AP European History: Romanticism, Nationalism, and Revolution

Crimean War

conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans

Giuseppe Garibaldi

1807-82, Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics, Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860, leader of a small army of Italian nationalists, "Red Shirts"

The Great Reform Bill of 1832

1832, abolished the rotten boroughs, expanded the electorate, and empowered the industrial middle class

unification of Italy

1860, ally of Mazzini, recruited volunteers and won control of Sicily, Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily over to Victor Emmanuel, Italy becomes a united nation, which it hadn't been since the fall of the Roman Empire

Danish War (1864)

1864, Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria and Prussia and Austria seized Providences from Demark

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

1866, Otto von Bismarck, aka the 7 weeks war, Austrians and others fight Prussia over Schleswig Holstein. Prussia easily wins—Wilhelm wants to take Vienna but Bismarck wisely stops him knowing they'll need Austrian neutrality soon

Franco-Prussian War (1870)

1870, Prussia had defeated France and its domination of Europe. This allowed Germany to have domination over Europe

unification of Germany

1871, started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Benjamin Disraeli

A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846.

William Gladstone

A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance, famous for his intense rivalry with the Conservative Party Leader Benjamin Disraeli. Supported repeal of the Corn Laws.

Marxism

A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches.

Anarchism

An ideology believing that private property and capitalism lead to inequality, but, like liberals, anarchists place high value on individual political freedom, favors the abolition of governments

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy (lawful monarchs from the royal families who had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power to would ensure peace and stability in Europe) and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy), leader of the Congress of Vienna

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's "battle for civilization," intended to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire, used realpolitik

risorgimento

Italian nationalist movement, "resurgence"

ausgleich

The "Compromise" of 1867 that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly, but were united under one monarch, Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria

economic liberalism (economic and political)

a political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes, the economic philosophy that government intervention in and regulation of the economy should be minimal, free trade, laissez-faire

Conservatism

a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion, a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes, a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive governments, and personal opportunity.

nationalism

a sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals, a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

evolutionary socialism (Revisionism)

a socialist doctrine espoused by Eduard Bernstein who argued that socialists should stress cooperation and evolution to attain power by democratic means rather than by conflict and revolution.

Congress of Vienna

following Napoleon's exile, this meeting in Austria between the Quadruple Alliance in order to formulate a peace agreement, to balance the victories of the Napoleonic wars, establish a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, repress liberal revolutions and imperial expansion, and create new countries in Europe, 1815

principle of intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments

mass society

people join social movements not because of the ideals but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves

Count Camillo di Cavour

prime minister, liberal moderate who wanted constitutional government, he pursued economic expansion in Italy by encouraging the building of roads, canals, and railroads, causing the economy to grow; led the unification of Italy

"The Woman Question"

the debate over the role of women in society. In the nineteenth century, women remained legally inferior, economically dependent, and largely defined by family and household roles. Many women still aspired to the ideal of femininity popularized by writers and poets. As the chief family wage earners, men worked outside the home, while women were left with the care of the family, for which they were paid nothing. In lower classes, the need for supplemental income drove women to do sweatwork.

Reform Act of 1967

voting acts, rotten boroughs gone, disenfranchised