AP European History study guide
What is the name given to French Protestants A. Augustinians B. Huguenots C. Jesuits D. Carmelites
Huguenots
The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to A. hyperinflation B. French withdrawal from the Ruhr C. a rise in the Ruhr workers' standard of living D. the crash in the US stock marker
Hyperinflation
What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933 A. it required all Jews to wear ID badges B. it outlawed all socialist and communist politcal parties C. it mandated a new civil requirement that forbade Jews from holding public office D. it gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years
It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years
How did the English seek a route to East Asia A. They sought a northwest passage across North America B. They sought to develop a new land route through Russia and Siberia C. They sought to travel through the Arctic ocean D. They sought to follow the Portuguese around Africa but establish trading posts in India
They sought a northwest passage across North America
How did the Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa A. They traded for slaves with local leaders B. They captured slaves in warfare C. They seized slaves in raiding parties D. They seized people on the coastline
They traded for slaves with local leaders
What was Mikhail Gorbachev's goal in bringing reforms to Russia A. To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it B. To secure the power of the Communist Party through more sophisticated systems of control C. To merge capitalism and communism in a new economic system D. To prepare for a collapse of Communist authority
To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a A. loving father who intervened when necessary B. clockmaker who set the universe in motion and ceased to intervene C. king who recruited christians to be intolerant of those who incorrectly worship D. farmer who carefully tended his crops from planting through harvest
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would A. Undermine the idea of human sinfulness B. Eliminate the idea of the divine right of kings C. Detract from the sovereignty of God D. Undermine the need for the crucifixion of Christ
detract from the sovereignty of God
What was the policy of detente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued A. the reunification of East/West Germany B. A political unification of Europe into a single state C. A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions D. The creation of a Europe-wide-free-trade-zone
A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions
What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright A. spinners were producing far more thread than weavers could use B. A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed C. neither spinners/weavers could keep up with the large demand for cotton cloth D. merchants who ran the putting out system required a better system of transportation of raw materials and finished goods
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established A. through electoral victories and control of legislatures B. by violent revolution C. by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation D. through the efforts of enlightened rulers
By violent revolution
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists A. Cesare Bogaria B. Cosimo de Medici C. GIovanni Sforza D. Gerolama Orsini
Cosimo de Medici
How did cotton transform the textile industry A. Cotton provided a more secure source of raw material for textiles than wool or flax, since it was less susceptible to yearly changes in the weather or environment B. Cotton was far less expensive than wool or flax, permitting a significant decrease in the cost of new textiles C. Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production D. Cotton could be produced in far greater quantity than flax or wool because it could be grown in many of the British colonies
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production
Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war A. Germany and Italy B. Britain and Germany C. Germany and the Soviet Union D. Poland and the Soviet Union
Germany and the Soviet Union
In which of the following ways did Charles VII of France expand his authority? A. He expelled the English from all French soil except Calais B. He eliminated nobles' militias and troops C. He eliminated papal authority in French cities D. He suppressed peasant revolts by placing troops throughout his dominion
He expelled the English from all French soil except Calais
What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremburg Law A. It allowed the marriage between a Jew and a person defined as German B. It defined as Jewish anyone having 3+ Jewish grandparents C. It permitted Jews to have some rights of citizenship D. It banned most Jewish lawyers, doctors and professors from their professions
It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of A. the Duke of Saint-Simon B. Cardinal Mazarin C. Count Duke of Olivares D. Jean Baptiste Colbert
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
On the Iberian Peninsula, who were the people referred to as the "New Christians" A. Germanic and Scandanavian converts B. Orthodox Byzantine mercenaries C. Jewish and Muslim converts D. Christians who had been re-baptized
Jewish and Muslim converts
The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by A. Thomas Hobbes B. John Locke C. Peter Paul Rubens D. Jean Racine
John Locke
What was the cause of the Hundred Years War between England and France? A. The French seizure of the port of Calais B. The English execution of Joan of Arc C. King Edward III of England's endorsement of Urban VI as the rightful pope D. King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine
King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European History A. German lands were finally unified under the German emperor B. Religious toleration was adopted throughout the HRE C. Central Europe emerged as an economic powerhouse D. Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
Large scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
Which of the following characterizes the early-nineteenth-century British cities A. overcrowding in cities inhibited pop. growth B. city official demolished row houses in order to build more efficient apartament complexes C. new laws limiting capacity in buildings eased overcrowding D. nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent
Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent
What was the consequence of Franklin D Roosevelt's agreement with Joseph Stalin at the Tehran conference that the British-American armies would launch a frontal assault on France A. the US wouldn't be able to supply the Soviets with needed arms B. great Britain would be able to protect its colonial holdings from soviet influence C. British-American armies fighting in France would face the bulk of the German Military D. Only Soviet troops would liberate Eastern Europe
Only Soviet troops would liberate Eastern Europe
Who is Vladmir Putin A. head of the KGB under Mikhail Gorbachev B. leader of the Chechen independence movement C. President of Russia beginning in 2000 D. Yeltsin's chief economic adviser
President of Russia beginning in 2000
What did Nikita Krushchev's de-Stalinization campaign call for A. The Communist Party to retain its monopoly on political power B. The Communist Party to stop recruiting new members C. The Communist Party to permit elections at the local DIFF level D. The Communist Party to continue to emphasize heavy industry and milirary production at the expense of consumer goods and agriculture
The Communist Party to retain its monopoly on political power
In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries A. The Spanish, the French and the Dutch B. The Portuguese, the Spanish and the Dutch C. The English, the Spanish and the French D. The Spanish, the French and the English
The Portuguese, the Spanish and the Dutch
What was the driving force in history according to Marx in the 19th century A. the unfolding of universal consciousness B. the expansion of individual liberty C. the economic relationship between classes D. the desire for racial and gender equality
The economic relationship between classes
What was the core concept of the enlightenment A. The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life B. Understanding nature requires an equal balance of science and faith C. Human beings are inherently corrupt D. All of reality can be reduced to mind and matter
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that A. The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens B. capitalism could only flourish if a worker's wages were kept low C. guilds provided a structural stability to the economy that permitted the free market to function effectively D. the government had a responsibility to protect consumers and the general public from price gouging and fraud
The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens
What was the Holocaust
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor A. they believed that Robespierre was soon to proclaim himself the new king of France B. they believed that Robespierre intended to extend the ideals of the revolution so that slaves would be freed and Jews accepted as full citizens C. they believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed D. they believed that Robespierre had betrayed the revolution by accepting bribes from Great Britain
They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety A. to build a coalition of provincial leaders in order to suppress rebellions in France B. to establish a secret police force in order to institute a reign of terror C. to use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within D. to investigate the army in order to weed out disloyal officers and ensure its obedience to the Legislative Assembly
To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within
In the twentieth century, what was John Maynard Keynes known for A. he advocated minimal gmnt intervention in the economy B. he was avowedly hostile to Germany C. he denounced the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons D. he broke new ground in the study of genetics
a
The romantic movement was characterized by A. a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination B. the application of the scientific method to the study of nature C. an emphasis on reason D. a life that was restrained and orderly
a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination
The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as A. a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the italian people B. a defender of Catholic values C. an intellectual and a scholar D. strong supporter of democracy
a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the italian people
What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia A. abolition of serfdom B. granting of a commission C. nationalization of church property D. modernization of the legal system
abolition of serfdom
What was "nativism" in the 19th century A. a conscious effort to reach out to immigrants to make them feel welcomed and appreciated B. beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants C. an attempt by European and American upper classes to imitate the seemingly simple lifestyles of native peoples D. an attempt to bring the benefits of civilization to native peoples in different parts of the world
beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants
In On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Arthur de Gopbineau divided humanity into the white, black and yellow races and A. called for a new era of racial harmony B. championed the "aryan race" for its supposedly superior qualities C. claimed that eventually the different races would become a single race D. stated that nationalism eliminated any problems of ethnic minorities
championed the "aryan race" for its supposedly superior qualities
Mercantilist theory postulated that A. government should not interfere in the economy B. imports and exports should be equally balanced C. economic activity should be regulated by and for the state D. free trade would maximize the wealth of all nations
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
During the first World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France A. used the war as an opportunity for revolt B. played no part in the war C. lent clandestine support to Germany D. generally supported their foreign masters
generally supported their foreign masters
Bartolome de Las Cases asserted that the Indians A. had human rights B. had a unique culture that should be respected C. should be denied protection unless they embraced Christianity D. were creatures of Satan who could not be converted or trusted
had human rights
What was French premier Georges Clemenceau's opinion at the Paris Peace Conference A. he strongly supported the creation of a league of nations B. he advocated lenient treatment of Germany C. he agreed to renounce France's claim to Alsace and Lorraine D. he wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France
he wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France
According to Olympe de Gouges A. women should enjoy special rights/priviledges B. men/women should be equal in the eyes of the law C. monarchy was the most oppressive form of government D. it was natural to exclude women from the political process
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a A. Popular democracy B. Parliamentary government C. Constitutional monarchy D. Military dictatorship
military dictatorship
According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in A. all aspects of the economy B. industry but not in agriculture C. the economy as little as possible D. agriculture but not in industry
the economy as little as possible
How did the war on the eastern front differ from war on the western front A. the war on the eastern front immediately became immobile as both sides established vast trench networks B. the war on the eastern front included a more significant naval component with competition for the Black sea C. the war on the eastern front lacked the use of modern tech and led to loss of life D. the war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position
the war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies A. were guided by the principle of the balance of power B. resurrected the HRE C. treated France harshly D. established constitutional monarchies in the areas conquered by Napoleon
were guided by the principle of the balance of power
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships A. women were expected to produce sufficient income for the family to provide for themselves B. women generally stopped working outside of the home after their first child was born C. men took on significant childcare and domestic roles so that women could work outside of the home D. women increasingly gained access to employment opportunities that had traditionally been reversed for men
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that
women's sphere of activity was private and domestic
During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves? A. Along economic lines, with wealthier countries gaining more from the division B. Along traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope and the others favoring the Italian pope C. Along religious lines, with regions influenced by Celtic Christianity supporting the French pope and other regions supporting the Italian Pope D. Along political lines, with the powers that had traditional monarchies supporting the French pope and the city-states supporting the Italian pope
Along economic lines, with wealthier countries gaining more from the division
Who was Alexander Kerensky A. A colleague of Lenin's and an important figure in Bolshevik revolution B. An important liberal politcal leader of the Provisional Government in Russia C. An agarian socialist who became prime minister of Russia in July 1917 D. A member of the Russian aristocracy who was an early opponent of the new Bolshevik regime
An agarian socialist who became prime minister of Russia in July 1917
What was Napoleon's Grand Empire A. An enlarged France and several satellite kingdoms, on the thrones of which Napoleon placed members of his family B. An enlarged France and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia and Russia C. An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia and Russia D. An enlarged France, parts of northern Italy, and German territories on the east bank of the Rhine
An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia and Russia
What was the Arab Spring event that took place in 2011 A. an unexpected series of revolts in the Middle East B. Western economic reassertion owning to the war in Iraq C. The rise of Muslim population in Europe D. The fusion of Western and Arab music as a result of multiculturalism
An unexpected series of revolts in the Middle east
How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century A. Arguments supporting slavery increasingly relied on economic justifications of the superiority of slave labor B. Arguments supporting slavery drew increasingly on the need to civilize the savage Africans and less on ideas of race C. Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion D. Arguments supporting slavery emphasized the political needs of empires rather than cultural or religion issues
Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe A. as a classical liberal, he feared it would lead to intolerance and violence B. Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire C. Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism D. Austria was a multi-ethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire
Austria was a multi-ethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany A. Remained Catholics B. Were able to practice the religion of their choice C. converted to Lutheranism D. became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince
Became either Lutheran or Catholic. depending on the preference of their prince
What characteristics did Communsit and fascist dictatorships share A. Both emerged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people" B. Both wanted to build a new national community grounded in racial homogeneity C. Both viewed the Jewish people as the Chief danger to historical process for humanity D. Both based their ideologies on the writings of Karl Marx
Both emerged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people"
What did the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour announce A. Britain favored a national state for Arab peoples in the middle east B. Britain favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine C. Britain wished to grant Indian Independence as quickly as possible after the war D. Britain supported Polish demands for an independent nation-state
Britain favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine
Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler A. It was more concerned about the activities of the Japanese/in the Pacific than about German activities B. It believed that the US would step in if he became too aggressive C. The French gmnt demanded that Britain adopt appeasement in its relationship with Hitler D. British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile A. Permitted the monarchs to undermine the provincial elite by unifying the two states into a single, unified kingdom B. Unified all of the Iberian Peninsula C. Created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state D. Undermined the claims of the Holy Roman emperor to be the defender of the church
Created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state.
Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration A. desire for material profit B. fear of invasion from the Americas C. fear of invasion from China D. desire to escape from the Black death
Desire for material profit
Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany" A. it recognized that the more conservative German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire would never accept the liberal constitution it had drafted B. France and Britain let it be known that they would look with extreme disfavor on the creation of a Greater Germany C. Russia threatened an invasion if the Franfurt Parliament attempted to create a Greater Germany D. Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire
Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire
What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work A. human dietary habits affected disease immunity B. diseases passed through air could be eliminated by moving sources of filth and decay from humans C. diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled D. most human diseases were the result of molds that occurred naturally in human cities
Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance A. Enlightenment thinkers rejected the basic tenants of Christianity and embraced a vision of a world without God B. Enlightenment thinkers drew inspiration from classical antiquity, whereas the middle ages and renaissance focused on the Bible C. Enlightenment thinkers relished artistic production, while the middle ages and renaissance focused on penance and prayer D. Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans A. Europeans, who were culturally and racially superior, offered guidance to the inferior Africans B. Africans were an alien group unlike any other and were out of necessity placed into bondage C. Africans were a people biologically distinct from Europeans and Africans' physical characteristics produced less intelligent, more primitive people D. Enslavement benefited Africans by bringing Christianity to them
Enslavement benefited Africans by bringing Christianity to them
Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus A. Europe was the major western node of the trading system that produced high quality textiles and metalwork desired by others B. Europe provided the banking and financial services that sustained the world trading system C. Europe served as the most important market for products because it produced few goods D. Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations
Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilization
How did the idea of "race" transform European's idea of their superiority over other peoples A. European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior as well as religiously superior B. European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior C. European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior rather than religiously superior D. European superiority was increasingly defined as religiously superior rather than biologically superior
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century A. horses carried many diseases that afflicted humans B. communal baths would reduce the spread of bad bacteria C. excrement from outhouses could be carried by water through sewers at a low cost D. most diseases were carried into cities by rural laborers who came into the cities for work
Excitement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at a low cost
Who were the Young Turks A. religious conseratives who supported Sultan Abdulhamid II in rejecting European liberalism B. Supporters of the imperial rescript of 1856 that called for equality before the law regardless of religious faith C. liberal ottoman statesmen who launched the era of radical reforms known as Tanzimat D. Feverent Patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire
Feverent Patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire
What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System A. British merchants prospered, for the French merchants were now barred from British colonies B. British merchants and craftsmen lost their major market, deeply harming the British economy and the British tax base for its wars against France C. French merchants and manufacturers profited from the monopoly they now held on continental trade D. French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain
French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain
What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare A. All of the Great Powers involved in the war were equally responsible for starting the war B. All of the Great Powers with the exception of the US were equally responsible for starting the war C. The Russian Empire was primarily responsible for starting the war and the Soviet Union was obliged to pay reparations D. Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations
Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations
Who were the Red Shirts in nineteenth-century France A. Union supporters of the German Social Democratic Party B. Confederate irregulars who came close to winning the American Civil War C. Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860 D. Russian peasants who railed to the defense of Russian Empire in the Crimean war
Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860
The Edict of Nantes A. Permitted French Huguenots to worship wherever they wished as long as they continued to pay taxes to the Catholic Church B. Ordered all French Huguenots to convert to Catholicism or leave France C. Required all Catholic priests in France to swear an oath of loyalty to the king D. Granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns
Granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi party's message to appeal to middle class voters A. He deemphasized the anti-capitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism B. He adopted a liberal, republican politcal agenda that gueranteed civil liberties and property rights C. He promoted the Christian foundations of Nazism D. He emphasized the economic advantages of the middle class of the implementation of anti-Semitic laws
He deemphasized the anti-capitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state A. He reorganized the French economy according to mercantilist policies B. He encouraged Louis XIII to establish an elaborate palace and ground at Versailles C. He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts D. He concentrated on repairing and expanding the country's infrastructure, building new roads and canals
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts
Which of the following characterizes the presidency of Vladmir Putin in Russia A. He pursued strong free market reforms that allowed Russia to break free of its socialist economic heritage B. He sought Russia's full admission into the Eu and its acceptance as a "normal" state C. He reasserted anti-Western Russian nationalism and centralized political authority in the Kremlin D. He worked to weed out corruption of Russia's political system in order to secure political gains
He reasserted anti-Western Russian nationalism and centralized political authority in the Kremlin
"Except, that everyone gives the title of barbarism to everything that is not according to his usage." How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint, expressed in the quote above, to Europe's growing imperial activities A. He argued that integration with local cultures would pollute European culture B. He asserted that Christianity could not be taught to non-Western people C. He rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another D. He claimed that Europe produced all of the goods it needed and colonial products only led to luxury and moral corruption
He rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another
Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare A. He sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system B. He sought to undermine the power of the landed aristocracy by building a political movement based on support from the masses C. He was so compelled to offer greater social benefits so that German workers would not migrate to France and Great Britain, where such programs already existed D. He believed that social welfare programs were a government's moral responsibility
He sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that A. Sovereign authority rests in the hands of the people B. all people are born with certain ideas and ways of thinking C. Human development is determined by education and society D. governments are formed by contracts among free individuals
Human development is determined by education and society
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years A. Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message B. Initially confused by the claims of the revolutionaries, they came to embrace most of their ideas as representing solid Enlightenment thought C. Initially fearful of the revolution's chaos, they came to support the effort to implement needed reforms in France D. Initially pleased by the revolution's embrace of Enlightenment ideas, they came to fear the idea of nationalism spread by the revolution
Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish A. It divided the Americas, giving Spain everything south of the Caribbean and England everything north of the Carribbean B. It divided the Pacific Ocean, giving Spain everything east of India and Portugal everything west of India C. It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line D. It divided the Americas, giving Portugal all of the sugar-producing regions and Spain all of the silver-producing regions
It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line
What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP) A. It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again B. It permitted heavy industry, banks and railroads to reappear under private ownership C. It established 5-year plans under which the state would direct the capitalist economy D. It emphasized an agricultural revolution that would feature a mechanization of the production process
It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century A. it secured for Europeans supplies of slaves by establishing fortified trading posts on the coast, thus preventing wasted days at sea looking for slaves to purchase B. It gave Europeans more control over the slave trade by sending ashore slave-hunting teams to seize slaves and force them abroad C. It relieved Europeans of the moral difficulty of separating families by having all slaves separated into unrelated groups of 15 before the ships captains purchased them D. it permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas
It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas
What did the Marshall Plan accomplish A. it demonstrated to AMericans the futility of foreign aid, which enriched the rulers but rarely benefited local people B. it established the foundations of socialist policies throughout Europe C. it prevented economic collapse in Western Europe D. it undermined the ability of free-market capitalism to develop in Europe
It prevented economic collapse in Western Europe
What was the result of the Maastricht Treaty A. It established the process by which NATO was dissolved B. It provided the basis for the formation of the European Union (EU) and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union C. It outlined the role the WTO would play in the management of trade and tarriff agreements D. It made available the necessary international financial resources needed for the successful Doctors without Borders campaign against malaria
It provided the basis for the formation of the European Union (EU) and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union
What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late 19th century France A. it revived the prestige of the French army B. it drove a wedge between Catholics and anti-Semites C. it revived republican distrust of Catholicism D. it fanned the flames of French imperialism
It revived republican distrust of Catholicism
What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 A. it set the terms for the division of China into economic zones of influence B. It declared Africa off limits to colonization C. It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers D. It established high tarriffs to protect German industry
It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers
Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work? A. The traditional work associated with women was unskilled and, therefore, more widely performed B. Women were largely secluded in their homes; therefore, their work was seen as strictly domestic and not worthy of compensation C. Women did not seek to organize in guilds so that they could better influence wages and prices for their hard work D. It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family
It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution A. Thomas Newcomben's 1705 steam engine B. the development of the internal combustion engine C. the use of running water to power cotton spinning machinery D. James Watt's development of the steam engine between 1760s and 1780s
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and 1780s
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged? A. Luther did not need political support and , therefore, was able to develop his ideas without political interference B. Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works C. Luther led a united reform movement that was able to coordinate its actions in several different territories and kingdoms D. Luther's status as a nobleman brought him respect and legitimacy that he could use to defend his ideas
Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works
What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers A. Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular rulers must be obeyed and respected no matter what their religious beliefs B. Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly C. Lutherans taught opposition to ungodly leaders while Calvinists taught obedience to all secular authorities D. Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular leaders who violated the laws of nature must be opposed, while all others must be obeyed
Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly
How did railroads affect the nature of production A. the speed of rail travel required manufacturers to adopt more regularized work routines B. railroads permitted factories to be established anywhere, without concern for access to other resources C. the availability of raw materials became more secure, supporting greater investment in machinery D. markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines
Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A VIndication of the rights of Woma (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement A. Olymoe de Gouges B. Mary Wollstonecraft C. Abigail Afams D. Emile du Chatelet
Mary Wollstonecraft
How did the cannon affect the power of the monarchies A. Only central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over the nobility B. Because cannons were seen as a dishonorable form of battle, nobles generally vacated from their military posts, leaving monarchies with largely unfettered power C. The flexibility of cannon permitted many nobles to obtain them, sparking a long period of internal civil war D. Cannons were easily copied, which diluted kings' military power since they had to spread troops across the realms in case of threat from other countries as well as their own mobility
Only central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over the nobility
What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson A. People should be able to choose their own nationality and form whatever borders they find most convenient B. People should be able to select their form of government (authoritarian or democratic) and establish their own place in international order C. People should be able to choose a structure of gmnt within the framework of the League of Nations to ensure that individual rights are sustained D. People should be able to choose a national gmnt through a democratic process and live free from outside interference
People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference
Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century? A. Political loyalty and feeling centered in a passionate attachment to the individual city-state B. The papacy prevented any movement toward unification, fearing a threat to its political authority C. France and the HRE had too many land claims in the region to permit any unification D. Italians were too culturally and linguistically diverse to realistically contemplate unification
Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state
How did the introduction of Ptolemy's geography mislead European cartographers A. Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west B. Ptolemy indicated that Africa had no southern end and could not offer a route to Asia, leading Europeans to explore westward C. Ptolemy argued that a northern route through Russia offered an easier path to Asia, leading England to begin a process of exploration D. Ptolemy claimed that the world was much larger than it actually is, leading the German and Italian lands to abandon colonizing efforts
Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west
What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa A. Penicillin B. Quinine C. Ladanium D. Asprin
Quinine
The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for A. the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons B. the reunification of Eastern and Western Europe C. respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries D. American de-escalation in Vietnam and the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
Respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries
The dissolution of the English monasteries A. resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth B. resulted in a more equitable distribution of land C. deeply disturbed the English upper classes D. was the result of rebellious activities by the monks
Resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth
What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs A. Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56 B. The revolution of 1905 C. the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 D. the assassination of Alexander II in 1881
Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56
Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation A. Salvation came through faith in God and works that demonstrated that faith B. Salvation came through the performance of the holy sacrements C. Salvation came through God's predestined selection of those he chose to save D. Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
Salvation came through the performance of the Holy Sacraments
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris A. the peasants involved in the Great Fear B. several thousand Parisian women C. the rioters of the bastille D. the national assembly
Several thousand Parisian women
Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the 19th century known as the A. October manifesto B. Duma C. Tanzimat D. Reichstag
Tanzimat
What was the immediate cause of the British entry into the first World War A. the sinking of the Lusitania B. the German invasion of neutral Belgium C. the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia D. the Algeciras conference
The German invasion of neutral Belgium
How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition A. The Inquisition was filled with internal rivalries and conflicts that prevented it from effectively working outside of a few famous cases B. The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere C. The Inquisition had considerable success in all Catholic lands where political leaders supported it D. The Inquisition's success at rooting out heresy was so effective that many protestant leaders invited it to work in Protestant lands
The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal states but had little influence elsewhere
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies A. The monarchy offered rewards and tax exemptions to settlers who informed on corrupt officials B. The monarchy established a type of military rule in which colonists were subject to searches and seizures by the military on accusations of corruption C. The monarchy used the Catholic missionaries to provide information to the crown outside of the official administration D. The Monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy
The Monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy
Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg" of Europe A. Russia had destablilized the region by claiming control over the straits to the Black Sea B. The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism C. The region had failed to begin the process of modernization, leaving it backwards and extremely poor D. famine caused by Austro-Hungarian trade restrictions had left the region struggling for survival and furious at Austrian policies
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism
How did the encomienda system function A. The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter B. The Spanish crown gave colonists groups of Native Americans as legal slaves in return for tax revenues and promises of obedience C. The Spanish crown adopted the Native Americans as "protected children" in return for promises of labor and tribute D. The Spanish crown placed the Native Americans under the protection of the Catholic missionaries as long as they learned and embraced the Catholic faith
The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter
Why did OPEC declare an oil embargo on the United States in 1973 A. the US had attacked IRan in response to Iran's seizure of American hostages during it's revolution B. The US had intervened in Saudi Arabian elections in order to prevent a radical Islamic party from gaining authority C. The US had refused to join the boycott against the apartheid regime in South Africa D. The US had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973
The United States had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973
What was the Second Industrial Revolution A. the extension of the textile and iron industries from Great Britain and Belgium to all parts of the continent B. the burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the 19th century C. ideas by Marx as to how industry would be organized after the successful proletarian revolution D. the emergence of the US at the end of the 19th century as the main challenger to industry leadership of great Britain
The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the 19th century
The Reformation in England was primarily the result of A. The dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII B. The missionary activity of the Lollards C. The terrible conditions then existing in the churches D. efforts by Luther and his followers
The dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era A. forced to sell their land following enclosures, most of the nobility left the countryside and moved to the cities B. the large pools of urban laborers were forced to work in the countryside, for the growing agricultural innovations required more workers for the land\ C. The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners D. While enclosure affected some land usage, most land remained deeply tied to traditional feudal structures
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code A. the ideal of nationalism and the guerantee of civil rights to all people B. the rejection of monarchy and the adoption of republicanism C. the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property D. the abolition of slavery and the recognition of freedom of religion
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
Who was Theodore Herzl A. the speaker of the Reichstag during much of Bismarck's tenure B. the creator of modern psychoanalysis C. the founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement D. the German socialist author of Evolutionary Socialism
The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement
What was the core concept of Social Darwinism A. The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine survival of the fittest B. Genetics provided the mechanism by which favorable characteristics are passed onto future generations C. Darwin's evolutionary theory could be proved by a careful examination of the vast amount of numerical data collected by governments in recent decades D. Gustav Le Bon was correct in asserting the strong, charismatic leaders could easily manipuate mass crowds
The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine survival of the fittest
What was the primary cause of the emergence in inflation in Spain in the 16th century A. Gold and property was seized from Moors and Jews as they forced out of Spain B. The inflow of silver from the Americas C. State debts defaulted on by the monarchy D. The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods
The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods
Which of the following characterizes Joan of Arc's experience in the French military? A. She was forbidden from entering the battlefield but offered strategic advice from the royal court B. The king made her co-commander of the army, and she led it to a string of victories C. Her enthusiasm could not overcome her inexperience and her military blunder cost lives D. She was a propaganda tool for the king to show divine favor for his military activities, while firmly controlling the army behind the scenes
The king made her co-commander of the army, and she led it to a string of victories
The attack on the Bastille had what political effect A. The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work B. The National Assembly dissolved the monarchy and arrested the king for treason against the nation C. the peasantry revolted in the Great Fear and attacked noble manors across France D. the Parlement dissolved the National Assembly until the people of Paris returned the Bastille to royal control
The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work
How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class A. the middle class increasingly used their ownership of businesses to distance themselves from active roles in the economy B. the middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education C. increasingly undermined by wealthy industrialists, the middle class turned into wage laborers with a standard of living barely above the laboring poor D. the middle class left management positions in large private/public organizations, believing them to be beneath their dignity
The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education
What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule A. The Christian call for love and charity B. The doctrine of Social Darwinism C. The nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny D. The ideas associated with nativism
The nationalistic assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny
What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the renaissance artists? A. Monasteries B. Art guilds C. Universities and academic institutions D. The patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers
The patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers
Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688 A. the revolution restored the monarchy after the disastrous era of Oliver Cromwell's protectorate B. The revolution secured equal rights for all Christians, including Catholics C. The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes D. The revolution marked the emergence of democratic politics, with the establishment of natural rights and the defense of private property
The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting out system A. The rural poor worked for low wages B. Production in the countryside could be carefully supervised by merchant capitalists C. Rural workers were highly skilled in a number of crafts D. the workers purchased the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capitalist money
The rural poor worked for low wages
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs" A. The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality B. Men, as breadwinners for their families, demanded the best and highest paying jobs C. Governments, concerned that factory work would interfere with the growth of the national population, increasingly regulated what women could do D. Most religions condemned work outside of the home for women
The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality
What event finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs A. the discovery of ethnic cleansing policies B. the slaughter of thousands of citizens in srebrenica C. the invasion of Bosnia by the regular Serbian army D. the fear of Russian intervention on the Bosnian Serb side
The slaughter of thousands of citizens in srebrenica
At the time of the Yalta conference in 1945, why was the position of the Soviet Union much stronger in negotiations with the United States and Great Britain A. The soviet army already occupied much of Eastern Europe B. The soviet union had developed the tech required to detonate a nuclear warhead C. The soviet union announced that it was not interested in taking part in the war against the Japanese D. The soviet union announced it would not join the UN
The soviet army already occupied much of Eastern Europe
"Within a few days after our departure from every such town, the people began to die...[B]y report of the oldest men in the country [this had] never happened before...[The people] were persuaded that it was the work of our God." This quote from Thomas Hariot's report refers to what effect of European colonization A. The spread of European disease among Native Americans B. The conversion of Native Americans to Christianity C. European mortality rates D. Native American religion
The spread of European disease among Native Americans
What did the era of stagflation in the 1970s demonstrate about the social welfare states in Western Europe A. the welfare state was vastly insufficient to respond to the personal difficulties created by a failing economy B. the welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy C. the welfare state was highly insufficient in its operations and resulted primarily in wasted funds D. the welfare state encouraged individuals to freeload on society and inhibited economic recovery
The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy
What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists A. several of them were of noble birth B. they underestimated the intelligence of the working classes C. central economic planning was inefficient D. their utopian schemes were not realistic
Their utopian schemes were not realistic
Throughout the First World War, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make A. They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines B. They failed to recognize that armies could move faster than they could be supplied C. They adopted new technology that had not been previously been tried in battle D. They failed to properly prepare defensive positions after seizing new territory
They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines
Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter war against them? A. they believed that the US had already decided secretly to enter the war and wanted to inflict as much damage as possible on Britain before US troops arrived B. they believed that the war was already lost and wanted to inflict as much damage as possible on Britain so that it would be weakened in its victory C. they believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue D. they believed that Britain would abandon its war effort once the power of the new German submarines was recognized
They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue
How did the Nazi party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft A. They argued that the German people needed more room to expand in Eastern Europe B. They established colonies in regions of Africa and Asia in order to establish German authority across the globe C. They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread nazi ideology and enlist volunteers D. They took control of German industry in order to provide employment for the poor
They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread nazi ideology and enlist volunteers
How did governments respond to the new science A. They viewed new scientific communities as a threat to their control of knowledge B. They rejected the new science as a threat to their religious foundations C. They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research D. They supported and defended the complete freedom of the scientist against religious officials
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
Why did nationalists oppose the proposed European Union Constitution A. They refused to abandon their national militaries B. They believed other nations and people were inferior C. They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity D. They rejected the undemocratic nature of the EU
They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity
What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task forces) A. They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town B. They requisitioned supplies for the German army so that the blitzkrieg (or lightning war) would not be slowed by the need to secure supply lines C. They served as Hitler's personal guard who protected him from a coup by the military and who oversaw the work of the SS D. They were Hitler's representatives to Mussolini, ensuring that the italian leader pursued policies to support the war
They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town
What was the primary political weakness of the White Forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks? A. They insisted on the restoration of the monarchy, which had little support among the peasants B. They refused to negotiate with the Bolsheviks when invited to participate in the new government C. They lacked any financial backing from foreign governments D. They had a poorly defined politcal program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks
They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks
What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft? A. They were found guilty and executed B. They were found innocent and exonerated of any wrongdoing C. They were found guilty and their property seized D. They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance
They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance
What was the goal of the new imperialism of the late 19th century A. To create large political empires B. To achieve economic exploitation without direct political control C. to support large migrations of Europeans to new imperial lands D. to convert native populations of new imperial lands to Christianity
To create large political empires
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method A. To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur B. To expose how the workings of nature demonstrated the presence of God C. To uncover the hidden forces that directed nature and that humans could manipulate D. To produce benefits for humankind rather than seek abstract knowledge
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain? A. To destroy British naval ports so that Great Britain couldn't invade German controlled land B. To undermine Britain's ability to draw on the resources of it's colonies for support C. To provide a warning to the United States against entering the war D. To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion with Great Britain
To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Britain
In his public calls for jihad (struggle) against the United States and the West, what grievances did Osama bin Laden list A. The American way of life, which he saw an affront to Muslim ideas of morality B. American domination of the world economy C. US support for Israel in the Israeli-Pakistinian crisis and US military bases in Saudi Arabia D. Discrimination against Muslims in the US and W. Europe
US support for Israel in the Israeli-Pakistinian crisis and US military bases in Saudi Arabia
Who benefited from the black death? A. Merchants-benefited from the demands for goods and food in devastated areas and expanded their efforts to form more uniform trade networks B. Workers: Those who survived demanded high wages after the black death, increasing the standard of living for the broad mass of people C. Nobles: They gained more secure control over their land and over the serfs due to the protection they had provided during the plague D. Kings: They were able to capture more land for their realms because many areas were depopulated and undefended because of the plague
Workers: Those who survived demanded high wages after the black death, increasing the standard of living for the broad mass of people
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was A. a French policy that avoided any controversial foreign policy actions that might provoke a civil war inbetween Republicans and Fascists B. an American policy that favored isolation from European quarrels C. a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever her wanted in order to avoid war D. a Soviet policy that emphasized the need to concentrate on internal matters like the 5 year plan and ignore European issues
a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever her wanted in order to avoid war
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was A. A conflict between Charles II and Parliament over taxation B. a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II C. defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish succession D. The 1640 uprising in Ireland
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914 A. support of Austria Hungary in its attack on Serbia and an invasion of Russia B. a quick defeat of Russia before turning on France C. a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia D. an invasion of Russia together with diplomatic reassurances to France
a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that A. each species of animal was a divine creation B. all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin C. acquired characteristics could be passed on to one's children D. his ideas about biological evolution should be applied to human affairs
all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment A. cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved and less congested housing B. the wealthy and middle classes could isolate themselves since the streetcar was too expensive for the poor C. urban dwellers adopted the practice if returning home for lunch, diminishing the sense of attachment one felt to the workplace environment D. cities abandoned efforts to control urban growth as the boundaries of cities expanded
cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved and less congested housing
Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, tried to reform the Communist system through perestroika or A. a newfound openness in gmnt and media B/ democratization which led to the first free elections since 1917 C. new thinking, particuarly in the area of foreign policy D. economic restructuring
economic restructuring
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen gueranteed A. the abolition of monopolies, guilds and workers associations B. religious toleration to French Jews/Protestants C. elimination of all trade barriers within France D. equality before the law
equality before the law
As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle class married women who sought to work outside the home A. found that they could not gain well-paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work B. gained a series of legal rights over their property and wages C. were eligible for professional employment if they had proper education D. had easy access to childcare
found that they could not gain well-paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work
The industrious revolution was a result of A. the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state in order to create more workdays during the year, combined with laws requiring the closing of taverns two hours past sunset B. efforts by Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry that would keep workers productively at their labors C. merchant capitalists gaining greater authority over workers and forcing them into factories, where their work activity could be more closely monitored and controlled D. poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
According to Machiavelli, governments should be judged on whether it A. Provided the necessary public services B. Was based on Christian morality C. Protected the liberty of its citizens D. Provided order, security and safety of the populace
provided order, security and safety of the populace
The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s A. idolized Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and worked to reduce industrial pollution B. relied on high tech and service oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy industry and manufacturing jobs C. emphasized a back-to-the-land movement that included moving out of the cities and growing one's food D. worked to establish a better balance between industry and agriculture
relied on high tech and service oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy industry and manufacturing jobs
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and US secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg agreed to A. review on an annual basis any issues that might disturb the balance of power in Europe B. take part in a defensive alliance against the Soviet Union C. renounce war as an instrument of international policy D. sponsor a revision of German reparations payments
renounce war as an instrument of international policy
The spinning of thread for the loom A. required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages B. was established as a unique craft in which communites and even regions specialized, especially sheepherding regions C. was quickly turned into a mechanized process which freed more women to take up operation of the loom D. Marked a new type of industry in which the merchants created unambiguous standards for spun thread that reduced conflicts between spinners
required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages
Italian humanists stressed the A. Study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature B. study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God C. Absolute authority of classical texts D. Role of the church in the reform of society
study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to A. Target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice B. inventory and secure the wealth of Europe C. regulate university curricula D. counteract the influence of the mendicant orders
target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the 18th century? A. the land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges B. the land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side by side C. the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more efficiently D. the land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations
the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more efficiently
From 1701-1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France A. The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion B. the ability of each to establish effective systems to supply expanding militaries C. the preeminent position in continental Europe with the ability to shape domestic policy in many nations D. the control over slave routes to support colonial development in the carribbean
the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to A. the social costs of industrialization B. the difficulties of reaching consensus in a democratic society C. the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races D. the high costs of maintaining colonial rule
the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races
What was the political goal of creating compulsory elementary education in late-19th century France A. to prepare children to serve the state in wartime, either in the battlefield or on the home front B. to prepare children for work in the industrial setting and promote obedience to managerial authority C. to act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values D. to create a uniform base of knowledge that all children would be able to use in their professional lives
to act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas A. remained almost exclusively connected to European colonists, for few native people adopted the religion B. took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples C. remained a foundation of European culture and tradition on which European settlers could depend on to defend traditional European practices D. so fully embraced native customs and traditions that European Christians came to consider the Christianity practiced in the Americas to be heretical
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples
Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he A. remilitarized the Rhineland B. occupied Austria C. took the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia D. used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland
used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that A. supported the efforts of the Puritans B. emphasized personal and public religious conformity C. was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes D. favored Catholics over Protestants
was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes