AP Euro Midterm
Which major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of Jame Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.
The War of the Austrian Succession resulted in...
An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare.
The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in preventing the exploitation of children in that it...
Banned children under nine years of age from employment.
The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to...
Become landless rural wage earners.
How did Industry grow in continental Europe?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for...
Discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.
Literacy in France, ca. 1789 shows the literacy rate to be relatively high in the area close to the capital city of Paris?
Educational facilities, publishing houses, and a vibrant intellectual life in Paris would work to assist the growth of literacy in nearby areas.
In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in...
More was and likely fewer people.
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to...
The necessity to provide for a densely populated country.
Which role did prostitutes generally play among the common people in towns?
They were accepted members of the community for the laboring poor.
Which statement characterizes eighteenth century colonial trade in Europe?
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.
Which benefit did James Watt gain from his partnership with Mathew Boulton?
Capital and skills in salesmanship
Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
Convicted prisoners
This is an excerpt from the testimony of Ann Eggely, an eighteen year old mine worker: "We go at four in the morning, and sometimes at half-past four.... We get out after four, sometimes at five, in the evening. We work the whole time except an hour for dinner, and sometimes we haven't time to eat. I hurry [move coal wagons underground] by myself, and have done so for long. I know the corves [small coal wagons] are very heavy, they are the biggest corves anywhere about. The work is far too hard for me; the sweat runs off me all over sometimes. I am very tired at night. Sometimes when we get home at night we have not power to wash us, and then we go to bed. Sometimes we fall asleep in the chair. Father said last night it was both a shame and a disgrace for girls to work as we do, but there was naught else for us to do." Which statement is implied by Eggely's testimony?
Everyone in her family was required to work in order to get by
The following is an excerpt from Louis Sebatien Mercier's account of a typical day in eighteenth century Paris: "Night falls; and, while scene-shifters set to work at the playhouses, swarms of other workmen, carpenters, masons and the like, make their way towards the poorer quarters. They leave white footprints from the plaster on their shoes, a trail that any eye can follow. They are off home, and to bed, at the hour which finds elegant ladies sitting down to their dressing-tables to prepare for the business of the night." Which statement is suggested by Mercier's account?
For many ordinary Parisians, the workday did not end until dark.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
Which offshoot was the Catholic version of Pietism?
Jansenism
Between 1650 and 1800, wet nursing practices in Europe included...
Rural wet nursing conducted within the framework of a putting out system
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, ca 1850, which location appears to be the largest industrial area?
The area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool
David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that...
The pressure of population growth will always sink wages subsistence level.
Which statement characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?
About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America
Arthur Young , an eighteenth century agricultural experimentalist, advocated...
Large scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress.
Which factor explains the existence of several other areas, besides the area around Paris, with high literacy rates in France, as depicted in Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789?
Urbanization, which might also feature extensive commerce and manufacturing
Which statement characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?
They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass onto their children
The following is an excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England. In it, he describes a textile worker prior to the advent of the textile factory: "Prior to the year 1760, manufactures were in a great measure confined to the demands of the home market. At this period, and down to 1800... the majority of the artisans engaged in them had labouredi n their own houses, and in the bosoms of their families.. These were, undoubtedly, the golden times of manufactures, considered in reference to the character of the labourers. By all the processes being carried on under a man's own roof, he retained his individual respectability; he was kept apart from associations that might injure his moral worth, whilst he generally earned wages which were sufficient not only to live comfortably upon, but which enabled him to rent a few acres of land. . . ." According to Gaskell, by which criterion was the period 1760-1800 the "golden times of manufactures"
As measured by the morality of workers
How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes towards popular culture?
As the educated public adopted Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.
By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society...
Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
Wealthy Spanish Landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of...
Debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, thus keeping the workers in perpetual debt.
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
It permitted Euorpeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.
In the eighteenth century, the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflected...
Its importance in community life
Which major breakthrough in energy and power supplies catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.
One of the century's most influential works on child rearing was Emile, or On Education by...
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Which goods were sent from Europe and Africa to the Americas?
Manufactured goods and slaves
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
Which statement describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?
Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.
Which of these was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.
In the eighteenth century, which problem did the Church of England face?
Officials of both church and state who used it to provide high paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people.
The British Mines Act of 1842 and the various Factory Acts between 1802 and 1833 provide evidence that in the early and mid nineteenth century...
Parliament was sympathetic to the new industrial working class.
The industrious revolution was a result of...
Poor families choose to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay of the Principle of Population (1798) that...
Population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.
The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 was a striking indication of the...
Power of the state over the church
The seventeenth century financial revolution entailed the...
Promotion of banks, stock exchanges, credit, and paper money.
Which statement best characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.
Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789 does not include any information on female literacy rates. Which other information is excluded from this map?
That there were trends in French literacy rates over time.
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that...
The British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery".
Who was the big territorial loser in the eighteenth century wars for the empire, such as the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of Austrian Succession, and the Seven Years' War?
The French
Industrial development in continental Europe was slowed for two decades by...
The Napoleonic Wars
Continental Industrialization, ca 1850, where is the largest emerging area located?
The Ruhr
The following is an excerpt from Authur Young's treatise on enclosure: "Thus the land yields a greater neat produce in food for mankind—the landlord doubles his income, which enables him to employ so many more manufacturers and artisans---the farmer increases his income, by means of which he also does the same-the hides and wool are a creation of so much employment for other manufacturers." Which claim did Young make in this passage?
The enclosure system would bring benefits to farmers, landowners, artisans, and manufacturers.
The following is an excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England. In it, he describes a textile worker prior to the advent of the textile factory: "... the small farmer, spinner, or hand-loom weaver, presents as orderly and respectable an appearance as could be wished. It is true that the amount of labour gone through, was but small; that the quantity of cloth or yarn produced was but limited for he worked by the rule of his strength and convenience. They were, however, sufficient to clothe and feed himself and family decently, and according to their station; to lay by a penny for an evil day, and to enjoy those amusements and bodily recreations then in being. He was a respectable member of society; a good father, a good husband, and a good son." Which claim did Gaskell make?
The pre industrial textile worker lived a sustainable, moral, and satisfying life.
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was the belief that...
The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.
In her advice to women in the middle class, Sarah Stickney Ellis stated: "Much more congenial to the highest attributes of woman's character, are inquiries such as these: 'How shall I endeavor through this day to turn the time, the health, and the means permitted me to enjoy, to the best account? Is any one sick, I must visit their chamber without delay, and try to give their apartment an air of comfort, by arranging such things as the wearied nurse may not have thought of. Is any one about to set off on a journey, I must see that the early meal is spread, to prepare it with my own hands, in order that the servant, who was working late last night, may profit by unbroken rest. Did I fail in what was kind or considerate to any of the family yesterday" Based on this passage, what did Ellis believe was a woman's primary obligation each day?
To think about how best to help those who need assistance.
The following is an excerpt from Authur Young's treatise on enclosure: "Respecting open field lands, the quantity of labor in them is not comparable to that of enclosures; for, not to speak of the great numbers of men that in enclosed countries are constantly employed in winter in hedging and ditching, what comparison can there be between the open field system of one half or a third of the lands being in fallow, receiving only three ploughings; and the same portion now tilled four, five, or six times by Midsummer, then sown with turnips, those hand-held twice, and then drawn by hand, and carted to stalls for beasts; or else hurdled out in portions for fattening sheep! What a scarcity of employment in one case, what a variety in the other!" Based on this passage, it is reasonable to conclude that Young believed that the enclosure system a. was more labor intensive than the traditional open-field system.
Was more labor intensive than the traditional open-field system.
The reformer Robert Owens sought to...
Create a single large national union for British workers
Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population...
Doubled
In 1850, in which occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
Farming and agriculture
Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?
He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain.
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?
In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.
Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred...
In all regions
The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London commemorates the...
Industrial dominance of Britain
The new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasized...
A call for greater tenderness toward children
Europeans believed that grain and bread should be available at...
A just price - one that was fair to both consumers and producers
Which of these did John Wesley believe?
All people should hear God's word.
How did class consciousness form during the industrial revolution?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
The religious revival movement known as Pietism...
Called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as...
Creoles
The rise of plantation agriculture is associated with...
Expansion of the transatlantic slave trade
Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was...
France
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and also...
Gave British Merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor...
Improved only after 1840
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures...
Improved water supply and sewage systems
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
"In the evening I went to a [Christian] society in Aldersgate Street where one was reading Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans. About a quarter before nine, while he was describing the change which God works in the heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone for salvation; and an assurance was given me that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death" Who wrote these words in 1738?
John Wesley
How did the new fashion practices of the eighteenth century demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?
Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes.
Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because...
Of the community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant.
Continental Industrialization, ca 1850, where are the most important emerging industrial areas in France located?
Paris, Lyons, Lille
The spinning of thread for the loom...
Require the work of several spinners for each loom, which lead merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages
Which danger threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service?
Risk of sexual attack by males in the household they served
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.
As literacy expanded among the common people, which type of popular literature became a staple?
The chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints
What did Henry Cort develop?
The coke fired pudding furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
Which statement best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries?
The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.
The growth in the eighteenth century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by which two factors?
The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor.
In the eighteenth century, which location was the focal point of community cohesion?
The parish church
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?
The sexual division of labor replicated a long standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.
The British won the Seven Years' War owing to...
The size and strength of British naval power.
Which statement describes the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?
They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.
The Mines Act of 1842 prohibited...
Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten.
In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and...
vegetables
In seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe, guild masters...
Allowed their sons to join their guilds automatically.
Who was William Cocnerill?
An English carpenter who built cotton spinning equipment in Belgium
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work.
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Combination Acts of 1799
During the sixteenth century, the Portuguese...
Dominated but did not fundamentally alter the pattern of Indian Ocean trade.
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was...
London
Which factor explains areas of relatively low literacy rates, as depicted in Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789?
The focus on agriculture in the region
From 1701 to 1763, the stakes in the wars between Great Britain and France were involved...
The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion.
Which carbohydrate-rich American food or drink product, after initial trepidation, did Europe widely consume after 1500, which led to the increased caloric intake?
The potato
Which statement describes a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
The rural poor worked for low wages
In addition to supervising labor and birth, which task was typical of the midwife?
Treating female medical difficulties
Which key development in the eighteenth century allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?
Establishment of limited liability investment.
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent...
Featured varying degrees of government involvement.
Which function did the Crystal Palace serve?
It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.
In the putting-out system, merchant capitalists complained bitterly about...
Their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers
Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?
There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.
In nineteenth century Germany, Fritz Harkot sought...
To match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
A young woman entering domestic service could expect...
To work hard on an endless array of jobs
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was...
Usually a response to the wishes of the families
Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century?
Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches.
Which statement about abortion in Europe between 1650 and 1800 is accurate?
It was a capital crime across most the region
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed...
The Atlantic economy
How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working class youths?
They supported the establishment of sex segregated employment.
The raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple or individual who had committed adultery or abuse served which purpose?
To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with...
Britain's own colonies
Which statement describes Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?
He critiqued farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.
The underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850 was...
Social and economic transformations that made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior.
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and that ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the...
Treaty of Paris
Within the family, the operation of the loom...
Was reserved for the male head of household
Which was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
A new type of society in which people derived their self identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives.
Which of these was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
All men must be given the right to vote.
Which of these was the greatest achievement of the eighteenth century medical science?
Conquest of smallpox
Which action, if carried out under the aegis of the state, would Adam Smith criticize?
Constructing and running a textile factory
Per the terms of the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, Britain gained...
Control of the Spanish West African slave trade
Why do many historians now believe that France's continued concentration on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?
France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, foundling hospitals
Had extremely high death rates
The following is an excerpt from Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Confessions: "I have resolved on an enterprise which has no precedent, and which, once complete, will have no imitator. My purpose is to display to my kind a portrait in every way true to nature, and the man I shall portray will be myself. Simply myself. I know my own heart and understand my fellow man. But I am made unlike any one I have ever met; I will even venture to say that I am like no one in the whole world. I may be no better, but at least I am different. Whether Nature did well or ill in breaking the mould in which she formed me, is a question which can only be resolved after the reading of my book." Why was Rousseau confident his work would "have no imitator"?
He saw himself as unique
Many mothers in small towns and mid-sized cities sent the foundlings to hospitals in major cities like London and Paris because...
Hospitals in large cities had policies to accept all children.
Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?
It emphasized a warm and emotional religion.
Which of these was an unintended effect of the Factory Acts of 1833?
It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.
In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that...
Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed to increase farming efficiency
Eighteenth century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were...
Popular with the European masses
The Industry and population in eighteenth century Europe suggests a relationship between population density and the growth of textile production. This leads to the conclusions that textile production was concentrated in...
Rural areas with relatively dense populations
Why did surgeons in the eighteenth century face incredible difficulties?
Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death.
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, ca 1850, which components of the Industrial Revolution other than coal mining appear to be most important?
Textiles, iron, and machinery
Which statement correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.
Which statement describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.
Which factor caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
The tendency of waiting to marry until after economic independence.
How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?
The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits.
As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth century Europe?
There were few job opportunities for women, as businessmen assumed that middle class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.
How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?
They copied Methodism's practiced in order to appeal to more of the common people
In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, which conclusion did Andrew Ure come to about conditions in most factories?
They were not harsh and even quite good.
The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Which goods were sent from the Americas to Europe?
Tobacco, silver, sugar, and furs
How were same sex relations among women regarded in comparison to the same sex relations among the men?
While considered unnatural, same sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships...
Women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.
Why did eighteenth century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been overharvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
