AP Euro Final

What did Copernicus's theory of the universe postulate?

A sun-centered view of the universe.

A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.

Caravel

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.

Cartesian Dualism

The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New Worlds.

Columbian Exchange

Spanish for conqueror; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernando Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.

Conquistador

A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen on the other hand; could include constitutional monarchies or republics.

Constitutionalism

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.

Copernican Hypothesis

A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market.

Cottage Industry

The Englishman Jethro Tull sought to do what?

Critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research.

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

Economic Liberalism

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

What did mercantilist theory postulate?

Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.

Empiricism

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as what?

Empiricism.

The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.

Enclosure

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Encomienda System

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Enlightenment

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

What best characterizes the role of Europe in the world trading system prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.

The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation.

Experimental Method

What did the discipline of natural philosophy focus on?

Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and also did what?

Gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.

Guild System

Why did the printing press find substantial success?

Increasing literacy and the opening of more schools and universities had created an expanding market for reading material.

How did the printing press provide a framework to challenge provincial sentiments?

Individuals widely separated by geography could read the same material and form a common identity that competed with local loyalties.

The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.

Industrious Revolution

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver.

Mercantilism

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

Mind and matter could be reduced to the same substance.

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.

Navigation Acts

How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

The name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe.

Peace of Westphalia

The idea of the industrious revolution is best understood as a result of what?

Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to buy consumer goods.

A second century C.E. work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.

Ptolemy's Geography

The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.

Putting-Out System

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.

Rationalism

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse.

Reading Revolution

A French word meaning rebirth, first used by art historian and critic Giorgio Vasari to refer to the rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity.

Renaissance

What did John Locke claim in his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding"?

That human development is determined by education and society.

The European voyages of the fifteenth century derived from a desire to share in the wealth of what?

The Indian Ocean trade.

How did the encomienda system function?

The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of the citizens.

Describe guild masters among the laboring classes.

They were a small minority of the population who jealously guarded their membership.

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?

To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.