AP Euro Chapter 20

Second Revolution

From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics

The men elected to represent the Third Estate at the Estates General were primarily...

Lawyers and government officials

the Mountain

Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793

How did Louis XV damage the sense of his sacred authority?

Louis allowed his common-born mistresses to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically, which led to scandalous depictions of the king and the court in pamphlets

The National Assembly instituted all of the following reforms except*...

Recognizing women as holding full civil rights

Why was France unable to manage its debt,even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?

France lacked a central bank, a paper currency, and a means of creating credit to effectively borrow money

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

Great Britain expected to American colonies to help pay for the expenses incurred during the Seven Years' War, which protected the colonies from the French

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France?

The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the naming of church officers and church activities

Sans-Culottes

The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of knee breaches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city

Why did the conflict between the monarchy and the Parliament reemerge after the Seven Years' War?

The monarchy sought to retain emergency taxes after the war ended

Estates

The three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else

As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?

They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties

Abbé Sieyès's answer to the question "What is the Third Estate?" was that is was...

The true strength of the French nation

In the wake of the Great Fear, how did the National Assembly restore order?

They abolished all of the old noble and church privileges

Thermidorian Reaction

A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery?

They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the span and English forces on the island

According to the text, in the summer of 1789 the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by...

Revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris

The life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain resulted mainly from...

The Girondists' more moderate policies

Reign of Terror

The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed

During the Hundred Days,...

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly

According to the text, the string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-1794 were largely due to...

Patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

Several thousand Parisian women

How did the French armies offer a mixed message to the people whom they conquered?

The armies presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class, but also lived off of the land, requisitioning food and supplies and plundering local treasure

National Assembly

The first French revolutionary legislature, made up of primarily representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791

What was the political effect of the attack on the Bastille?

The king's plan to reassert his authority was forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work

Napoleonic Code

French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property as well as restricting rights accorded to women previous revolutionary laws

According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments...

Because big, victorious armies kept men employed and could draw sustenance from the conquered areas

According to Olympe de Gouges...

Men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law

Which of the following best describes the political system of Napoleon?

Napoleon frequently violated civil liberties by censoring newspapers, creating a spy system, and arbitrarily arresting people suspected of subversive activities

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?

They were younger and less cautious; many of them joined political clubs

Continental System

A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Great Britain, thereby weakening British economy and military

On what's basis have revisionist historians rejected the traditional interpretation that the French Revolution has its origins in growing tension between the nobility and the bourgeoise?

Both the nobility and the bourgeoisie were riddled with internal rivalries that precluded identifying these two groups as unified blocs opposing each other

The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that...

Broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property

Dechristianization

Campaign to eliminate Christian faith and practice on France undertaken by the revolutionary government

Which of the following incorrectly* identifies Napoleon's background?

He gained training as a lawyer before joining the military

By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?

The central government harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effect

Grand Empire

The empire over which Napoleon and his allies rued, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?

To us dictatorial powers to respond to threats to the French from without and within

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government in which the king retains his positions and head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides with the representatives

Estates General

A legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of representative from each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614

Girondists

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793

Jacobin Club

A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans

The legal definition of the composition of the pre-Revolution Third Estate included...

Everyone who was not a noble or a member of the clergy

In thee 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on...

Interest payment on the debt

What act, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, did Napoleon consider seditious?

L'Ouverture had the colonial assembly in Saint-Domingue draft a constitution that reaffirmed the abolition of slavery and made L'Ouverture governorship for life

What two fundamental principles if the Revolution were codified into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

Great Fear

The feat of noble reprisals against peasants uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt

All of the following were true of the French clergy on the Eve of the French Revolution except*...

They were under the complete control of the papacy