AP Euro: Chapter 16,17,18

Tycho Brahe

astronomer who agreed with Copernicus, aided progress in astronomy in Denmark, believed all planets except for Earth revolved around sun

enclosure

the movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture

guild system

the organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers

Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress

wet-nursing

a widespread and flourishing business in the 18th century in which women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies

Atlantic slave trade

the forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the 18th century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans

Pietism

A Protestant revival movement in early 18th century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional region, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

David Hume

argued that human mind is really nothing but impressions, supporter of Locke; rationalistic inquiry

Adam Smith

argued that thriving commercial life of 18th century produced civic virtue through the values of competition, fair play, and individual autonomy; attacked laws and regulations that prevented commerce from full capacity

just price

The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary.

charivari

degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards

Madame du Deffand

hosted salons that included the appereance of Montesquieu, d'Alembert, and Ben Franklin

putting-out system

the 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant

Copernican hypothesis

the idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe

rococo

A popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for it soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids

natural philosophy

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, it's purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today

public sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics

empiricism

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation

Catherine the Great of Russia

famous ruler; never questioned absolute monarchy, set out to rule in an enlightened manner, wanted to continue strong rule, expand, and domestic reform

Immanuel Kant

professor in East Prussia & German philosopher; argued that if intellectuals were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would almost surely follow. supported obeying laws

illegitimacy explosion

the sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and breakdown of community controls

laws of universal gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted

debt peonage

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money

Jansenism

A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope

William Harvey

English physician; discovered circulation through veins and arteries, first to explain that heart worked like a pump and explain its muscles and valves

rationalism

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies

Cartesian dualism

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

Baruch Spinoza

Dutch Jewish philosopher; believed that mind and body are united in one substance and that God and nature were merely two names for the same thing; was excommunicated

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish physician; studied anatomy of human body (used executed animals); published drawings on anatomy of human body

Galileo Galilei

Florentine; challenged ideas on motion using controlled experiments and focused on flaws in Aristotle's theories of motion, founded experimental method and law of inertia

Pierre Bayle

French Protestant, critically examined religious beliefs and persecutions of the past, believed human beliefs had been extremely varied and very often mistaken concluded nothing can ever be know beyond all doubt: skepticism

René Descartes

French philosopher; made a connection with algebra and geometry, investigated nature of matter and claimed that everything was made of mind and matter

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

German philosopher and mathematician; developed calculus independent of Newton, adopted infinite number of substances from which matter is composed

Robert Boyle

Irishman; helped found modern science of chemistry, first to create a vacuum; discovered _____'s law, states that pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume

Haskalah

Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn

Methodists

Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish cleric, believed that planets and stars revolved around the sun.

Paracelsus

Swiss physician & alchemist; experimental method in medicine & pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs

enlightened absolutism

Term coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance

experimental method

The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation

carnival

The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that preceded Lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that upset the establish order

proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

reading revolution

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was common place and reading material was broad and diverse

Treaty of Paris

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts

consumer revolution

The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of northwestern Europe in the second half of the 18th century

cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase public good

law of inertia

A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force

Voltaire

most famous philosophe; wrote many and popular volumes, arrested for insulting noblemen

industrious revolution

the shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods

Johannes Kepler

Brahe's assistant; mathematician, believed universe was built on mystical mathematical relationships and a musical harmony of the heavenly bodies. Proved mathematically Copernicus' theory

Francis Bacon

English politician & writer; greatest early propagandist for the new experimental method, rejected Aristotelian & medieval methods and created the empirical method into empiricism. ideas led to experimental philosophy

Isaac Newton

English scientist, studied physics and discovered laws of gravity. Discovered three laws of motion that explains motion and mechanics using math

economic liberalism

a belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor

philosophes

a group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment

community controls

a pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community

cottage industry

a stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market

blood sports

events such as bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular with the 18th century European masses

Denis Diderot & Jean le Rond d'Alembert

examined human knowledge; taught how to think critically and objectively about all matters

Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet

noblewomen with passion for science, longtime companion of Voltaire (lived in her house); not accepted into Royal Academy because she was a woman and unequal education

the baron of Montesquieu

philosophe; criticized existing practices and beliefs, focused on promotion of liberty and prevention of tyranny

Locke

physician & member of Royal Society; believed all ideas are derived from experience, mind at birth is blank tablet, development determined by education and social institutions (sensationalism) (most well known)

salon

regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

son of Swiss watchmaker; individual freedom, attacked rationalism and and civilization; rigid division of gender roles; political vision based on general will and popular sovereignty