AP Euro Chapter 25
Alexander Kerensky
Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty.
Sarajevo
It is the largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austria-Hungary conquered it, along with Bosnia and Herzegovina; where Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.
George V of Britain
King of Britain at the time
Wilson, Woodrow
American president, 14 Points
Defense of the Realm Act
An act passed during WWI in Great Britain that allowed the government and police to censor the press and arrest dissenters as traitors
Treaty of Versailles
Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.
Franz Joseph I
Emperor of Austria-Hungary from 1848 to 1916; during his long reign he took small steps to address the democratic and nationalist aspirations of his people
Triple Entente
France, Britain and Russia
Plan 17
French mobilization plan to recapture Alsace-Lorraine; attack Germany, then come back to attack Austria-Hungary
Georges Clemenceau
French premier at Versailles peace conference who insisted on punishing Germany after the war; one of the Big Four.
U-Boat
German submarine
Marne
Germans had taken over the River and pushed back Britain and France in a series of attacks; Battle near paris that ended Germany's hope of swift victory, the first battle of WWI happened where the French and British stopped the Germans and the Schlieffen Plan. Second battle was turnign point
Zeppelin attack
Germans used these to bomb London and eastern England
Blank Check
Germany guaranteed support to Austria-Hungary if Russia invade A-H
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Erich von Ludendorff
Guided German military operations, decided to make one final military break-gamble- grand offensive in the west to break the military stalemate. His gamble failed.
David Lloyd George
He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
Vittorio Orlando
He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
Provisional Government
Russia's legislative Duma formed it in order to restore order. It was challenged by the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies; a temporary government established in 1917 which replaced Nicholas II when he abdicated. The mistake of this government was not getting Russia out of the brutal World War I.
Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes, Battles of
Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated; established military reputation for Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff; Russians no longer a threat to German territory
Duma
Russian parliament
Schlieffen Plan
minimal troop deployment against Russia, but focus on rapid invasion of western France by way of Belgium; plan was to defeat French quickly, then redeploy against Russia
February Revolution
of 1917 was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It occurred March 8-12 (February 23-27 Old Style) and its immediate result was the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the collapse of Imperial Russia and the end of the Romanov dynasty.
League of Nations
part of Wilson's 14 Points, adopted at Paris Peace Conference in 1919
Mustard gas
poisonous gas used during trench warfare
Paul von Hindenburg
president of the Wiemar republic; he was the head of the parliament government who was pressured to give the position of chancellor of Germany to Hitler
Emperor Charles I
ruler of Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Women's Bureau of the Communist Party (Zhenotdel)
sent men and women to all parts of the Russian Empire to explain the new social order; helped with divorce and women's rights, many were murdered by angry males
Red Terror
the campaign of mass arrests and executions conducted by the Bolshevik government
Total War
the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort
soviet(s)
the government of the Soviet Union
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war.
Béla Kun
was a Hungarian Communist politician who ruled Hungary as leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919
Kaiser Wilhelm II
was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.
Cheka
The re-established tsarist secret police, which hunted down and executed thousands of real or suspected foes, sowing fear and silencing opposition.
October Revolution
The seizure of power by force by the Bolsheviks from the Provisional Government (that had replaced Tsar Nicholas II after the February Revolution) in November of 1917. After the forceful seizure of power, Lenin set himself up as the first head of a Marxist state with aspirations to change the country, making several decrees in his effort use socialist ideas (Confiscation of large estates and businesses & establishment of political monopoly- no rival political parties).
Balkan Crises, 1912 and 1913
The spark that started WW1 after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the Archduke of Austria: Austria tries to retaliate against Serbs and Russia comes to their aid as the Slavic "Big Brother". By the early 20th century, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire of Turkey. But large parts of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule. In 1912, these countries formed the Balkan League. The First Balkan War broke out when the League attacked Turkey on 8 October 1912 and was ended seven months later by the Treaty of London. After five centuries, Turkey lost virtually all of its possessions in the Balkans. The Second Balkan War broke out on 16 June 1913. Bulgaria was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia, made in secret by its former allies, Serbia and Greece, and attacked them. The Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked into Bulgaria, while Romania and Turkey also attacked Bulgaria and gained (or regained) territory. In the resulting Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria lost most of the territories it had gained in the First Balkan War.
Zimmerman Telegram
This telegram, written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, is a coded message sent to Mexico, proposing a military alliance against the United States. The obvious threats to the United States contained in the telegram inflamed American public opinion against Germany and helped convince Congress to declare war against Germany in 1917.
Dual Alliance
created by Bismarck; contained Austria-Hungary and Germany when Russia left the alliance preceding the Congress of Berlin
Tank
developed by British
Fourteen Points
developed by Wilson, include: no secret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, armament reduction, self-determination, League of Nations
Mensheviks
faction of Russian Social Democrats that wanted the Social Democrats to be a mass electoral socialist party based on a Western model
Bolsheviks
faction of Russian Social Democrats under leadership of Lenin
Windsor, House of
formerly House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Lenin
founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.
Big Bertha
heavy long-range siege gun
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke
heir to Austrian throne, assassinated by Black Hand in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914
Propaganda
information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
Machine gun
introduced in WWI and fires bullets rapidly
Trench Warfare
involved trenches, barbed wire, no-man's land, mustard gas; kept both sides from gaining any ground
April Theses
issued by Lenin, presented blueprint for revolutionary action based on his own version of Marxist theory
Siege of Verdun
lasts from February to early November 1916. Over 700,000 total deaths. French recapture the area forts lost in February.
Russian Civil War
1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.
Treaty of Saint Germain
1919 after WWI Allies make treaty to break up Austreo-Hungry empire limits Austria in size and weakens Austria
Paris Peace Conference
27 nations present, Big Three (America, France, Britain), Germany not invited, Russia not present b/c of civil war
Battle of Somme
A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.
Western Front
A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.
Gallipoli
A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides.
Sussex Pledge
A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.
Karl Liebknecht
A radical socialist in Germany that condemned the war. Arrested after his public outbreak, he was arrested but sparked the imagination of many Germans. Strikes over starvation began.
Mandates, League of Nations
Areas of former Ottoman Empire given to France, Britain to "supervise the transition" to independence. A somewhat condescending means of doing it.
Princip, Gavrilo
Black Hand assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Red Army
Bolshevik army
Lusitania
British ship carrying many Americans, sunk by German torpedo, Americans outraged, Germans temporarily restricted submarine warfare
Alexandra, Empress of Russia
Last Czarina of Russia. Wife of Nicholas II. With Czar at the battlefield she interfiered with politics on advice from Rasputin who claimed to be a holy man. She and her family was executed.
Tsar Nicholas II
Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin. In WWI ordered a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, forcing a chain reaction of mobilization.
House of Romanov
Second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country for five generations from 1613 to 1761. From 1761 to 1917, Russia was ruled by a line of the House of Oldenburg descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. This line was officially also called Romanov. Most prominent and famous are the Tsars Alexander I and Alexander II.
Black Hand
Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom
Rasputin
Siberian peasant with influence over Russian throne, assassinated in 1916
Rosa Luxemburg
The Beginning, Founder of KPD, a Polish Jew, former SPD member. Against WWI. Thrown in jail but smuggled out leaflets to be distributed. Believed that if a communist rev. did not shortly follow Weimar, the capitalist values would undermine society
Constitutional Democrats
a liberal political party in the Russian Empire. Party members were called Kadets, from the abbreviation K-D of the party name Konstantin Kavelin's and Boris Chicherin's writings formed the theoretical basis of the party's platform. Historian Pavel Miliukov was the party's leader throughout its existence. The Kadets were mainly supported by professionals, - university professors and lawyers were particularly prominent within the party - members of the zemstvo (a form of local government), and some industrialists.
Trotsky, Leon
a revolutionary and the chairman of Petrograd soviet
Article 231
a.k.a. War Guilt Clause: declared Germany and Austria responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations
Mobilization
act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"
White Army
anti-Bolshevik army
Hemophilia
bleeding disorder (blood won't clot properly); Alexei had this
Bosnian Crisis, 1908
by 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Bosnia still technically part of Ottoman Empire, 1908- Austria annexes Bosnia angering Russia and Serbia, Russia furious, Germany threatens war, Russia vows war next time
Petrograd
capital city of Russia during World War I; formerly (and today) known as St. Petersburg.
