AP Euro Final Study Guide

Civic Humanism is best expressed in the work ON THE FAMILY written by which of the following? a. Alberti b. Petrarch c. Machiavelli d. Castiglione e. Cosimo de Medici

a. Alberti

The explorations of French expeditions gave France claim to which part of the New World? a. Canada b. Mexico c. South America d. Panama e. California

a. Canada

The Church of England was it existed under Henry VIII was which of the following? a. Catholic without the pope b. Calvinist but not as strict c. Puritanical d. determined to convert the world e. Anabaptist in beliefs

a. Catholic without the pope

Which of these best summarizes Luther's message in this passage? a. Christians owe no allegiance to the popes b. the Catholic Church and its leaders are in error c. the Catholic Church needs to be reformed d. he hopes to take over as pope

a. Christians owe no allegiance to the popes

The image provides the most reliable information about which of the following? a. European attitudes towards non-European peoples b. stylistic features of Native American art and artifacts c. the exact geographic location of Columbus' first landing in America d. the willingness of Native Americans to welcome the arrival of Europeans

a. European attitudes towards non-European peoples

The order that answers the question above was founded by which of the following? a. Ignatius of Loyola b. Francis Xavier c. Teresa of Avila d. Erasmus e. Thomas Kemp

a. Ignatius of Loyola

According to Locke, civil society and the state of nature are a. at odds b. the same thing c. both products of absolute monarchy d. forms of legal system

a. at odds

Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists condemned Anabaptists for their a. belief in adult baptism b. support for infant baptism c. secular outlook on the world d. support for papal supremacy e. use of magic to achieve religious reform

a. belief in adult baptism

In LEVIATHAN, it was argued that which of the following statements is true? a. govt.s are formed by people for self-preservation b. govt.s are formed by god and given to humans c. all humans are born with natural rights that can't be taken away d. life before govt.s was peaceful/calm e. the best government is that which does the least

a. govt.s are formed by people for self-preservation

Which of the following is a true statement regarding Charles V? a. he abdicated his thrones and ended his life as a monk b. he died in battle fighting the French c. he hated his father for leaving him prisoner in Spain d. he died in a joust celebrating his victory over the French e. he spent most of his time in Spain battling the Moors.

a. he abdicated his thrones and ended his life as a monk

Which of the following is not true regarding the policy of Henry Guise towards the Protestants? a. he favored the toleration of Prot. religions b. some Catholics rejected his policy of repression and joined the Prot. forces c. he encouraged the slaughter of Protestants by Catholics d. he eventually was killed in revenge for his oppression of the Protestants e. he was the military leader of the Catholic League

a. he favored the toleration of Prot. religions

Which of the following best describes the French Edict of Nantes (1598)? a. it provided limited political and religious liberties for French Huguenots b. it signaled the end of the French territorial expansion for a century c. it led to the establishment of French colonies in North America d. it granted legal equality to all classes in France e. it led to fifty years of violent peasant rebellions

a. it provided limited political and religious liberties for French Huguenots

Which of the following statements is true regarding the early European attempts at exploration? a. many of the achievements in discovery/exploration are today regarded as having both negative and positive results b. not much had really been accomplished c. the Portuguese were well on their way to establishing a series of colonies in the New World d. the New World was being settled but no one had discovered a sea route to the Asian lands and their spices e. the English led the way in colonization of the New World

a. many of the achievements in discovery/exploration are today regarded as having both negative and positive results

Which of the following best describes Luther's meaning in the excerpt above? a. only faith in Christ will bring salvation, not good works b. "Justification" is different from "salvation" c. faith means nothing without good works to demonstrate belief d. good works are necessary for justification e. neither faith nor good works will bring salvation

a. only faith in Christ will bring salvation, not good works

In this excerpt, it appears that in the Renaissance the home and workplace a. overlapped b. were identical c. were closed to women d. existed in different parts of town

a. overlapped

According to Calvin, divine "foreknowledge" and predestination are a. part of the same idea b. mutually exclusive c. the same thing d. erroneous doctrines

a. part of the same idea

John Locke based his TWO TREATISES ON GOVERNMENT primarily on which of the following view of human nature? a. people are basically rational and learn from practical experience b. people are weak and sinful and need the guidance of organized religion c. people are fallible and need guidance from the cumulative wisdom of tradition d. people are inherently quarrelsome and should never be encouraged to revolt against state authority e. people are born with all knowledge, and learning is the process of remembering that innate knowledge

a. people are basically rational and learn from practical experience

For Locke, the main purpose of government is to a. protect individual rights b. limit the power of kings c. promote equality d. promote commerce

a. protect individual rights

In the sixteenth century, Geneva and most other European towns and cities experienced which of the following demographic transformations? a. significant migration from the countryside b. significant immigration from overseas colonies c. declining populations as a result of diseases from the New World d. rapid growth largely driven by an increase in the birthrate of the urban population

a. significant migration from the countryside

In this passage, Luther implicitly challenges the authority of a. the Catholic Church b. priests c. the Bible d. Christ

a. the Catholic Church

Which of the following was not a cause of the age of exploration in Europe? a. the continued encroachment into Central Europe of the Mongols b. advances in technology allowed long sea voyages to be possible c. Ottoman expansion hindered access to the goods of the east d. great demand in Europe for eastern spices (especially pepper) e. desire to convert people to Christianity

a. the continued encroachment into Central Europe of the Mongols

Incidents such as the one depicted in Vasari's painting contributed most directly to which of the following? a. the exacerbation of conflicts between the Valois monarchy and various noble factions b. the establishment of royal absolutism under Louis XIII and Louis XIV c. the entry of France in the Thirty Years' War on the side of the Protestants d. the intensification of the grievances of the Third Estate against the nobility and the clergy

a. the exacerbation of conflicts between the Valois monarchy and various noble factions

Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following? a. the fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct b. the conventions of romantic love enhance social respect for women c. the education and scholarship should be equally open to men and women d. the new poetic forms, such as the sonnet, could be used to articulate their beliefs e. political rights should be extended to all men

a. the fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct

Which of the following was a major reason for the following of the arts in Florence? a. the high demand for works of art b. the excellent supply of canvas and stone in the city c. the strong support of the arts by the Holy Roman Emperor d. the peasant participation in the production of artistic works e. the city exempted artists from paying income taxes

a. the high demand for works of art

Which of these was the most likely barrier to the power of Charles V in Italy? a. the papacy b. Naples c. France d. Castile

a. the papacy

The image provides the clearest evidence for which of the following features of European expansion in the early modern period? a. the spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous peoples b. the reliance of European colonists on indigenous peoples as sources of information about new territories c. the rapid adoption of some European technologies by indigenous peoples d. the creation of hybrid cultures that incorporated both European and indigenous elements

a. the spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous peoples

Which of the following affected the status of women during the Reformation? a. the suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy b. Papal agreement allowing the ordination of women c. permission from secular rulers permitting women to own property d. the abolition of primogeniture and the institution of equal inheritance for men and women e. the establishment of equal access to education for men and women

a. the suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy

Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain because a. they were hostile to religions other than Christianity b. they feared that if they did nothing many Christians would leave Spain c. Spanish Muslims and Jews were believed to hinder the economic development of Spain d. Spanish Muslims and Jews outnumbered Christians in most large cities in Spain e. Spanish Muslims and Jews were protected by foreign powers hostile to Spain

a. they were hostile to religions other than Christianity

Florence built its prosperity on which of the following? a. wool trade and banking b. military conquest c. art sales d. taxes collected by the government e. religious tourism

a. wool trade and banking

Which of the following was the Dominican priest who sought to lessen the ill-treatment of the Indians in the Spanish New World by suggesting the use of African slaves in place of Indian workers? a. Amerigo Vespucci b. Bartoleme de Las Casas c. Hernando Cortes d. Francisco Pizzaro e. Gaspar Vega

b. Bartoleme de Las Casas

3. In the excerpt above from a letter written in 1555 by the French poet Louise Labe, the author does which of the following? a. Rejects domestic roles for women b. Champions women's intellectual abilities c. Condemns the French school system d. Encourages women to seek public office e. Asserts the social superiority of women

b. Champions women's intellectual abilities

Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation? a. Immediate wholesale persecution of Catholics in England b. Establishment of the English monarch as the head of the Church of England c. the pope naming of Henry VIII as "Defender of the Faith" d. Papal recognition of the English church as independent, but still affiliated with Rome e. a revolt by members of the English aristocracy opposed to the Reformation

b. Establishment of the English monarch as the head of the Church of England

Which of the following was taken captive at Pavia resulting in the Treaty of Madrid? a. Charles V of Spain/H.R.E. b. Francis I of France c. Henry II of France d. Henry VIII of England e. Ivan IV of Muscovy

b. Francis I of France

Which of the following was the Catholic religious order that spear-headed the Counter-Reformation? a. Carmelites b. Jesuits c. Augustinians d. Franciscans e. Capuchins

b. Jesuits

Who is regarded as "the father of Humanism"? a. Alberti b. Petrarch c. Machiavelli d. Castiglione e. Lorenzo de Medici

b. Petrarch

Which of these is portrayed as Flanders' worst enemy here? a. France b. Spain c. England d. Netherlands

b. Spain

Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean? a. John Cabot b. Vasco de Gama c. Bartolomeu Dias d. Amerigo Vespucci e. Ferdinand Magellan

b. Vasco de Gama

The long term economic effect in Europe of the establishment of trading networks and colonies such as the one described in the passage was a. the increased power of trading centers in Italian city-states b. a shift in the center of economic power from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states c. the industrialization of Great Britain d. an increase in the cost of imported luxury goods

b. a shift in the center of economic power from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states

A historian could best use the ordinance about the usury as an example of a. an attempt to implement mercantilist policies b. a traditional restriction on market activities c. an attack on the financial policies of the Roman Catholic Church d. an effort to stimulate economic growth

b. a traditional restriction on market activities

The image could be best used to illustrate which of the following general aspects of the initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans? a. European explorers were often outnumbered by Native Americans b. advances in military and maritime technology usually gave Europeans an advantage over Native Americans c. Lack of knowledge of Native American languages hindered the Europeans' ability to understand Native American cultures d. the arrival of Europeans often threatened existing hierarchies in Native American societies

b. advances in military and maritime technology usually gave Europeans an advantage over Native Americans

The Court of the Star Chamber was which of the following? a. special French court where murderers were tried b. an English royal court which used Roman law c. the meeting place of the Spanish Inquisition d. the home of Henry VII and Henry VIII e. the location of the French coronation ceremony

b. an English royal court which used Roman law

Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from a. religious asceticism b. classical language/literature c. the curricula of medieval universities d. political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire e. the ideas of Dante's INFERNO

b. classical language/literature

Luther and Calvin believed lesser officials were obligated to resist their sovereign if they felt the monarch broke which of the following? a. social etiquette b. divine law c. contract between ruler and ruled d. natural rights of humans e. common law/tradition

b. divine law

The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) was to a. end the wars between the Hapsburgs and the Valois b. end the civil wars between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states c. end the Thirty Years war d. create better trade relations among German princes e. facilitate diplomatic relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Turks

b. end the civil wars between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states

The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) was to a. end the wars between the Hapsburgs and the Valois b. end the civil wars between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states c. end the Thirty Years' War d. create better trade relations among German princes e. facilitate diplomatic relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Turks

b. end the civil wars between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states

A central feature of the Catholic Reformation was the a. Roman Catholic church's inability to correct abuses b. establishment of new religious orders such as the Jesuits c. transfer of authority from Rome to the bishoprics d. rejection of Baroque art e. toleration of Protestants in the Roman Catholic countries

b. establishment of new religious orders such as the Jesuits

According to this passage the position claimed by Catholic popes is a. well founded b. falsely taken c. merited c. too humble

b. falsely taken

Which of the following is true of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden? a. he was a devout Roman Catholic b. he was a major participant in the Thirty Years' war c. he defeated the Russian Army at the Battle of Borodino d. he established Calvinism as the Swedish state religion e. he set up an organization to mediate international disputes

b. he was a major participant in the Thirty Years' war

Which of the following would not be true regarding Durer? a. he is associated with the Northern Renaissance b. he worked on strictly secular themes c. some of his most interesting work has been done in the form of woodcuts/etchings d. he lived during the beginning of the Protestant Reformation e. he studied for a time in Italy

b. he worked on strictly secular themes

One of the factors that kept Charles V from suppressing the Protestants in his land was which of the following? a. his belief in Lutheranism b. his need of the German princes' support against his enemies c. orders from the pope not to harm the Protestants d. his great fear of Martin Luther e. his physical illnesses

b. his need of the German princes' support against his enemies

Which of the following statements best describes the English Reformation? a. it came solely because of Henry's need for an annulment b. it was based on an English tradition of dissent from Rome going back many years c. it was based on the principles of the Calvinist Reformation d. it was part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation e. it was a total failure

b. it was based on an English tradition of dissent from Rome going back many years

Which of the following is true regarding the Peace of Westphalia? a. it reconfirmed the power/grandeur of the Holy Roman Empire b. it weakened the Holy Roman Empire's control over the German states c. it ensured Prot. domination of Central Europe d. it returned Europe to the status quo as of 1616 e. it gave England control of the Rhine River

b. it weakened the Holy Roman Empire's control over the German states

According to Beza, which of these describes the obligations of different political groups? a. kings have rights, but no duties towards their subjects b. kings and magistrates have both powers and responsibilities towards those they govern c. the people have duties, but no rights d. the people are sovereign over monarchs

b. kings and magistrates have both powers and responsibilities towards those they govern

Which of these best characterizes the power of Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire? a. weak b. limited c. negligible d. complete

b. limited

Which of the following statements would the Moroccan ambassador have most likely agreed with? a. the practice of mercantilism is harmful to a developing economy b. manufacturing products is better than resource extraction for economic development c. free trade allows for the growth of capital and the economy d. the equitable distribution of wealth among all classes should be the goal of the state

b. manufacturing products is better than resource extraction for economic development

The Tudors won the support of the upper middle class merchants by doing which of the following? a. lowering their taxes b. promoting peace/social order c. lowering the wage of the working class d. investing government money in their businesses e. enacting protective tariffs on all foreign goods

b. promoting peace/social order

The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Years' War was to do which of the following? a. defend Catholicism against German Protestants b. reduce the power of the Habsburgs c. punish the Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus d. conquer Brandenburg e. place a Bourbon on the Spanish throne

b. reduce the power of the Habsburgs

In his INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION, John Calvin sought to a. answer the Roman Catholic Church's doctrinal reforms formulated at the Council of Trent b. systematize Protestant doctrine as the basis for a reformed Christianity c. challenge the growing political authority of kings through the articulation of a theory of political resistance d. promote a dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church e. raise the cultural level of Europeans by supporting universal schooling

b. systematize Protestant doctrine as the basis for a reformed Christianity

Which of the following was most directly intended to resolve the conflict illustrated in Vasari's painting? a. the Peace of Augsburg b. the Edict of Nantes c. the Pragmatic Sanction d. the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

b. the Edict of Nantes

Which of the following resulted from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588? a. Spanish domination of the Mediterranean was ended b. the invasion of England was prevented c. Dutch sympathies for the Spanish cause increased d. War broke out between France and England e. A series of uprisings occurred in the Spanish colonies of Central and South America

b. the invasion of England was prevented

Which of the following events marked the effective end of Spain's ability to act as a champion of Catholicism in Europe? a. the Battle of Lepanto against the Ottoman Empire (1571) b. the outcome of the Thirty Years' War (1648) c. the Siege of Viena (1683) d. the outcome of the Seven Years' War (1763)

b. the outcome of the Thirty Years' War (1648)

All of the following statements about the Renaissance are true EXCEPT a. the preeminence of medieval Scholasticism was challeneged b. the papacy became increasingly ascetic, promoting mystical contact with God c. People looked increasingly back to the classical period for ideas and models d. Wealthy merchant princes patronized the arts e. There was interest in broadening the range of education

b. the papacy became increasingly ascetic, promoting mystical contact with God

This author implies that political power comes from a. God b. the people c. magistrates d. the law

b. the people

By the time the engraving was produced, the even portrayed had resulted in which of the following? a. the large-scale migration of Native American peoples to Europe b. the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas c. the establishment of colonies in the Americas by all major European powers d. the creating of an extensive plantation system in the West Indies that relied on Native American coerced labor

b. the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas

Which of the following statements regarding the architecture of the Renaissance is not true? a. it used classical elements in new ways b. they never could figure out how to build a dome c. it used geometric shapes as decoration d. many public buildings were sponsored by the city-governments and the Roman Catholic Church e. it was often used to bring glory and renown to its Patron

b. they never could figure out how to build a dome

For Luther, indulgences are a. too expensive b. useless c. legitimate d. only for true Christians

b. useless

In writing the passage above, Machiavelli drew on his observations of which of the following? a. feudal warfare in medieval Europe b. warfare among the Italian city-states c. sixteenth-century religious wars d. warfare among the European colonial powers e. warfare during the Crusades

b. warfare among the Italian city-states

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best explain the rebels' demands in the passage concerning money? a. the massive inflow of silver from the Americas to Spain did not start until the second half of the sixteenth century b. a significant number of economic transactions in sixteenth century Castile were still in the form of barters or exchanges in kind c. Charles's election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 involved him in many expensive commitments outside Spain d. Charles's economic policies in Castile were consistent with the principles of mercantilism

c. Charles's election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 involved him in many expensive commitments outside Spain

The Protestant nobility of Bohemia made their counterattack against Ferdinand II the Habsburg at which of the following? a. Battle of the White Mountain b. Council of Constance c. Defenestration of Prague d. Battle of Lepanto e. Lutzen

c. Defenestration of Prague

This political cartoon appears to represent the perspective of a. Spain b. France c. England d. Flanders

c. England

In this map, which of these countries was most threatened by the power of Charles V? a. England b. Portugal c. France d. Poland

c. France

French Protestants were called which of the following? a. Anabaptists b. Politiques c. Huguenots d. Cultists, Anglicans

c. Huguenots

Which of the following was the family that dominated the politics of Florence? a. D' Este b. Pazzi c. Medici d. Sforza e. Visconti

c. Medici

Which of the following statements regarding the Spanish rule in the Netherlands is not true? a. Philip III followed the same policies as Philip II b. Margarite of Parma resigned as regent than be a part in the repression of the Dutch people c. Northern Netherlands was nominally in Spanish control but was really ruled by the States General d. Northern Netherlands was ruled by Prince William of Orange and became independent of Spain e. Philip II did not accept the division of the Netherlands into two parts

c. Northern Netherlands was nominally in Spanish control but was really ruled by the States General

How did Philip II's religious policies illustrated in the passage compare to the policies pursued by other fifteenth and sixteenth century European monarchs? a. Philip's policies were unique among European monarchs because Philip strongly supported Catholicism b. Philip's policies enforcing religious uniformity were similar to the policies of other Habsburg rulers but different from the policies of most other ruling dynasties c. Philip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time d. Philips policies were unusual among European monarchs because he did not proclaim himself the head of a national church

c. Philip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time

The events described in the passage best illustrate which of the following aspects of the religious conflicts in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? a. Catholics responded to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation by creating new religious orders to revitalize the Roman Catholic Church b. the spread of Protestant ideas in France had already resulted in the French monarchs adopting a policy of religious toleration c. Protestants made effective use of the increased availability of printing technology to spread their ideas d. despite doctrinal differences, Catholics and Protestants continued to live amicably together in many regions of Europe

c. Protestants made effective use of the increased availability of printing technology to spread their ideas

For Locke, which of these are part of the state of nature? a. civil society b. property rights c. absolute monarchy d. legislature

c. absolute monarchy

Based on the imagery and intended audience of Vasari's painting, the artist's most likely purpose was to portray the events in the painting as a. a terrible misunderstanding b. a horrific abuse of royal power c. an example of divine retribution d. a cautionary tale against the dangers of mob violence

c. an example of divine retribution

Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to a. minister to the sick/poor b. preach the word of God in the Church on Sunday c. become a wife/mother d. lead a life devoted primarily to prayer and contemplation e. teach reading/writing in a religious school

c. become a wife/mother

For Christine de Pisan, which of these best characterizes the ideal woman' life? a. professional b. maternal c. domestic d. commercial

c. domestic

One characteristic of the Christian humanist was also a trait of the Italian Ren. humanist; which of the following is it? a. desire to teach children in private schools b. continuing the education of monks/nuns c. effort to ensure accurate translations of ancient texts d. devoted service/complete obedience to the papacy

c. effort to ensure accurate translations of ancient texts

One characteristic of the Christian humanist was also a trait of the Italian Ren. humanist; which of the following was it? a. desire to teach children in private schools b. continuing the education of monks/nuns c. effort to ensure accurate translations of ancient texts d. devoted service/complete obedience to the papacy

c. effort to ensure accurate translations of ancient texts

Which of the following most accurately states Martin Luther's basic religious belief as a leader of the Protestant Reformation? a. Monasticism is the highest calling b. personal works matter more than beliefs c. faith is the key to salvation d. Christians are not subject to secular authority e. Christians should show tolerance toward other faiths

c. faith is the key to salvation

Which of the following statements regarding Columbus is not true? a. he died not believing that he had discovered a New World b. at one point in his career he was arrested by the Spanish crown c. he died a very rich and happy man d. he was accused of mistreating the Native Americans e. he never reached the North American mainland

c. he died a very rich and happy man

Which of the following is NOT true of the Edict of Nantes 1598? a. it was issued by Henry IV of France b. it allowed the practice of Protestantism in France c. it was responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre d. it was accepted by the French Huguenots e. it was revoked by Louis XIV

c. it was responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Which of the following would be associated with the final phase of the Thirty Years' War? a. fighting centered in Central Europe b. increased emphasis on its religious aspects c. major combatants Spain and France fight each other directly d. Sweden and Denmark launch major offenses against each other e. Russian forces invaded the Holy Roman Empire

c. major combatants Spain and France fight each other directly

Italian society differed from the rest of Europe during the Renaissance in which of the following ways? a. strong tradition of kingship b. political unity centered on the papacy c. number of urban commercial centers d. rapid pace of agricultural innovation e. matriarchal political leadership

c. number of urban commercial centers

In THE PRINCE, Machiavelli asserted which of the following? a. historical examples are useless for understanding political behavior b. the intelligent prince should keep his state neutral in the event of war c. people are not trustworthy and cannot be relied upon in time of need d. the prince should be guided by the ethical principles of Christianity e. luck is of no consequence in the success or failure of Princes

c. people are not trustworthy and cannot be relied upon in time of need

Which of these best characterizes humanity, based on this excerpt? a. essentially weak b. animals c. powerful d. mortal

c. powerful

For Luther, the way to avoid punishment for one's sins is to a. buy indulgences b. seek the pope's forgiveness c. repent d. follow the Catholic Church

c. repent

Which of these is the main characteristic expected of Jesuits? a. independence b. intelligence c. submission d. creativity

c. submission

During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of a. supporting the Hapsburgs against the Protestant princes and rulers b. allowing French Protestants to fight for the Protestants even though the monarchy supported the Roman Catholics c. supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs d. remained neutral e. opposing England in order to recapture Normandy

c. supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs

Which of these is the most probable message of this image? a. the Aztecs far outnumbered the Spaniards b. the Aztecs were defenseless in the face of the Spaniards c. the Aztecs and the Spaniards presented stark contrasts d. the Spaniards were morally superior to the Aztecs

c. the Aztecs and the Spaniards presented stark contrasts

The Council of Trent 1545-1563 was the major body through which a. Spain strengthened its position against the Turks b. the house of Habsburg gained control over Italy c. the Roman Catholic Church reformed itself d. European states entered into economic cooperation e. Puritans and Catholic were reconciled

c. the Roman Catholic Church reformed itself

Which of the following best describes the Christian humanism of Erasmus? a. a complete break with Roman Catholic theology b. a defense of individual interpretation of the Bible c. the application of Renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reform d. a return to the Scholastic theology of Thomas Aquinas e. a plea for a return to monasticisim as the highest Christian calling

c. the application of Renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reform

Which of the following best describes the Christian humanism of Erasmus? a. a complete break with Roman Catholic theology b. a defense of individual interpretation of the Bible c. the application of Renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reform d. a return to the Scholastic theology of Thomas Aquinas e. a plea for a return to monasticism as the highest Christian calling

c. the application of Renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reform

The ordinances in the passage best exemplify which of the following aspects of Calvinism? a. the rejection of Roman Catholic sacraments b. the recognition of the desirability of religious toleration in mixed-faith communities c. the belief that laws must be based on religious principles d. the belief in the predestination of the elect to salvation

c. the belief that laws must be based on religious principles

Vasari's interpretation of the events depicted in the painting would most likely have been shared by which of the following groups in the sixteenth century? a. high clergy in the Church of England b. the rebels in the German Peasants' War c. the delegates at the Council of Trent d. Christian humanists such as Erasmus of Rotterdom

c. the delegates at the Council of Trent

The Portuguese slave trade described in the passage led most directly to which of the following? a. Columbus' voyages of exploration b. the development of new navigational technology c. the establishment of a European-dominated system of plantation agriculture d. the foundation of East Indies trading companies

c. the establishment of a European-dominated system of plantation agriculture

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following? a. undisputed control over central Europe by the Hapsburgs b. the creation of a strong central government to rule the Holy Roman Empire c. the guaranteed independence of numerous small German states d. an end to the persecution of Protestants in the Hapsburg Empire e. an end to the Hundred Years' War

c. the guaranteed independence of numerous small German states

Which of the following was not a powerful force working against the unification of France? a. its greatest nobles were semi-independent princes who were constant rivals for the throne b. French people of the time were primarily loyal to their province rather than to their state c. the impact of the Black Death was still devastating the land d. France was surrounded by aggressive/powerful neighbors with whom it was often at war

c. the impact of the Black Death was still devastating the land

The licensing of trade described in the passage is an example of which of the following state policies? a. the monopolization of force by the state b. the preservation of regional autonomy and tax collection c. the implementation of mercantilism to promote the state's economic interests d. the development of new banking techniques to enhance commerce

c. the implementation of mercantilism to promote the state's economic interests

Which of the following best accounts for Nunez de Castro's confidence in Spain's economic position? a. the Spanish successes as a result of the military revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth century b. the outcome of the Thirty Years' War as established by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 c. the influx of resources from the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines d. the expansion of the African slave trade

c. the influx of resources from the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, which of the following happened to the people of Germany? a. they all became Lutheran b. they could choose their own religion c. they would be Catholic or Protestant depending upon the religion of their ruler d. they all became Catholic e. no religion was allowed to be practiced in the Holy Roman Empire

c. they would be Catholic or Protestant depending upon the religion of their ruler

The phrase "just as an old man's stick" likens the members of the Jesuit order to a. slaves b. priests c. tools d. the sick

c. tools

Charles V became heir not only to the Spanish crown, but also to which of the following? a. parts of Moorish North Africa b. France c. vast Habsburg estates including Austria and Hungry d. the throne of England e. Russia

c. vast Habsburg estates including Austria and Hungry

Which of these best reflects the role of women suggested by this excerpt? a. women are primarily mothers b. women should own their own businesses c. women can be useful in giving business advice d. women should be seen and not heard

c. women can be useful in giving business advice

Which of the following was a by-product of the European explorations of this period? a. all of Europe found itself at war with the Ottoman Empire b. Europe began to splinter and divide up over wars for lands in the New World c. Europe experienced a cultural explosion in the arts inspired by the discoveries that were being made d. Europeans discovered important aspects of their own culture by comparison with the cultures of the New World/Asia e. many Europeans died of disease brought back from the New World

d. Europeans discovered important aspects of their own culture by comparison with the cultures of the New World/Asia

The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological view of a. Erasmus b. Pope Leo X c. Thomas More d. John Calvin e. Ignatius Loyola

d. John Calvin

The political assessment above of Renaissance citizens can be found in a. Castiglione's THE BOOK OF THE COURTIER b. Shakespeare's JULIUS CAESAR c. More's UTOPIA d. Machiavelli's THE PRINCE e. Cellini's Autobiography

d. Machiavelli's THE PRINCE

One of the major beneficiaries of the Peace of Westphalia was which of the following? a. England b. Bavaria c. Prussia d. Sweden e. Spain

d. Sweden

Castiglione's BOOK OF THE COURTIER 1528 was intended as which of the following? a. a collection of entertaining travel stories b. a guide to the military affairs of the Italian peninsula c. a collection of meditations and spiritual reflections d. a guide to refined behavior and etiquette e. an allegory of courtly love

d. a guide to refined behavior and etiquette

Which of these best characterizes Flanders as represented in this image? a. strongly independent b. poor c. militaristic d. a victim of its more powerful neighbors

d. a victim of its more powerful neighbors

The people refused to annul Henry VIII's first marriage for all of the following reasons except a. he was distracted by the Lutheran Revolt b. he would have to admit that another pope had been wrong in letting the marriage take place in the first place c. Henry's wife whom he wished to divorce was the aunt of Charles V the H. R. Emperor d. annulments were very rarely given to anyone

d. annulments were very rarely given to anyone

Which of the following statements would not be associated with the High Renaissance? a. shift of the center of art from Florence to Rome b. Michelangelo c. spread of the Renaissance to Northern Europe d. complete halt in the painting of religious themes e. Papal sponsorship of a great deal of art

d. complete halt in the painting of religious themes

The long-term effect of the Thirty Years War on the German states was to a. restrict Lutheranism to southern German states b. initiate a long era of peace and rapid economic recovery c. encourage unification d. devastate the German states' economies e. increase the power of the Holy Roman Emperor

d. devastate the German states' economies

Other European states reacted to the Portuguese establishment of a trading-post empire by a. developing their internal industries b. shifting their focus to trading in the Mediterranean c. increasing overland trade with the Ottoman Empire d. developing rival colonies and overseas trading networks

d. developing rival colonies and overseas trading networks

For Mirandola, humans differ from other animals in a. being weaker b. having no function c. being divine d. having more freedom

d. having more freedom

Which of the following statements regarding Magellan's voyage is not true? a. it proved that one could sail around the world b. it proved that the spice islands could be reached by sailing west c. Magellan and most of his crew died before reaching Spain again d. it helped establish Spain as a leading world power due to the gold/silver it brought back e. as a result of the voyage Spain concentrated its efforts on the New World

d. it helped establish Spain as a leading world power due to the gold/silver it brought back

What provides authority to the figure in this image? a. law b. wisdom and experience c. the people d. military and religious power

d. military and religious power

In this image the Spaniards appear to be a. victorious b. defeated c. frightened d. on the defensive

d. on the defensive

Which of the following is best supported by the passage? a. the Spanish government used agents of the Inquisition as ambassadors to neighboring countries b. Barcelona was the center of Protestant activity in Spain c. the Spanish government was producing religious treatises for the Catholic Reformation and sending them abroad d. owning and reading Protestant religious literature was illegal in Spain

d. owning and reading Protestant religious literature was illegal in Spain

Which of the following was not a result of the Duke of Alba's repression of the local population and increasing taxation? a. the flight of a large part of the population b. the Northern provinces rebelled over religious matters c. a successful Dutch counterattack d. permanent settlement of religious tensions in the Netherlands e. the Southern provinces rebelled over high taxes

d. permanent settlement of religious tensions in the Netherlands

In his attacks upon Tetzel/indulgences Martin Luther did which of the following/ a. stood alone in his concern over the practice b. violated normal procedure in posting his theses c. consciously set out to create a new Church/religion d. reflected a concern felt by a number of people over the practice e. caused little concern or notice

d. reflected a concern felt by a number of people over the practice

In non-Calvinist areas, many early modern town and city ordinances were similar to the Geneva ordinances in their a. discouragement of popular festivals and other entertainments b. prohibition of alcohol consumption c. oversight of civil affairs by religious authorities d. regulation of public morals and behavior

d. regulation of public morals and behavior

For this author, disobedience to a king is characterized as a. illegal b. sinful c. a right d. sometimes legitimate

d. sometimes legitimate

Which of the following was the primary cause of the Habsburg-Valois feud, which dominated European international politics in the sixteenth century? a. the differences in the religious positions taken by the two families during the Protestant Reformation b. the refusal of Charles of Habsburg to marry a Valois princess c. competition for colonies overseas d. the conflicting political ambitions of the two families e. clashing of territorial interests in southern Germany

d. the conflicting political ambitions of the two families

Cortes's ability to defeat the Aztec Empire did not depend upon which of the following? a. support from 100,000 Indian Allies from people that had been conquered by the Aztecs b. the superiority of European technology such as guns/armor/horses c. the fact that Aztec religion caused the Spanish to be regarded as gods d. the fact that the Aztecs were engaged in a civil war at the time of the Spanish arrival e. the help of a Native American woman as a translator

d. the fact that the Aztecs were engaged in a civil war at the time of the Spanish arrival

Predestination, according to Calvin, meant which of the following? a. all believers had the gift of faith before birth b. some believers had the gift of faith, but to ensure that one could please God by doing good works c. the pastors of each individual congregation could determine who would have the gift of faith d. the gift of faith was given by God only to some and all peoples' salvation/damnation is decided before birth

d. the gift of faith was given by God only to some and all peoples' salvation/damnation is decided before birth

Which of these ideas is represented by large figure in this image? a. parliamentary monarchy b. the king supported by the law c. the harshness of royal rule d. the king embodying the will of the people

d. the king embodying the will of the people

The Dutch church represented in the painting above can be identified as Protestant because of a. its high vaulted ceiling b. the small number of people in attendance c. the absence of pews or chairs d. the plainness of the interior e. its windows at different levels

d. the plainness of the interior

For Calvin, humans cannot affect their own salvation because a. they are inherently evil b. they are already saved c. they lack faith d. their fates are already determined

d. their fates are already determined

The map above, showing religious divisions in Europe around 1600, illustrates which of the following differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism? a. Lutheran areas were more densely populated and urbanized than were Calvinist areas b. Lutheran areas were geographically closer to papal influence than were Calvinist areas c. Calvinist areas were more likely to be influenced by minor sects than were Lutheran areas d. Calvinists were more likely to share a common language than were Lutherans e. Calvinists were more likely to be a minority within a state than were Lutherans.

e. Calvinists were more likely to be a minority within a state than were Lutherans.

The sculpture Bernini shown celebrates a. a new interest in secular themes b. Lutheran veneration of the saints c. the Calvinist cult of beauty d. the reconciliation of the papacy and the English crown after the Council of Trent e. Catholic Reformation mysticism

e. Catholic Reformation mysticism

The massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day (1572) was directed against a. Catherine de Medici and her followers in Paris b. Anabaptists in the Netherlands c. Roman Catholics throughout the German states d. peasant rebels in the southern German states e. Huguenots in France

e. Huguenots in France

Which of the following is an important defense of the principle of absolute monarchy? a. John Locke's TWO TREATISES ON GOVERNMENT b. Rene Descartes DISCOURSE ON METHOD c. Sir Thomas More UTOPIA d. William Shakespeare KING LEAR e. Thomas Hobbes LEVIATHAN

e. Thomas Hobbes LEVIATHAN

Which of the following was the major difference between the northern humanists and the Italian humanists? a. Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion b. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics c. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanists viewed human nature as generally good d. both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters e. both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources

e. both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources

Which of the following was the major difference between the northern humanists and the Italian humanists? a. Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion b. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics c. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanists viewed human nature as generally good d. both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters e. both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources

e. both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources

Which of the following best describes the results of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)? a. it empowered German rulers to impose Lutheran, Calvinist, or Zwinglian Protestantism b. it was rejected by the Emperor Charles V c. it released all German-speaking states from papal authority d. it established toleration for Anabaptists in the Holy Roman Empire e. it provided a legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism

e. it provided a legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism

A primary goal of Philip II of Spain was to a. grant toleration of religious minorities b. create a monarchy accessible to the people c. reunite the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburg empires d. strengthen the Spanish economy e. maintain Spanish control of the Netherlands

e. maintain Spanish control of the Netherlands

The most important and military result of the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia was the a. decline of Denmark as a Baltic power b. the decline of the Ottoman Empire as a great power c. rise of English naval power d. rise of Russia as a great power e. rise of France as a great power

e. rise of France as a great power

Martin Luther's response to the German Peasants' War of 1524-25 demonstrated his a. ignorance of the economic plight of the peasantry b. emphasis on the social aspects of Christ's teaching c. refusal to comment on social or political issues d. belief in the necessity of a unified German state e. support of the prevailing social and political order

e. support of the prevailing social and political order

Which of the following was a result of the Thirty Years' War? a. England and Spain became the dominant powers in Europe b. Calvinism was made the state religion of the Habsburg empire c. the Hapsburg dynasty solidified its control over the Holy Roman Empire d. the Holy Roman Empire enjoyed widespread economic and demographic growth e. the political fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire was maintained

e. the political fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire was maintained

Which of the following is true of the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-25 a. the revolt led to the emancipation of the German serfs b. the revolt was organized by Martin Luther to break papal power in the German states c. the peasants were supported by French armies during the revolt d. the revolt was the first in Europe in which economic egalitarianism was a major rallying point e. the revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands

e. the revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands

Elizabeth I and her contemporary Henry IV of France, have been called "politiques" because they believed which of the following? a. doctrinal unity was necessary to political unity b. religious questions were as important as political questions c. religion was the most important part of politics d. political leaders should not be involved in religious questions e. theological controversy should be subordinate to political unity

e. theological controversy should be subordinate to political unity

Which of the following quality characterizes the works of Botticelli? a. realism that departed from the mythological subjects of Brunelleschi b. black-and-white coloration c. geometric symbolism d. Christian themes with a novel approach e. use of Greco-Roman mythology that had a dream-like appearance

e. use of Greco-Roman mythology that had a dream-like appearance

Which of the following statements concerning Italian urban society is not accurate? a. city governments provided protection for consumers and producers by creating a vast number of guilds b. many artisans and workers in urban society were clients of a patron c. nearly 50% of the urban population were poor d. concentration of wealth in the hands of a few families characterized city life e. worker-controlled governments

e. worker-controlled governments