AP EURO CHAPTER 21 PRIMER
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was
James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760's and the 1780's.
The crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the...?
industrial dominance of Britain.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
it formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that...?
population always grew faster than the food supply.
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
How did the expansion in cotton clothing affect Western dress?
Most people began to wear underwear.
Which one of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.
How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?
Workers worked many more days per year
The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the
establishment of limited liability investment
In Germany, Fritz Harkort...?
sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families.
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that...?
The British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
As major railroad construction came to a close in Britain, what happened to the workers who built those lines?
They drifted to towns and cities in search of employment and became urban laborers.
Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons except...?
They received substantially lower wages than cottage work.
Why did the eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested: it was the primary source of hear in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued
as a part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state
All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except...?
ollowing the Napoleonic wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production
The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforst to compete with the British included all of the following except
the scarcity of human capital
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages?
The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence levels.
To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except
a single, distinct industrial use.
William Cockerill was...?
an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium