AP Euro Test 2
Duke of Guise
(Guise) - Catholic league - organization of strongly catholic nobility - Duke of Guise goes to a barn, orders the barn locked and burned, kills lots of unarmed protestants - begin of French wars of religion (Massacre of Vassy) - Catherine has her daughter Margaret married Henry of Navarre (bourbon) - Night before wedding Duke of Guise has a leader of the huguenot party assassinated and huguenots riot
Prince Henry the Navigator
- 1394-1460, Portuguese prince - First European royal to heavily promote discovery and exploration - Motivated by mercenary as well as missionary factors - Seeking to promote Portugeuse economic interests (challenging Muslim monopoly of gold trade) and to further Christian influence - Hope to find the kingdom of Prince Henry promoted settlement of islands in the Atlantic and exploration of the African coast - Founded the school for navigators at Sagres at the southwestern tip of Portugal
Concordat of Bologna (1516)
- 1516 treaty under which the french crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all french bishops and abbots
Ignatius Loyola
- 1530s - Heroic figure, been in battle and injured, converted to Catholicism and become a monk - Creates a new order of monks (Jesuits and Society of Jesus) - Teach catholic values - Submit without question to higher church authority - Obedience
Andreas Vesalius
- 1543 wrote the structure of the human body - before this, people only believed what Galen had said about the body - he founded modern human anatomy
Hapsburg Spain
- 16-17th centuries - begins with HRE Frederick III (austrian descent) - most significant rulers - Charles I and Philip II - during the 17th century, Spain found itself in a political and cultural decline as well as facing a number of military defeats - Charles II was the final Habsburg ruler; when he passed in 1700, his death sparked the War of Spanish Succession
Fredrick III
- 1617 Ferdinand (catholic) king of Bohemia - Most of bohemia is protestant (calvinist) - Defenestration of Prague ^ throw 2 king officials out the window - Ferdinand becomes the HRE - Rebels in Bohemia replace him with Frederick II - Ferdinand decides to kill them all - Frederick allies with Bavaria - Gain one victory, then they lose (only there for the winter)
Battle of White Mountain
- 1620, an early battle in the Thirty Years' War, - bohemians against frederick II, bohemians won - battle marked the end of the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War, led to bohemia being completely catholic
Charles I/Charles V
- 16th-century Holy Roman Emperor led the Catholic states of the Empire against the Lutheran states during the Wars of the Lutheran Reformation - gave lands to brother Ferdinand and son Philip
Paracelsus
- Advanced the treatment and diagnosis of disease - Thought that diseases were caused by chemical imbalances
Compass
- Chinese Han dynasty invented the compass - always points north, helps people to better navigate their way
Edict of Nantes (1598)
- Does not grant complete liberty, but does give rights to the Protestants - Cant sell or buy books (promoting it I am guessing) - Cant go out and spread protestantism - More of a truce than actual religious toleration
Cardinal Richelieu
- During the Thirty Years War, this first minister of French king Louis XIII was so eager to undermine the power of the Habsburg family that he provided funds and troops to support the Protestants, even though he was a Catholic cardinal - Control of affairs gradually came into the hands of an ecclesiastic Cardinal Richelieu - May have been called a politique - Worked to further the state, not the church - Tried to strengthen the state economically by mercantilist edicts - Made it possible for wholesale merchants to become nobles
European nations were driven by commercial and religious motives to explore overseas territories and establish colonies
- European states sought direct access to gold and spices and luxury goods as a means to enhance personal wealth and state power. - The rise of mercantilism gave the state a new role in promoting commercial development and the acquisition of colonies overseas. - Christianity served as a stimulus for exploration as governments and religious authorities sought to spread the faith and counter Islam, and as a justification for the physical and cultural subjugation of indigenous civilizations
The competitive state system led to new patterns of diplomacy and new forms of warfare.
- Following the Peace of Westphalia, religion no longer was a cause for warfare among European states; instead, the concept of the balance of power played an important role in structuring diplomatic and military objectives. - Advances in military technology (i.e., the military revolution) led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elaborate fortifications, all financed by heavier taxation and requiring a larger bureaucracy. Technology, tactics, and strategies tipped the balance of power toward states able to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment
Huguenots
- French Protestants (calvinists)
Charles VIII
- French king, invited by Sforza to invade Florence, fought over Italy with Ferdinand of Aragon in the first Italian war
Admiral Coligny
- French nobleman, Huguenot, advisor to Charles IX - resented and mistrusted by the king's mother, Catherine de Medici - - failed attempt to have him assassinated led to a widespread attack on France's Huguenots remembered as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Johannes Kepler
- German and mathematical mystic, part-time astronomer, and scientific genius - Discovered that the orbits of the planets were ellipses - Ellipse is an abstract mathematical figure with knowledgeable properties - The closer a planet is to a sun, the faster it goes - Showed a cosmic mathematical relationship between space and time
Descartes
- Great mathematician in his own right - Inventor of coordinate geometry ^ Using coordinates any algebraic function could be plotted as a curve in space and vice versa - Belief in a vast world of nature that could be reduced to mathematical form - Wrote Discourse on Method in 1637 and more technical writings - Advanced the principle of systematic doubt - Tried to doubt everything he could to sweep away past ideas - He could not doubt his own existence as a thinking and doubting being - Deduced the existence of god and much else - Philosophy of dualism - god has created 2 kinds of fundamental reality on the universe ^ "Thinking substance" - mind, spirit, consciousness, subjective appearance ^ "Extended substance" - everything outside the mind and hence objective - Space itself was considered infinite and everywhere geometric - Simple things seemed to be illusive since they didn't exist outside the mind itself - Mathematics reigned supreme in everything - Believed in useful knowledge and human progress - Science opened the way to a better life that philosophy alone could never produce
French Wars of Religion
- Henry II dies - power struggle within families - Henry II is a Valois - marries Catherine d'Medici - Bourbon - southwest france and huguenots - Montmordechateon - middle of France, sympathizes huguenots - Guise - eastern France, ultra Catholic, anti Bourbon ^Duke of Guise - Catholic league - organization of strongly catholic nobility - Catherine holds most of the power - allows protestant worship outside towns - Wants a Catholic France - Does not like the Guise of France - Pits the 2 against each other - Edict of January - calvinism and catholicism exist together - Huguenots are a minority, it holds important geography - massacre of vassy - Catherine has her daughter Margaret married Henry of Navarre (bourbon) - Night before wedding Duke of Guise has a leader of the huguenot party assassinated and huguenots riot - Catherine has her son Charles IX order the massacre - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - 3000 huguenots killed in Paris - Huguenots led by Henry of Navarre - Last Valois king - Henry III - Catholic league has a lot of power and backed by pope - ^ Pope Sixtieth V - excommunicated Henry of Navarre and Elizabeth I - War of the Three Henries - Edict of Nantes
Henry IV
- Henry of Navarre (Bourboun) - huguenot - takes over after henry III is assassinated - realizes that he needs to convert to Catholicism - signs the Edict of Nantes
Conflicts among religious groups overlapped with political and economic competition within and among states
- Issues of religious reform exacerbated conflicts between the monarchy and the nobility, as in the French wars of religion. - The efforts of Habsburg rulers failed to restore Catholic unity across Europe. - States exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests. - A few states, such as France with the Edict of Nantes, allowed religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic peace
Giordano Bruno
- Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and astrologer - remembered for his cosmological theories, which conceptually extended the Copernican model
Catherine de Medici
- Italian noblewoman was a French queen in the late 16th century - played an important role behind the thrones of her three sons when they ruled France - main objectives were to keep the throne in the Valois family and to bring an end to the destructive conflict between France's Catholics and Protestants
Gerolamo Cardano
- Italian physician, mathematician, and astrologer - gave the first clinical description of typhus fever - book Ars magna (The Great Art; or, The Rules of Algebra) is one of the cornerstones in history of algebra
Charles IV
- King of Bohemia and the first King of Bohemia to also become Holy Roman Emperor
Gustavus Adolphus
- King of Sweden - Created the most modern army of its time - firm discipline, high courage, mobile cannon - Suited to be a protestant champion - Swedes won a number of spectacular victories, but Gus was killed - His chancellor Oxenstierna carried on - Both sides were weakened by disagreement - Wallenstein was disgraced by the emperor and assassinated by one of his own staff - Saxony signed the Peace of Prague of 1635 - Other german protestant states withdrew their support of the swedes - Swedes left isolated in Germany
Inca Empire
- Largest Empire ever built in South America; - embraced almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina - maintained effective control from the early 15th century until the coming of Europeans in the early 16th century. - dominated Andean society until the coming of Europeans - conquered by Pizarro
Ludovico il Moro
- Milanese despot who ended the Treaty of Lodi and responded to the Napes, Florence, and Papal alliance by telling France to assert its claims to Naples
Religious reform both increased state control of religious institutions and provided justifications for challenging state authority
- Monarchs and princes, such as the English rulers Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, initiated religious reform from the top down (magisterial) in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality. - Religious conflicts became a basis for challenging the monarchs' control of religious institutions.
The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions
- New Monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by establishing a monopoly on tax collection, military force, and the dispensing of justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects. - The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which marked the effective end of the medieval ideal of universal Christendom, accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting princes, bishops, and other local leaders control over religion. - Across Europe, commercial and professional groups gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs. - Secular political theories, such as those espoused in Machiavelli's The Prince, provided a new concept of the state.
Index of Prohibited Books
- Written by Pope Paul IV as part of the Counter-Reformation - forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith and morals - indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas
Counter-Reformation
- a movement that included the "Index of Prohibited Books," the Council of Trent and the rise of the Jesuit society
Book of Common Prayer
- a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion - people would take them to church and they would follow along with the service
New ideas in science based on observation, experimentation, and mathematics challenged classical views of the cosmos, nature, and the human body, although folk traditions of knowledge and the universe persisted
- New ideas and methods in astronomy led individuals such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton to question the authority of the ancients and religion and to develop a heliocentric view of the cosmos. - Anatomical and medical discoveries by physicians, including William Harvey, presented the body as an integrated system, challenging the traditional humoral theory of the body and of disease espoused by Galen. - Francis Bacon and René Descartes defined inductive and deductive reasoning and promoted experimentation and the use of mathematics, which would ultimately shape the scientific method. - Alchemy and astrology continued to appeal to elites and some natural philosophers, in part because they shared with the new science the notion of a predictable and knowable universe. In the oral culture of peasants, a belief that the cosmos was governed by divine and demonic forces persisted
Galileo Galilei
- Only the sun and moon had dimension - stars and planets were points of light - 1609 he built a telescope - Perceived that the moon had a rough mountainous surface - Noted that the moon was not a luminous objects - Saw spots on the sun - Saw that the planets were round but stars were points of light- very far away - Jupiter has satellites and its own moons - Difference between earth and the heavens was disappearing - Found new mathematical laws describing the movement of bodies on the earth - Said that 2 objects of different weights will hit the ground at the same time - Made a new conception of inertia - had to recant his ideas because he was a catholic
Elizabeth I
- Protestant anglican, act of uniformity, act of supremacy - Orders all people to swear she is supreme in state and religion - act of uniformity and supremacy 1559 - Required subjects to attend services - You could be catholic at home - Still a church hierarchy - Elaborate services - When coronated, she was young - Kept getting pushed to marry, she said no - Felt if she married a man, she would lose her power - Elizabeth refused to marry Philip - Elizabeth restored protestantism - Elizabeth helped the netherlands - Elizabeth had mary queen of scots executed
Mary Stuart
- Queen of scotland until driven out - Extremely catholic - plots to have her rule over elizabeth - when spanish armada advanced on england she was executed
Papal Inquisition
- Revival of the famous medieval tribunal established in the 13th century for the detection and repression of heresy - employed torture - Harshest torture was being burned alive - Roman was less severe than the Spanish
Battle of Lepanto
- Spain defeats the turkish navy, solidifies the fact that christians are dominant in the mediterranean
Francisco Pizarro
- Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire - captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa and claimed the lands for Spain
Council of Troubles/Council of Blood
- Spanish name for the Duke of Alba's military execution of over one thousand Dutch Protestants
The Protestant and Catholic reformations fundamentally changed theology, religious institutions, and culture
- The Catholic Reformation, exemplified by the Jesuit Order and the Council of Trent, revived the church but cemented the division within Christianity
Europeans established overseas empires and trade networks through coercion and negotiation
- The Portuguese established a commercial network along the African coast, in South and East Asia, and in South America. - The Spanish established colonies across the Americas, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, which made Spain a dominant state in Europe. - The Atlantic nations of France, England, and the Netherlands followed by establishing their own colonies and trading networks to compete with Portuguese and Spanish dominance. - The competition for trade led to conflicts and rivalries among European powers
Astrolabe
- The astrolabe is a very ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky - used in navigation to help explorers and sailors figure out where they were, allowed navigation in the open sea, using the Sun and the starts to guide the navigators - invented by Greek astronomer Hipparchus
Europe's colonial expansion led to a global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices, and diseases, resulting in the destruction of some indigenous civilizations, a shift toward European dominance, and the expansion of the slave trade
- The exchange of goods shifted the center of economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states and brought the latter into an expanding world economy. - The exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases — the Columbian Exchange — created economic opportunities for Europeans and facilitated European subjugation and destruction of indigenous peoples, particularly in the Americas. - Europeans expanded the African slave trade in response to the establishment of a plantation economy in the Americas and demographic catastrophes among indigenous peoples
The invention of printing promoted the dissemination of new ideas.
- The invention of the printing press in the 1450s aided in spreading the Renaissance beyond Italy and encouraged the growth of vernacular literature, which would eventually contribute to the development of national cultures. - Protestant reformers used the press to disseminate their ideas, which spurred religious reform and helped it to become widely established.
Assess the role of overseas trade, labor, and technology in making Europe part of a global economic network and encouraging the development of new economic theories and state policies
- all of these things just made the countries more interconnected and dependent on one another, which encouraged them to look at how other countries did things and alter their own from what they saw
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
- allowed for the German princes to decide their religion (Catholic or Lutheran) - between Charles V and Schmalkaldic League
New World
- americas, discovered accidentally by columbus
Analyze the cultural beliefs that justified European conquest of overseas territories and how they changed over time
- believed they were superior to others, foreigners were not human - calmed down a little and swallowed their ego
Explain how scientific and intellectual advances — resulting in more effective navigational, cartographic, and military technology — facilitated European interaction with other parts of the world
- better technology resulted in being able to better navigate their way around the world - basically people knew more stuff and advanced their technology so they were able to do things better and reach more places and communicate better with others
Merchants/Financiers in Italy/Northern Europe
- boomed during this time of expansion and trading - possible for them to become nobles in france
Guns/Gunpowder
- conquistadores fought the Aztecs they won mostly because of the fear and noise of guns and gunpowder - same thing happened when the Inca were conquered - da Gama was forced to flee Asia by the use of guns there, then returned and conquered the area using cannons and guns on warships. - use of gunpowder for cannons made castles obsolete
Golden Bull
- decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, most notably by the Holy Roman Emperors. The term was originally coined for the golden seal (a bulla aurea), attached to the decree, but came to be applied to the entire decree
Cape of Good Hope
- european Colony at the Tip of South Africa - Originally set up by the Portuguese (and taken over by the Dutch) - a place on the route to the Indian/Indonesian Spice Trade where ships could resupply
Assess the role of European contact on overseas territories through the introduction of disease, participation in the slave trade and slavery, effects on agricultural and manufacturing patterns, and global conflict
- europeans wiped out much of the population when they brought over a ton of diseases that they had never been exposed to - encouraged and increased slave trade in africa and to a lesser scale in other places - brought new foods back and forth from new places and europe and changed the way they were traditionally made - also affected agriculture and how they cultivated food
Analyze how European states established and administered overseas commercial and territorial empires
- force, lots of money
Ferdinand Magellan
- found a southwestern passage in 1520, sailed from atlantic-pacific - Discovered the philippine islands - Globe was circumnavigated for the first time - Other places began the search for a northern route to the east - Spanish and portuguese split the new world - Spain got all of the Americas - Portugal got all rights of trade in Africa, Asia, and the East indies
Geocentricism
- having or representing the earth as the center, as in former astronomical systems - Ptolemaic
Heliocentricism
- having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system - Copernican
Analyze how the development of Renaissance humanism, the printing press, and the scientific method contributed to the emergence of a new theory of knowledge and conception of the universe
- humanism made people think that humans were capable of figuring things out for themselves so they were able to think of new ideas and in different ways leading to a new theory of knowledge and conception of the universe - printing press spread ideas (lmao recurring theme here) - scientific method made people do science "right" without backwards thinking which led them forwards instead of backwards
Edict of Restitution
- in Danish phase of 30 years' war, issued this stating that calvinism is outlawed and catholics received land - during the Swedish phase of the war, the HRE annulled edict of restitution
Hernan Cortes
- made alliances with enemies of Aztecs - took Montezuma captive and pillaged the city - fled after revolt but came back with new soldiers after outbreak of smallpox killed many Aztecs - Spanish gained control of Northern Mexico and used the stones from the temples to make government buildings and churches
Aztec Empire
- mesoamerica - conquered by Cortes of Spain
Nobles of the Robe (France)
- nobles whose nobility was either acquired by serving in the bureaucracy or had purchased them
Explain the emergence of and theories behind the New Monarchies and absolutist monarchies, and evaluate the degree to which they were able to centralize power in their states
- people wanted a leader to be able to guide them and support their ideas - they were able to centralize more than they had in the past, but less than what would later come (full overpowering monarchies) - able to centralize through taxes, influencing and changing laws, forced through the military, and by appealing to the ideology of it
Explain the characteristics, practices, and beliefs of traditional communities in preindustrial Europe and how they were challenged by religious reform
- people were generally concerned mostly with survival and the church, they wanted to provide for their family here and in the afterlife - religious reform changed the way people thought about their lives, realizing not only that the Catholic Church did not have to be their church but also that their entire life did not have to revolve around it
Evaluate the role of technology, from the printing press to modern transportation and telecommunications, in forming and transforming society
- printing press helped spread ideas - so did transportation - lol better communication did too basically people became more connected and trade made countries more dependent and trade increased because of the better transportation and communications and people knew what was happening in other places and ideas spread faster
Analyze how religious reform in the 16th and 17th centuries, the expansion of printing, and the emergence of civic venues such as salons and coffeehouses challenged the control of the church over the creation and dissemination of knowledge
- religious reform made people question the authority of the church and whether or not everything they said was right (ie should the church be able to read the bible and tell me what it says or should i read it myself) which leads into the expansion of printing helping people be able to read documents themselves and interpret them and also then they talked about them in salons and coffeehouses and spread their ideas which usually were like "omg did u know the church was wrong and i think it means this" and people didn't like that they were lied to and yeah church control went down
Bartholomew Dias
- royal portugeuse explorer - sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so
Philip IV
- ruled during 30 years' war - contributed to spanish decline with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform
Philip III
- ruler during the height of the spanish hapsburgs - achieved a temporary peace with the Dutch - brought Spain into the Thirty Years' War through an (initially) extremely successful campaign
Bourbon Dynasty
- southwestern French Huguenots - dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power), wanted to see shift of balance of power
Deductive Reasoning/Rationalism
- starts with a general theory, statement, or hypothesis and then works its way down to a conclusion based on evidence - there is no such thing as innate knowledge, and that instead knowledge is derived from experience
Inductive Reasoning/Empiricism
- starts with a small observation or question and works it's way to a theory by examining the related issues - there is innate knowledge
Evaluate the impact of the Columbian Exchange — the global exchange of goods, plants, animals, and microbes — on Europe's economy, society, and culture
- they had more goods that they could sell and use to better their lives - more plants enhanced botany and other uses of plants - society was fascinated and they allowed new things into their culture - cities on the coast of the atlantic boomed
Analyze how contact with non-European peoples increased European social and cultural diversity and affected attitudes toward race
- they married people in other countries and now there are a ton of mixed people who have different backgrounds - people had to become more accepting, but also saw themselves as superior - slavery yanno and just overall discrimination
Analyze how religious and secular institutions and groups attempted to limit monarchical power by articulating theories of resistance to absolutism and by taking political action
- they tried to give power either back to the church (when they attempted to sway the monarch back to their church) or back to the local princes such as in Germany where each state was its own thing and then they were given right to decide their own religion and eventually would be separate from the HRE all together
Columbian Exchange (Examples)
- transfer of foods, animals, plants, diseases, etc. - new world gave the old world spices, potatoes, corn, green beans, peanuts, vanilla, turkey, pineapple, tomatoes, chocolate, syphilis, TB, and the flu - old world gave the new world beef, pork, meat, cheese, chicken, lamb, goat, wheat, chickpeas, sugar cane, mumps, measles, cough, smallpox, cholera, gonorrea, yellow fever, and Christianity
Nobles in Poland
- uhm wtf when have we talked about nobles in poland
Assess the impact of war, diplomacy, and overseas exploration and colonization on European diplomacy and balance of power until 1789
- war caused big powers (ex spanish) to crumble and allowed other smaller countries (ex dutch) to rise up (gain colonies, rebuild after war, and lots of trade) - balance of power
Explain how political revolution and war from the 17th century on altered the role of the church in political and intellectual life and the response of religious authorities and intellectuals to such challenges
- wars of religion ceased with the treaty of Westphalia ending the thirty years' war in 1648 - the church became somewhat less prominent and led the way for monarchs to come into full swing - religious authorities had to tone down the religion a bit, not in a sense of less belief but perhaps less enforcement or more accepting of other religions
Evaluate how the emergence of new weapons, tactics, and methods of military organization changed the scale and cost of warfare, required the centralization of power, and shifted the balance of power
- when the weapons improved, it became more expensive and killed more people - tactics and methods improved it changed the scale and the time of war, required a more organized force
Philip II
-Philip II is a catholic fanatic - Spain becomes incredibly powerful - Golden age - Tries to enforce catholic beliefs on everyone - War against the Ottomans - Naval war - Battle of Lepanto - defeats the turkish navy, solidifies the fact that christians are dominant in the mediterranean
Council of Trent
1545-1563 Council of 3 different sessions Disturbed by plague, war, politics, etc Charles V orders pope to call the council Reassert church doctrine - No longer allowed to sell offices (simony) - Can't sell religious goods - Strengthened authority of local bishops - Bishops had to move to their official seat (absenteeism) - Parish priests - bettere dressed, celibate, education, had - to guide people - NO doctrinal concessions to the protestants - Role of good works - 7 sacraments - Transubstantiation - Saints are good - Indulgences are good
Blaise Pascal
French mathematician who developed the theory of probabilities
Assess the role of colonization, the Industrial Revolution, total warfare, and economic depressions in altering the government's relationship to the economy, both in overseeing economic activity and in addressing its social impact
all of these things developed how the economy had to be - there needed to be more wealth and gold, more means for getting them, more money needed to be collected to defend themselves in case of war, and depressions showed again the need for monarchs to centralize power and create programs to help people
Evaluate how identities such as ethnicity, race, and class have defined the individual in relationship to society
based on these, it defined where you stood (a certain race may be denied rights, a certain class may not allow you to do certain things or any of these could deny you equal opportunities)
Explain how European expansion and colonization brought non-European societies into global economic, diplomatic, military, and cultural networks
economic - europeans were taking all their gold and resources OR they were trading with them diplomatic - spread their policies and religions to other places military - new ideas, tactics, and weapons from other places and advancements gave some absolute dominance cultural - european culture took over and in some cases destroyed local cultures
Assess the relative influence of economic, religious, and political motives in promoting exploration and colonization
economic - gold!! raw materials!!! religious - god!!! spreading their own religion!!! political - glory!!! making themselves known!!! self-assurance!!!
Ferdinand and Isabella
ferdinand - king of aragon isabella - queen of castile 1492 - completed reconquista 1492 - financed columbus' journey to the west
Henry of Navarre
is this not Henry IV...........
Lateen Rig
lateen sails and square rigs - European shipmakers learned to combine these two innovations leading to mobile and long-distance ships
Gentry (England)
people of good social position, specifically (in the UK) the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth
Explain how European exploration and colonization was facilitated by the development of the scientific method and led to a re-examination of cultural norms
people thought that going out would be a good idea and were more curious about the world around them
Account for the persistence of traditional and folk understandings of the cosmos and causation, even with the advent of the Scientific Revolution
people were VERY RELIGIOUS!!! so even though there was proof they were wrong, they did not want to hear that and they may also have not understood the science behind it and having things you don't understand can be very frightening to people so they just wanted to stick with their own way of life
Analyze how and why Europeans have marginalized certain populations (defined as "other") over the course of their history
they believe that the supreme race is white and everything else is just other? or at least like unless you are one of a few races, you just get put into an other category