AP Euro Chapter 17
enclosure
A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.
The increase in population in the 18th century can be attributed to one basic reason: A) Decrease in deaths B) Increase in births C) Increase in war D) Decrease in births
A) Decrease in deaths
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
English political philosopher who wrote Leviathan. Viewed human beings as naturally self-centered and prone to violence. Feared the dangers of anarchy more than the dangers of tyranny. Argued that monarchs have absolute and unlimited political authority.
Debt Peonage
Form of serfdom that allowed a planter/rancher to keep his workers/slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money
Navigation Acts
Series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British Colonies
Guild System
The organization fo artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.
Proletarianization
The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.
Treaty of Paris
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts
What are some negative effects of the Industrious Revolution
reduced leisure time, faster pace of work, and the redirection of the labor of women and children away from the production of goods for household consumption and toward wage work outside the home, women earned low wages, women and children vulnerable to all sorts of abuse.
John Locke (1632-1704)
1. English philosopher who wrote "The Second Treatise of Government" 2. Viewed humans as basically rational beings who learn from experience 3. Formulated the theory of natural rights, arguing that people are born with basic rights to "life, liberty, and property" 4. Insisted that governments are formed to protect natural rights 5. Stated that the governed have a right to rebel against rulers who violate natural rights
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
1. Enlightened thinker best known for writing "The Social Contract" and "Emile" 2. Believed that since "law is the expression of the general will," the state is based on a social contract 3. Emphasized the education of the whole person for citizenship 4. Rejected excessive rationalism and stressed emotions, thus anticipating the romantic movement 5. Children are not mere young adults, stages of life are infancy, childhood, adulthood
Explain why European population was stagnant up until the 18th century?
1. Prior to 1700—The population rebounded from the Black Death by the mid-sixteenth century and by 1600, the increase in population put a strain on resources. Irregular cyclical patterns were characterized by sudden drops in population due to disease, famine, and war. 2. Demographic Crisis—Brought on by famine (result of low crop yields and periodic crop failures), epidemic disease (the Black Death), and war (the Hundred Years' War and the Thirty Years' War, in which more than two-thirds of the inhabitants died in some German states).
Putting-Out System
18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant
economic liberalism
A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's arguments that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals rich and poor
Which of the following was NOT a duty of government according to Adam Smith? A) Protection from foreign adversaries. B) Civil order in the country. C) Basic wage control for workers. D) Provide for public works.
C) Basic wage control for workers, he thought that was too much government interference
Cornelius Vermuyden (verm eye den) is connected with which agricultural technique? A) Fertilizing B) Seed drilling C) Land (reclamation gain of land from the sea, or wetlands, or other water bodies, and restoration of productivity or use to lands) D)Selective breeding
C) Land reclamation
What was the role of women in this new economy? A) No role, they stayed at home and took care of the house. B) Reduced role as a result of no access to higher education. C) Took the menial and tedious jobs. D) Supervisors, as a result of their experience in the home.
C) They took the menial and tedious jobs
What wars led to British trade domination?
Colonial Wars—Britain and France waged a series of wars for colonial domination and to become the leading maritime power. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), Louis XIV lost Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory to Britain. The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) included Anglo-French conflicts in India and North America. The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) (AKA French & Indian War in US history textbooks) led to the British monopoly of a vast trading and colonial empire with the Treaty of Paris (ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts). Britain—Britain profited from exports of manufactured goods to its North American and West Indian colonies and to Ireland and India. The British also imported colonial products and re-exported them to other nations at high profits. This prosperity allowed London to become the West's largest and richest city in the eighteenth century, paving the way for the Industrial Revolution.
Rural Industry developed most successfully in what country? A) Netherlands. B) Ireland. C) France. D) England.
D) England
Explain how the "elimination of the fallow" helped to revolutionize agriculture?
Eliminating the Fallow means alternating grain with nitrogen-restoring crops (peas, beans, turnips, potatoes, clovers, and grasses), which in turn meant better feed for animals, more fodder, hay, and root crops for the winter months, larger herds of cattle and sheep, more meat and better diets, more manure for fertilizer, and more grain for bread. Crop Rotation
Describe how the Enlightenment influenced the Colonies.
Enlightenment in the British Colonies—The colonies of British North America adopted the Scottish Enlightenment model that emphasized self-improvement and ethical conduct. It was spread by the new church-based colleges and universities in the colonies. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were strong supporters of the Scottish Enlightenment in the colonies. Enlightenment in the Spanish Colonies—The Catholic Church controlled book publication in the Spanish colonies but educated elites produced their own reform ideas. In 1792, a mining school was established in Mexico City, illustrating the achievements of reformers.
Cottage Industry
Stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market
Explain the difference between the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company and how they went about dominating their respective markets.
The Dutch East India Company (1602)—The Dutch took over the Portuguese spice trade in the Indian Ocean and imposed direct control on the east Indian states with whom they traded. The Dutch hold in Asia faltered in the eighteenth century because of the company's failure to diversify and because of competition with the English East India Company. The English East India Company (1600)—The British relied on trade concessions from the Mughal emperor and increasingly intervened in local affairs. Accelerating the British ascendancy in India was the Treaty of Paris, which granted France's possessions in India to the British.
Explain why the Dutch were the leaders in the agricultural revolution.
The Dutch Initiative—The Dutch were forced to take the lead in draining marshes since the Low Countries were one of the most densely populated regions in Europe and had a growing urban population. Agricultural Innovation in England—Dutch experts helped drain the extensive fens (marshes) in rainy England. Dutch + draining the marshes = canals. Canals + winter = ice highways Ice highways + winter activity = speed skating Dutch + speed skating = GOLD MEDALS! They are the most successful in speed skating in the world! 190 gold medals, 193 silver medals, 186 bronze medals have been awarded since 1924 by 23 speed skaters.
Describe the controversy surrounding the 'Enclosure' movement.
The Enclosure Movement—The agricultural innovators (experimental scientists, some governmental officials, and a few big landowners) fenced the individual shares of the common pastureland in order to farm more effectively. Poor peasants relied on common fields for farming and pasture so they didn't support enclosure.
Atlantic Slave Trade
The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans.
Industrious Revolution
The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.
What are some positive effects of the Industrious Revolution?
Women played a proportionately greater role in household decision making and made enough surplus income to be able to purchase goods, spurring the rapid growth of the textile industries. Foundation of the Industrial Revolution—These new patterns of labor set the stage for the Industrial Revolution. They created households in which all members worked for wages rather than in a united family business. Today, the world is experiencing a second industrious revolution characterized by stagnant wages and increased demand for consumer goods.
Although fewer deaths and increased efficiency in agriculture are seen as positives, what negative consequence is in store for the poor people of Europe?
Working Conditions—Conflicts between workers and employers, desperate conditions for female workers (low wages, desperate poverty). Lack of merchant control over cottage workers led to new police powers to punish theft, drunkenness, immorality, laziness, or even holding on to small amounts of yarn or cloth.
