AP Euro: Chapter 23 & 24

"May Day"

Also called International Workers Day or Labor Day, it is a celebration of laborers and the working class that is promoted by the international labor movement, anarchists, socialists, and communists. The day was chosen to commemorate the Haymarket affair (bombing of a demonstration) and the eight-hour movement.

Theodore Herzel and Zionism

He founded the movement to found a separate Jewish state. It both rejected antisemitism and wanted to create a state with ideals liberalism and socialism

Sigmund Freud

He was a Austrian neurologist, who became the father of psychoanalysis. He came up with free association, id, ego, superego, and the idea that much develops from early childhood including sexual desires

Gottlieb Daimter

He was a German engineer who invented the internal combustion engine in 1885. It was the engine that was put into many of the first cars.

Friedrich Nietzche

He was a German philosopher who proclaimed God was dead, society was held back by religion, and that once people overcame the shackles of rationality, they could become the overman. His works and ideas came to be associated with Fascism and Nazism. He thought Christianity glorified weakness

Eduard Bernstein

He was a German social and democratic political theorist and politician, and a member of Social Democratic Party. He founded evolutionary socialism, social democracy, and revisionism

Max Weber

He was a German sociologist, who thought the emergence of rationalism throughout society was the major development of human history, and non-economical factors might account for developments. His ideas profoundly influenced social theory and social research

Michael Bakunin and anarchism

He was a Russian revolutionary anarchist, and founder of collective anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures, and on of the principle founders of social anarchism, and he gained influence among radicals throughout Russia and Europe

Alexander Graham Bell

He was a Scottish born scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who invented the 1st telephone in 1876. His commercially practical telephone helped businesses grow and develop, and made communication easier across all aspects of European life.

Henry Ford

He was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His invention made the automobile more accessible to the masses, which majorly transformed the mobility of the masses.

Josephine Butler

She was a British feminist who was especially concerned about prostitutes. She campaigned for the repeal of the contagious Disease Act

Sanitation and Public Health Issues

They were concerns with cholera, miasmaler (bad air), overcrowding in cities and with businesses. They resulted in new water and sewer systems, and expanded government involvement in public health, such as the Public Health Act of 1848 (Britain) and the Melun Act of 1851 (France)

the expansion of Jewish rights vs. Antisemitism

They were emancipated from the ghettos, they began to gain nearly-equal citizenship, and they contributed to art, science, and education. However, they were a scapegoat for the economic stagnation in 1870 because they were the bankers

cartels

They were groups of manufacturers or suppliers that produce the same product and allow the prices of the goods to remain high. They caused lack of competition, which made many governments try to regulate corporations

suffragettes

They were members of the Women's Social and Political Union, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, who lobbied publicly and privately for extending the vote. They eventually gained the right to vote in 1918, but only because of WWI and their violent tactics

"Soviets"

They were political organizations and governmental bodies, primarily associated with the Russian Revolutions and the history of the Soviet Union. They took over the provisional government in 1917, giving all power to the Soviets

"Bloody Sunday"

Troops of Tsar Nicholas fired on a peaceful procession of workers at the Winter Palace who sought to present a petition for better working conditions. It all but destroyed any chance of reconciliation between the Tsarist government and the Russian working class, even though they weren't ordered by Nicholas

Changes for Women in Society

Women gained the right to vote, own property, get divorced, and go to university. They also gained more opportunities for jobs, but withdrew from the workforce some. These changes helped put women into the political sphere, but most actual changes would happen after WWI.

the assembly line

a manufacturing process where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced and was invented by Henry Ford in 1913. By mechanically moving the parts to the assembly work and moving the semi-finished assembly from workstation to workstation, a finished product can be assembled faster and with less labor

May Laws of 1873

applied to Prussia; required priests to be educated in German schools, state could veto priests, as a result, all Catholic priests had either been arrested or expelled from Prussia in 1876

Ernst Mach

argued that scientists should consider their observations descriptive of sensations not the physical world

Women's Social and Political Union

led by Emiline Pankhurst, more radical branch full of suffragettes

National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies

led by Fawcett, more moderate branch of feminism and suffragettes

Falloux Law of 1850

local priest provided religious education in schools in France

Jules Ferry

sponsored a series of educational laws that replaced religious instruction in public schools with civic training in France

Rodulf Virchow

scholar in Germany who encouraged government to launch city clean up

Louis Rene Villerme

scholar in France who encouraged government to launch city-clean up

Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan

He was an American inventor and business man who invented the phonograph, motion - picture camera, and light bulb (1880). His inventions allowed workers to stay after dark, making more money for the company because of doubled production time. He was a British physicist and chemist who invented the 1st incandescent light bulb (1880). He took credit for the invention in the UK, and the two of the eventually merged companies.

Charles Darwin

He was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolution theory and natural selection. It challenged the biblical narrative, and made the universe the realm of flux. His evolution theory was far more accepted before natural selection.

Herbert Spencer and "Social Darwinism"

He was an English philosopher and liberal political theorist. It was the belief that human society progresses through compensation, and got to the point of "might equals right", as far as referring to poor/working/colonial people

Guglielmo Marconi

He was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer, who pioneered work on long-distance radio-transmission, developed Marconi's Law, and developed a radio telegraph system. He succeeded in making a commercial success of radio, and his wireless telegraphy was implemented in wars.

Baron Haussmann and "city planning"

He was the Prefect of the Seine Department in France, who was chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive program of new boulevards, parks, and public works in Paris. His plan for Paris inspired the urban planning and creation of similar boulevards, squares, and parks in Brussels, Rome, Vienna, and others

Bismarck's social welfare legislation

Implemented in the 1880s, it gave workers greater security ( safe conditions/hours/women & children regulation). His idea to to implement programs that were acceptable to conservatives without any socialist aspects, and they were designed to increase productivity

internal combustion engine

It is heat engine where the combustion of fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber, and was invented by German engineer Gottlieb Daimter in 1885. It was the engine that was put into many of the first automobiles.

The Duma

It was a legislative assembly in the Late Russian Empire. It was dispersed twice before Nicholas felt that the people in there were pliable for his needs. Because of this, within 2 years of the 1905 revolution, he had recaptured much of the ground he had conceded.

Marxist "revisionism"

It was a movement led by Bernstein, to achieve social reform through democratic institutions instead of revolution. It helped contain the revolutionary thoughts of the SPD, and instead had them working for electoral gain, expansion of its membership, and short term political and social reform

Second Industrial Revolution

It was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final 3rd of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th. Inventions included the telegraph, railroad, gas and water supply, sewage systems, electricity, and telephones. It was mostly associated with steel, oil, and chemicals

Social Democratic Party

It was political party in Germany. The organizational success of this party, more than any other single factor, kept Marxist socialism alive during the late nineteenth and early twentieth.

Bismarck's Kulturkampf

It was the cultural struggle between him and the Catholic Church in Germany. Thought he gained state control of education and civil laws governing marriage, it failed in the end, and was probably his greatest blunder

Late 19th century racism

It was the single dominant explanation of history and the character of large groups of people. People used the prestige it gained when it became associated with biology to provide scientific basis to their thought

the Wright Brothers

Orville and Wilbur were the two American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers credited with inventing the 1st successful airplane and making the 1st flight (1903). It revolutionized aviation and transportation in later years

Advances in Physics

They included X-rays, radiation, and the theories of Quantum Energy, Relativity, and Uncertainty. They made science affect more of daily life, got more funding, but became less popularized.

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

They were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, and a major organization consisting primarily of workers who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia. They were another faction which split after a dispute in the RSDLP. They were more moderate and were positive towards the liberal opposition and the dominant peasant based Socialist Revolutionary Party.

pogroms

organized riots against Jewish neighborhoods and villages in Russia and Poland

Charles Lyell

proved earth is much older than bible claims through geology

Edwin Chadwick

scholar in England who encouraged government to launch city-clean up