AP Euro Chapter 22

Charles Dickens

-Attacks child labor -Workers from foundling homes -Kids got no money and were abused

Friedrich List

-Considered the growth of modern industry of the utmost importance because manufacturing was a primary means of increasing people's well-being and relieving their poverty -He was a dedicated nationalist -Wrote National System of Political Economy -He focused on the practical policies of railroad building and the tariff -Supported the formation of a customs union among the separate German states

Edwin Chadwick

-Edwin Chadwick concluded that the "whole mass of the laboring community" was increasingly able "to buy more of the necessities and minor luxuries of life"

Samuel Slater

-Emigrated to the United States -Built a spinning machine from memory and a partial design

John McAdam

-Equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage -On top he placed a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock

Isaac & Emile Periere

-Established the Credit Mobilier of Paris -It built railroads all over France and Europe

Fritz Harkort

-He was a business pioneer in the German machinery industry -He concluded that Germany had to match all these English achievements as quickly as possible -Lacking skilled laborers to work for him, he turner to England for experience, though expensive, mechanics -In 1832 he was forced out of his company by his financial bankers

John Cockerill

-In 1817, his son John Cockerill purchased the old summer palace of the deposed bishops of Liege in southern Belgium -He converted the palace into a large industrial enterprise, which produced machinery, steam engines, and then railway locomotives -Many British workers came over illegally to work for him

William Cockerill

-Left England illegally and introduced new methods abroad -He and his sons began building cotton-spinning equipment in French-occupied Belgium in 1799

Adam Smith

-Wealth of Nations -Father of capitalism -Laissez faire -Free trade -Companies - bigger profit -Problem? Mistreated workers & pollution

Richard Trevithick

-Won a bet of several thousand dollars -Hauled ten tons on iron over nearly ten miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive

Karl Marx

-Workers need to revolt -Just society (workers own factories)

Thomas Malthus

-Wrote Essay on the Principle of Population -Argued that population would always grow faster than the food supply -Positive checks: war, famine, and disease -Prudential restraint: young men and women could limit population growth by marrying late in life

Elizabeth Gaskell

-Wrote Mary Burton in 1848 -Presents a strikingly accurate portrayal of urban life experienced by many at the time

Friedrich Engles

-Wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England -The new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers -The culprit was industrial capitalism with its relentless competition and constant technical change

Robert Bakewell

-allowed only his best sheep to breed -animal husbandry

Robert Owen

-stated that "very strong facts" demonstrated that employing children under 10 years of age as factory workers was "injurious to the children, and not beneficial to the proprietors" -Factory owner -Makes a just treatment of factory workers -Children under age 9 go to school -Supplies cheap housing for workers -Paid reasonably -Moves to New Harmony, Indiana -Creates socialist society -Everyone shares equally & paid same

Matthew Bulton

An entrepreneur (person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business) who joined with Watt

economic nationalism

List's Ideas

Francis Cabot Lowell

Mechanized every stage in the manufacture of cloth

Moses Brown

Opened the first factory in the United States

David Ricardo

Wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving

David Copperfield

Written by Charles Dickens

Great Expectations

Written by Charles Dickens

National System of Political Economy

Written by Friedrich List

industrial revolution

a term first coined from awed contemporaries in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they had witnessed in certain industries

Water Frame

acquired a capacity of several hundred spindles and demanded water power; it required large, specialized mills and factories that employed as many as one thousand workers from the very beginning; it could only spin coarse, strong thread which was then put out for respinning on hand-powered cottage jennies

crystal palace

an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron

Luddites

attacked whole factories in England and smashed new machines, which they believed were putting them out of work

iron law of wages

because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level

Jedediah Strutt

believed that children should be at least 10 years old to work in his mills, but he reluctantly hired 7-year-olds to satisfy their parents

George Stephenson

built an effective locomotive

William Blake

called the early factories "satanic mills" and protested against the hard life of the London poor

Henry Cort

developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke; he also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out iron in every shape and form

tariff protection

governments placed high tariffs on foreign goods

Samuel Crompton

invented an alternative technique called the spinning mule that began to require more power than the human arm could supply

Rocket

invented by George Stephenson; sped down the track of the just-completed Liverpool to Manchester Railway at 16 miles per hour

Thomas Newcomen

invented one of the first primitive steam engines

Thomas Savery

invented one of the first primitive steam engines

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin

Edmund Cartwright

invented the power loom

Jethro Tull

invented the seed drill

James Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny

Richard Arkwright

invented the water frame

John Kay

invents the Flying Shuttle

Robert Fulton

invents the first steamboat (Clermont)

William Wordsworth

lamented the destruction of the rural way of life and the pollution of the land a water

Factory Act of 1833

limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours; children under nine were to be enrolled in the elementary schools that factory owners were required to establish

10 Hours Act

limits work hours of women and children to 10 hours a day

coke

made from coal and used to produce iron

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions

Combination Acts

outlawed unions and strikes

Mines Act of 1842

prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under 10

James Watt

saw that the Newcomen engine's waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser

Spinning Jenny

simple and inexpensive; six to twenty-four spindles were mounted on a sliding carriage, and each spindle spun a fine, slender thread; the woman moved that carriage back and forth with one hand and turned a wheel to supply power with the other

Claude Monet

succeeded in expressing the new sense of power and awe inspired by the Industrial Revolution

Joseph M. W. Turner

succeeded in expressing the new sense of power and awe inspired by the Industrial Revolution

body linen

underwear made from expensive linen cloth that only the aristocracy could afford

Wealth of Nations

written by Adam Smith

Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Classes

written by Edwin Chadwick

Mary Burton

written by Elizabeth Gaskell

The Condition of the Working Class in England

written by Friedrich Engles

Essay on the Principle of Population

written by Thomas Malthus

Andrew Ure

wrote that conditions in most factories were not harsh and were even quite good