AP European History Cold War/Modern Europe

Strategic Defense Initiative

- Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Brezhnev Doctrine

- Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

Cuban Missle Crisis (1962)

- Standoff between John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in America's favor and represented a foreign-policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world superpowers perilously close to the brink of nuclear confrontation.

Soviet perspective

- The Soviets were plainly asserting permanent control of Poland and Romania under puppet communist governments. - The Soviet Union wanted to extend its control into the Balkans, Central, and Western Europe

Decolonization

- The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Karol Wojtyla

- The former archbishop of Krakow, Poland, who was elected Pope

Thirty eighth parallel

- The line dividing Korea into two sections, north of the the parellel the communist Soviet Union was in charge and south of the parellel was democratic America was in charge. This line would become the demilitarized zone after the Korean conflict.

Prague Spring

- The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Marshall Plan

- This program provided broad economic aid to European states on the sole condition that they work together for their mutual benefit.

Containment (In Cold War Terms)

- To resist the extension of the Soviet expansion and influence in the expectation that the Soviet Union would collapse from internal pressures and the burdens of its foreign oppression.

The Berlin Blockade

- Western powers agreed to go forward with a separate constitution for the western sectors of Germany - the Soviets walked out of the joint Allied Control Commission. - The western powers issued a new currency for their sectors - Soviets feared it because it was circulating at better rates than theirs in Berlin - their reaction was to seal the city off by closing all railroads and highways that led to Berlin, hoping to force the Western powers out of Berlin.

Organization Arme Secrete

- a group of officers, looked as if they'd start a coup in paris

Doctrine of Nonviolence

- ghandian pacifism

Flugencio Batista

- runs Cuba as a mean, benevolent dictator but benefits America so they let him rule, flees Cuba on New Year's eve due to rebellion

American Perspective

- the us military forces were the greatest they had ever been - US industrial power was unmatched - atomic weapons were fair game

Western ally reaction to Berlin Blockade

-The Western allies responded by airlifting supplies to the city for almost a year. In May of 1949, the Soviets were forced to reopen the city. This incident increased tensions between the newly formed NATO and the Soviet Union dramatically.

At the height of U.S. Involvement in the war in Vietnam, over ______ U.S. Troops were stationed in South Vietnam.

500,000

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

All of the following undermined Soviet authority in the early 1980s except

A surge in the population of Soviet cities.

Putin has contributed to all of the following except

Advancing local autonomy

The future of the Soviet Union was changed by the 1979 Soviet decision to invade

Afghanistan

The Cominform describes

An international Communist Party organization.

Which pairing of colonial independence is incorrect?

Bangladesh gained independence from Britain.

Perestroika

Beginning of market economy

Bangladesh

Dhaka

George H. Bush

Economic downturn

Alexander Kwasniewski

Elected president of Poland in 1995

Richard Nixon

Ends Vietnam war, watergate, resigned.

The three crises of 1956 included

The Suez Intervention, Polish Resistance to Soviet Pressure, and the Hungarian Uprising

The declaration to support "free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures" describes

The Truman Plan

Jacques chirac

Moved France to conservatism.

Al-Qaida

(1988-Present) Terrorist organization formed by Osama bin Laden.

NATO

- North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Helsinki Accords

- Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by the Soviet Union and western European countries.

Helmut Kohl

Chancellor of West Germany during the reunification of East and West Germany

Lech Walesa

- A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.

Cold war

- A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Mohandas Gandhi

- A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Detente

- A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Truman Doctrine

- A policy of support for "free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures," by implication this meant anywhere in the world.

Berlin wall

- A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

SEATO

- Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia

U-2 aircraft

- American plane shot down by Soviets

Iron Curtain

- An Iron Curtain has descended on Europe, dividing the free and democratic West from an East under totalitarian rule- churchill

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

- April 1949, - Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, signed a treaty with Canada and the United States to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. - A few years later, West Germany, Greece, and Turkey joined the alliance. - All members of NATO were committed to defending their allies.

peoples republic of china

- Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.

Ho Chi Minh

- Communist leader of North Vietnam

Viet Minh

- Communist-dominated Nationalist Movement. Ruled Vietnam when Japanese rule ended. Leader was Ho Chi Minh.

Fidel Castro

- Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Sputnik

- First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Nguyen Van Thieu

- He was a military commander and the president of South Vietnam. He was a corrupt as the leader of South Vietnam.

National Liberation Front

- Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite Vietnam under Northern rule and aided what group of communist rebels trying to overthrow Diem in the south. Official title of the Viet Cong. Created in 1960, they lead an uprising against Diem's repressive regime in the South.

Hungarian Uprising

- Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country

The Balfour Declaration stated that

Britain favored the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.

Tony Blair

British statesman who became prime minister in 1997 (born in 1953).

Italy

Coalition politics, eurocommunism, recession in the 70's, economic growth in the 80's, political corruption

Czechoslovakia

Communist government collapsed in 1989. Backache Havel was in control when ethnic problems led to peaceful division.

Tito

Communist leader of Yugoslavia after WWII. Died in 1980.

Margaret Thatcher

Conservative British Prime Minister and first women to head a major European government (1925-). Broke power of labor unions. Hard line toward communism. Rebuilds military. Anti-tax riots force her to resign.

EU(European union)

Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, cypress.

Vaclav Havel led the opposition to the communist government in

Czechoslovakia

Jano kadar

In power in Hungary for more than 30 years.

In 1948, all of the following invaded Israel except

Iran

EEC (European Economic Community)

Italy, France, West Germany, belgium, Luxembourg, GB, Ireland, denmark

The likely reason the Soviets required their subject governments in Eastern Europe to impose Stalinist policies during the 1940s was the success of

Josip (Tito) Broz.

During the late 1990s, Serbian aggression against ethnic Albanians drew NATO forces into

Kosovo

Brian Mulroney

Lawyer, politician, prime minister of Canada 1984 to 1993.

François Mitterrand

Leader of France. Economic difficulties, socialist policies, economic weaknesses of the 1990's

Ceausescu

Leader of Romania who fought against revolution and change

Lech Walesa

Leader of solidarity( independent labor union). He was later arrested and solidarity was outlawed. He became president no more communism.

Patronage system

Pay money for titles on government

Gorbachev era

Perestroika, glasnot, ethnic protests that the soviet army was no longer able to handle, Lithuania declares independence

All of the following opposed the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq except

Poland

Solidarity played a key role in political reform in

Poland

Edward gierek

Poland's leader who had riots in his country because of rising food prices.

Pierre Trudeau

Prime minister of Canada 1968-79 and 1980-84.

Silvio Berlusconi

Prime minister of Italy from 2008-2011

Sibodan milosevic

Rejects the efforts of Yugoslavia without new border arrangements to accommodate Serb minorities

Detente

Relaxation of tensions during the cold war

Vladimir Putin

Replaced yeltsin when he resigned. Launches reforms like unrestricted sale and purchase of land, but doesn't help Russia's economy.

Perestroika means

Restructuring

Ronald Reagan

Reversed the welfare state, military buildup, supply side economics.

Milosevic

Rules Yugoslavia after Tito's death. Got in trouble from "ethnic cleansing" of muslims.

Yugoslavia

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Macedonia. Slovenia and Croatia declare independence. Army sent to attach Croatia. Serbs turn on Bosnia. Ethnic cleansing of Croatians.

Jimmy carter

Stagflation(inflation and unemployment), oil embargo, 53 hostages in Iran.

The Khrushchev era witnessed a retreat from

Stalinism

Truman Doctrine

Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism (1947)

Thatcherism

Take Britain away from being a welfare state.

When Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal,

The British and French intervened militarily.

Putin believes that he dominant force in Russia's economy and political life should be

The Central Government

Helmut Schmidt

The West German Social Democratic leader from 72-82. Technocrat. Concerned with economic conditions.

Willy Brandt

West German chancellor. Ostpolitik(opening to the east). Treaty with east Germany.

Boris Yeltsin

When Gorbachev resigned he got power and became president of Russia. Introduces free market economy. Had brutal war with Chechnya.

Breshnev Doctrine

The right of the soviet union to intervene if socialism was threatened in another state.

End of soviet union

Tried to deal with republics, got arrested, expedites dissolution of the Soviet Union. Ukraine votes for independence, others follow.

Chernobyl.

Ukraine nuclear spill accident

Germany

Unrest due to economic problems, communist government falls, Berlin Wall comes down, politically unified.

After the failure of the August 1991 coup, the dominant political figure in Russia was

Yeltsin

Glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Todor Zhivkov

eastern Europe's longest-surviving communist dictator, Bulgaria