AP EURO CHAPTER 29 REVIEW

Lebensraum

(German for "habitat" or literally "living space") served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.

Hermann Göring

A Nazi politician and president of the Reichstag

Sergei Kirov

A Political opponent of Stalin's who was executed for being more popular that Stalin

Dunkirk

A mass flee of British troops of the coast of France, disaster, lost thousands of machines and vehicles

Kristallnacht

A night of violence and vandalism against Jews

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

Alexander Kerensky

An agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that continuation of war was most important.

Munich Conference

An agreement/conference that gave Germany the Sudetenland

Beer Hall Putsch

An armed uprising in Munich of maybe 50 people at most, crushed, Hitler's idea

Midway

An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

Sicily

An important invasion that lead to the removal of Mussolini from government, only to have him put back later

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Nikolai Bukharin

Bolshevik revolutionary and political and intellectual thinker for Stalin. Supported the NEP

Franz von Papen

Chancellor of Germany who succeeded Bruning

Joseph Goebbels

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht

El Alamein

Combined German and Italian forces were beaten near Alexandria, which lead to the Allied taking of Morocco and Algeria

Stalingrad

Decisive battle in German invasion of Russia, the Germans were surrounded and systemically destroyed

Rudolf Hess

Deputy to Hitler in the Nazi party person who dictated Mein Kampf

Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin)

Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself. Created 5 year plans.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Document that announced the withdrawal of Russia from WWI

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Nazi racial theories

Felt that Aryan white people were most superior, Scandinavian were 2nd best, French were 3rd, and the slavs, jews, and pretty much the rest were the worst

Course of WWII

First war in Europe, then war in Asia

Henri-Philippe Pétain

French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman.

Hitler's Rise

Gained power through feeding off others, and promoting racist nationalist ideals. Gained control of the German Worker's Party, built his way up from there

Enabling Act

Gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for 4 years

Army Order Number 1

Given by the Provisional Government, this stripped the army officers of power, and placed it in hand of elected committees. This collapsed army discipline

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Relationship between Alexandra & Rasputin / Rasputin's assassination

He used her to gain politically and to gain money for sex and drugs. He was then "assassinated" aka tried to be killed something like 8 times, then thrown in a river.

Hitler's goals

He wanted to declare the superiority of Aryan race, create more living space for them, and make himself eternal supreme dictator for life

Stalin's rise

He was totally focused on himself, double and tripled crossed, rose by gaining support of party

Reichstag fire & fallout

Hitler used this to launch his dictatorship and used this to give him power. It was a fire of a capital building

Hitler's Popularity - how popular & why

Hitler was popular for promising economic recovery and delivering

Mein Kampf

Hitler's book in which he outlined his ideas on race, living space, and the Fuhrer

"Socialism in one country"

Idea that the Soviet Union had the ability to build socialism on its own

Lateran Agreement

In this, Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent state, and gave it heavy financial support

Heinrich Himmler

Inhumane and cruel leader of the SS in Germany, appointed by Hitler

Victor Emmanuel III

King of Italy who gave Mussolini legitimacy as dictator

Alexandra

Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin, where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Nuremburg Laws

Laws that classified a jew as someone having one or more jewish grandparent

New Economic Policy

Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry

Anton Denikin

Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army and foremost general for the White Russians in the Russian civil war.

Soviet quality of life

Life was hard, there was no improvement in the average standard of living, but unemployment was unknown and communism had real appeal

Hitler's Foreign Policy

Made friends with Italy, did stuff behind the table with Russia, and hated everyone else.

Karl Lueger

Mayor of Vienna whom Hitler idolized

Five Year plans - objectives, methods & success

Objectives were to increase industrial output by 250% and agriculture output by 150% and have 1/5 of Russian peasants on collective farms. The methods were forced farming and scare tactics like gulags. The success was that of industry, which produced 4 times as much as before

Iwo Jima

One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan

Paul von Hindenburg

President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933

Collectivization

Putting smaller farms together into one large farm so as to increase productivity

Bolshevik (October) Revolution

Replaces the Provisional Government with Lenin's forces

Duma

Russia's lower house of politics

Great Purges

Stalin's mass systemic murder of millions to instill fear and to have someone to fight against

Leon Trotsky

Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution

Heinrich Brüning

The German chancellor during the Weimar Republic who convinced the president to accept rule by decree

Stalinization of culture

The acceptance of Stalin though propaganda

One man, one plan, one mustache

The amazing movie that dictates the life and failure of Hitler

Sudetenland

The area near Czechoslovakia that was mainly German ethnicity that Germany took.

A-bombs - Hiroshima, Nagasaki

The final straw for the Japanese, resulting in millions of civilian and military death. Little Boy and Fat Man were used here. These flew on the plane "The Enola Gay"

Ukrainian Famine

The forced famine of Ukraine by Stalin over not producing enough grain

Austrian Anschluss

The forceful union of Austria into Germany

Appeasement

The idea that Britain could pacify Germany and make sure there was no war at any cost.

Grand Alliance - members & goals

The members of the Grand alliance were America, Britain, and the Soviet Union; their goals were to Smash the aggressors, Europe first, then Asia

D-Day

The most important battle in the European part of the war, allies stormed beaches and made it through to the mainland, landing in France and moving towards Germany

Cheka

The old Tsarist secret police

"White" forces

The opposition to the Bolsheviks and the Red army after the October rebellion and the Russian Revolution

War Communism

The political idea that applied the total war concept on a civil conflict

Russian (March) Revolution/ Provisional Government

The revolution of the unplanned overthrowing of the Tsarist government, and the government that followed the revolution.

Polish Corridor

The strip of Poland that the Germans wanted to take, specifically Danzig

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

The three countries of Italy, Germany, and Japan allied together

Bolsheviks/Mensheviks

The two rival communists groups. One weree true revolutionary Marxists, and the other were revisionist socialists.

Kulaks

The well off peasants who were starved or shipped to the gulags

Mussolini's Rise - role of Black Shirts

These were Mussolini's bullies who pushed socialist out of Northern Italy

Reasons for Russian weakness

These were the reasons of bad leadership, and lack of organized or effective army

Women in totalitarian states

They were given more rights and had complete equality of rights

Goldhagen Thesis

This said that ordinary Germans not only knew about, but also supported, the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist" anti-Semitism in the German identity, which had developed in the preceding centuries

Reasons for Bolshevik victory

Three reasons: anarchy was about and any person could create power; the Bolsheviks had better leaders; the Bolsheviks appealed to many workers

Conservative Authoritarianism

Traditional form of antidemocratic government

Kronstadt Rebels

Unsuccessful uprising of sailors, soldiers, and civilians against Russian government (against Bolsheviks)

Grigori Rasputin

a Siberian preacher who became friends of the Tsars, but hated by the public, twisted and cheated and exploited Alexandra.

Totalitarianism

is a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism. These states always have to be at war with something

Fascism

is a radical, authoritarian nationalist ideology that aims to create a single-party state with a government led by a dictator who seeks national unity and development by requiring individuals to subordinate self-interest to the collective interest of the nation or race.

Radical Dictatorships

leaders who violently rejected parliamentary restraint and liberal values, as well as exercised unprecedented control over masses and sought to mobilize them for war.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)

opponent of Tsarist Russia, began to immerse himself in Marxian socialist ideas as a law student. He then went on to form the Bolsheviks, and tried to start a revolution in July 1917. It failed, he went into hiding, but regrouped in Petrograd, where he and his partner Trotsky gained power. He then moved on government buildings, and was declared the head of the new Bolshevik government.

Antonio de Oliveira Salzar

served as the Prime Minister and dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He founded and led the Estado Novo ("New State"), the authoritarian, right-wing government that presided over and controlled Portugal from 1932 to 1974.

Petrograd Soviet

the political party with whom the Provisional Government had to share power with

Final Solution / Holocaust

was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust

Elie Halévy

was a French philosopher and historian who wrote Era of Tyrannies, which talked about the different kinds of government and how they all stemmed out of nature of modern war.

Béla Kun

was a Hungarian Communist politician who ruled Hungary as leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919

Comintern

was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State."

Josef Pilsudaski

was the authoritarian ruler of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he was a major influence in Poland's politics, and an important figure on the broader European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for Poland regaining independence in 1918, after a hundred and twenty-three years of partitions

Rhineland remilitarization

when Germany moved into the Rhineland and beefed up the military, Britain and France still wanted appeasement and did nothing