AP European History Chapter 21

Power Loom

((Edmund Cartwright)) -coal/water powered machines -saved on labor costs -cotton

Spinning Jenny

((James Hargreaves)) - simple -inexpensive -hand-powered spinning machine

Water Frame

((Richard Arkwright)) -spinning machine that has a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower -required a factory setting

2. Why did both mill owners and families initially favor the family unit form of employment? (3 Points)

- Families wanted to be kept together -There wasn't a concern with kids working long hours or doing dangerous jobs -The apprentice system was forbidden by Parliament by 1802 so it brought in workers -Being with family made the work easier to tolerate --Mill owners favored family units because it helped develop a happy and high quality labor force

Why did southern and eastern Europe lag behind the rest of Europe?

-Railroad building int he south and east was still developing -Smaller populations in the south and east -living in the past -still showed ideals of serfdom

Education Act

-gave local governments the power to establish elementary schools -5-13 year olds required to go to school (afraid of illiteracy)

3 reasons sex-segregated division of labor was created

-machine work conflicted with child care -running a household was a demanding job in its own right -young, unmarried women who did work for wages were segregated to certain "women jobs"

Combination Acts 1800 and 1825

-made unions illegal -forbade from going on strike

Economic Nationalism

-policies aimed at protecting and developing a country's economy -previously, all banks in Europe had been private -Belgian banks received permission to establish as corporations enjoying limited liability -Attracted many shareholders -Mobilized resources for investment in big companies, became industrial banks, promoted industrial revolution

Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued A. as a part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state B. through the laissez-faire tradition of free trade and independence from government interference C. as a supplement to agricultural development but never as a goal in itself D. in colonies, so that the homeland would not be scarred by industrial pollution

A

The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the A. industrialization of the continent B. establishment of limited liability investment C. replacement of the old managers with young, aggressive investment bankers D. recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy

B

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was A. originally a government-sponsored response to urbanization. B. usually a response to the wishes of the families. C. replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship. D. outlawed by the Combination Acts.

B

Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages? A. Wages always move in proportion to productivity in the workplace. B. The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence levels. C. Wages of the working class always rise as a percentage of the wages of the upper classes ensuring that prosperity also produces greater wage inequality. D. Population growth is inversely related to wages because greater population creates more highly talented people who produce greater profits. E. Wages are a product of profit produced and not of hours worked.

B

How did railroads affect the nature of production? A. The speed of rail travel required manufacturers to adopt more regularized work routines. B. The availability of raw materials became more secure, supporting greater investment in machinery. C. Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines. D. Railroads allowed labor to move quickly to fill labor needs in new industries.

C

Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons except? A. They had to follow the pace and work schedule of the machines. B. They had to be at work every day and follow a strict schedule. C. They were under the constant, demanding supervision of overseers. D. They received substantially lower wages than cottage work.

D

Reform Bill 1832

House of Commons passed the bill to extend the suffered by 200,000 -enfranchisement to men

William Blake

called the early factories "satanic mills" and protested against the hard life of the London poor

Christ Movement

dumb

Separate Sphere

gender division of labor with the wine at home as a mother and homemaker and the husband as wage owner -when married women did work for wages outside the house they were poor -all women confined to low-paying, dead-end jobs

Luddites

handicraft workers who attacked factories

William Wordsworth

lamented the destruction of the rural way of life and the pollution of the land and water

Factory Act

-No one 13-18 could work 69+ hours a week -inspectors -under 9-cant work in factories

Steam Engine

-Thomas Savory -Thomas Newcomen -Burned coal to produce steam, which was used to operate a pump -Inefficient but operated successfully -Watt and Boulton made steam engine practical w/ sophisticated engine

Artisans

-technical skills were difficult to learn, and traditionally their crafts were acquired in guilds -educated -lived in one city for generations -maintained stable families -secured jobs for children

How did the expansion in cotton clothing affect Western dress? A. Most people began to wear underwear. B. Elaborate styles were abandoned for simple, unadorned styles. C. Greater color was added to clothing, since cotton holds dyes effectively. D. Supporting material such as whalebone could be removed from clothing, since cotton is a coarse, stiff fabric.

A

The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the? A. industrial dominance of Britain. B. half-century of labor reforms in Britain. C. creation of the German Zollverein. D. Launching of the Great Eastern.

A

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that? A. The social problems in Britain were not a product of the Industrial Revolution. B. The British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery." C. The class-consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution D. The working class was itself responsible for most of the problems its members faced.

B

William Cockerill was? A. the chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England B. an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium C. the prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1833 D. the British general at Waterloo

B

To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except A. skilled workers. B. precision parts. C. a single, distinct industrial use. D. a large base of capital.

C

Why did France move into Industrialization slower than Britain?

-No wars in early industrial period were fought on British soil -French Revolution disrupted trade, created inflation, and created social anxiety -war cut off communications with Britain, French could not use new British machinery and technology -France had no central banking system

What were the origins of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

-The colonial empire that Britain aggressively built provided a growing market for British manufactured goods and provided resources -Agriculture- period of bountiful crops and low food prices led to families spending more on manufactured goods -No part of England was more than 50 miles from navigable water (much cheaper to ship goods by water) -Canal-building boom -Britain had an effective central bank and well-developed credit markets

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain? (4 Points)

-The colonial empire that Britain built provided a growing market for British manufactured goods -Low food prices due to improvements in agriculture meant families could spend more on manufactured goods -Effective central bank -Government allowed the domestic market to operate with few controls (laissez-faire) -Because of its island location, it was easy for Britain to build canals and transport their goods on water

How did continental European countries, when they began to industrialize after 1815, have advantages that Great Britain had lacked? (2 Points)

-The countries had rich traditions of artisans and capitalists that could adapt well to the changing market -They could harness technology Britain had already developed -The power of the state could be used to promote industry

Why did the cotton-spinning jenny and the water frame prove a crucial breakthrough for industrialization? (3 Points)

-They caused an explosion in the textile industry by increasing the value of its output -The water frame required a factory that employed as many as one thousand workers from the start -Families no longer needed to constantly search for adequate yarn and cotton was available to all classes

Factory Act of 1847

-boys under 18 and women could work no more than 10 hours a day in factories

British Government limit power of labor unions

-combination acts: outlawed unions and strikes

Class-Consciousness

-harder for gifted but poor young mechanics to start a small enterprise -wives and daughters of businessmen found fewer opportunities for participation in business world -wealthy women were increasingly valued for their ladylike mentality

Working conditions for early textile workers

-less satisfactory than those of cottage weaves and spinners -factory workers turned to young children -young workers received little or no pay -14-15 hours a day, 6 days a week -women were doing the spinning/working with textiles

Crystal Palace

-location of Great Exhibition in 1851 -London -architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron -"workshop of the world"

Railroad

-reduced cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land -markets became larger and nation wide -larger factories with more sophisticated machinery -strong demands for unskilled workers

What caused the shortage of energy in Britain?

-society relied on wood -humans and animals performed most work -dependence meant western civilization remind poor in energy and power

Factory workers standard of living

-standard of living grew because all family members earned wages -working/living conditions=AWFUL -factories dirty, hot, unventilated, dangerous -long hours

How did the governments of France and Prussia help industrialize their countries?

-tariff protection -Napoleonic wars ended and France flooded with cheaper, better British goods -French government placed high tariffs on many British imports to protect economy -Governments bore the cost of building railroads and canals -Prussian government guaranteed the state treasury would pay interest on railroad bonds -Railroad investors ran little risk and capital was quickly raised

5. How did the Industrial Revolution impact political and economic thought in 18th- and early 19th-century Europe? (4 Points)

1.) Liberalism was created -- laissez-faire, free economy with no government intervention 2.) Beginnings of early socialism 3.) Class-consciousness developed 4.) Economic opportunities were expanded

Which one of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851? A. Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth. B. The large increase in wages resulted in a vast increase in personal consumption. C. Average consumption per person decreased as industrial work drove down wages. D. The expansion of the gross national product was only possible as average consumption diminished.

A

Why did the eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood? A. Wood had been over-harvested: it was the primary source of hear in all homes and a basic raw material in industry. B. The vast expansion of the British navy in the wars against France led to a problem of deforestation. C. New beetles and diseases from the Americas affected and began to destroy British forests. D. The widespread building of canals and roads required large amounts of wood and had caused many forests to be cut down.

A

All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except? A. Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production B. following the Napoleonic wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production C. Germany began a spectacular rise is industrialization after 1860 D. the US began a spectacular rise is industrialization after 1860

B

As major railroad construction came to a close in Britain, what happened to the workers who built those lines? A. They returned to villages and the rural countryside to work on farms. B. They drifted to towns and cities in search of employment and became urban laborers. C. They followed railway companies to British colonies to continue to work building railroad lines. D. They took positions as conductors, brakemen, and crossing guards for railway companies. E. They formed roving bands who terrorized local populations and robbed railway trains.

B

How did cotton transform the textile industry? A. Cotton was far less expensive than wool or flax, permitting a significant decrease in the cost of new textiles. B. Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production. C. Cotton could be produced in far greater quantity than flax or wool because it could be grown in many of the British colonies. D. Cotton was a more durable material than wool or flax, permitting it to be used in a greater variety of clothing.

B

Working conditions of working class

BAD -show up on time, work long hours under constant supervision of demanding overseers -imposed fines that were deducted from pay -children often beaten for their infractions

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that? A. population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels. B. using young children in factories was immoral. C. population always grew faster than the food supply. D. the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity.

C

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution? A. it formed because industrial workers were forced into ever larger factories that provided the opportunity for them to recognize their common plight B. it formed because the forward the forward thinking radicals educated the laboring classes into Marxist doctrine C. it formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling D. it formed because industrialists worked together to expand their wealth and to ensure the subordination of labor

C

The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except A. the low prices of British mass-produced goods. B. the complexity and expense of the new technology. C. the scarcity of human capital. D. the devastation left by the Napoleonic Wars.

C

Who were the Luddites? A. Irish peasants who formed secret societies against British landowners B. Dutch agricultural workers who rebelled against their falling standard of living in comparison to the urban workers C. British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work D. Scottish Highlanders who formed community groups that worked building railroads across Great Britain

C

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century? A. Family members increasingly adopted new convenient machines that reduced the time needed in household labor significantly. B. Husbands became more involved in managing the household because of the greater cash flow running through the house. C. Wives increasingly abandoned labor outside of the house to focus on child rearing. D. Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

D

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed? A. Industrialists increasingly emerged from the noble classes, for the nobility recognized the need to expand family wealth and used their political connections to obtain advantages for the new firms. B. More industrialists emerged from the working classes, as creditors recognized the vast profits in new enterprises and were willing to assume more risk in new ventures. C. Industrialists increasingly emerged from the migrant communities, who carried new technologies across borders. D. It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

D

How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830? A. Workers prospered most during years of war when their labor was most valuable B. Workers worked in much more dangerous conditions C. Workers ate poorer diets when they moved away from the countryside D. Workers worked many more days per year

D

In Germany, Fritz Harkort? A. sought to demonstrate that widespread economic growth could be achieved through agricultural development without having to develop industry B. sought to forge a new path to industrialization by using the state as the central engine of industrial growth C. sought to develop a private academy that would train engineers for industrial production D. sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

D

The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was A. Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine. B. the development of the internal combustion engine. C. the use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery. D. James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760's and the 1780's.

D