalists after a communist uprising in berlin

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Peter Stolypin

Prime minister of Russia from 1906-1911. He was very involved in fighting radical groups and he also took upon himself various agrarian reforms - which he thought and were proven to be essential for the Russian economy.

Bosnia-herzegovina

Sarajevo

Syndicalism

The French trade-unionist belief that workers would become the governmental power through a general strike that would paralyze society.

Paris Commune

The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government

Alexander II of Russia

a Russian tzar who attempted reforms by creating zemstvos and freeing the serfs, ended the Crimean War; assassinated by People's Will

Collective Anarchism

all property controlled by groups of workers who ran their own communities

Balkans

geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.

Revolution of 1905

result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities.

Georges-Eugene Haussmann

the mastermind who totally overhauled the city of Paris, essentially building a new city where an existing city already stood

Balkan Wars

two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe

Congress of Berlin of 1878

worked out the partial division of Turkish possessions in Europe- Austria/Hungary received the right to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina- Serbia and Romania became independent- part of Bulgaria won local autonomy- Ottomans retained important Balkan holdings- also where Bismarck infuriated Russian nationalists with his balancing efforts which led Bismarck to conclude a defensive military alliance with Austria against Russia in 1879