AP Human - Ch. 3

push factor

a factor that induces people to leave old residences

pull factor

a factor that induces people to move to a new location

migration

a form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

refugee

a person who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return because of their race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion

guest worker

a term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying jobs

Lee's Model of Migration

added to Ravenstein's Migration Theory (every location has a range of attributes; negative, positive and neutral things)

unauthorized immigrants

people who enter a country without proper documents to do so

international migration

permanent movement from one country to another

interregional migration

permanent movement from one region of a country to another

voluntary migration

permanent movement undertaken by choice

internal migration

permanent movement within a particular country

intraregional migration

permanent movement within one region of a country

forced migration

permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors

circulation

short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

net migration

the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

intervening obstacle

things that interrupt migration (cost, laws, distance, landscape, etc.)

What are Ravenstein's "8" Laws of Migration?

1.) Most people migrate for economic reasons 2.) Cultural and environmental factors induce migration 3.) Each migration flow produces a counterflow 4.) Most migrants relocate a short distance within same country 5.) Long distance migrants head for major centers of economic activity *6.) Most long distance migrants are male *7.) Today, more women migrate than men 8.) Most long distance migrants are adult individuals... not families with children

Distinguish between and give characteristics of the following types of human movement... Circulation/Migration, Forced/Voluntary, Immigrants/Emigrants, Push/Pull factors, International/Internal.

Circulation / Migration: Circulation is short-term repeated movements of people, whereas migration is a permanent relocation of someone's home. EX: Circulation is like going to work each day, then coming home for dinner. Migration is like moving to a new home in a different country and never going back. Forced / Voluntary migration: Forced is caused by an external authority pushing someone out of an area / home. Voluntary is when the migrant has the choice to stay or not. EX: Forced could be the Atlantic Slave trade, which forced over 12 million Africans to leave their homes and become slaves. Voluntary could be the Europeans moving to America. Immigrants / Emigrants: Immigrants are people who are entering a region, whereas emigrants are people who are leaving a region. EX: An immigrant would be a citizen of Mexico crossing the border into America. An emigrant would be citizens of Mexico leaving Mexico. Push / Pull factors: Push factors are the reasons people want to migrate out of a region, while pull factors the reasons people want to migrate into a region. EX: Push factors could include environmental problems, while pull factors could include more job availability. International / Internal migration: International migration is when someone moves from one country to another, while internal migration is when someone moves from one part of a country to another area in the same country. EX: Mexicans crossing the border into the U.S would be international migration, while a person moving from Seattle to San Diego would be internal migration.

Explain how distance decay and intervening obstacles affect migration and circulation patterns.

Distance decay: More difficult to migrate to further locations Intervening obstacles: Factors get in the way of migration (migrating through a reset may cause famine / dehydration)

Describe specific examples of the 8 great historic and major contemporary migrations. Explain push and pull factors associated with each.

EX: When Europeans immigrated to North America. PUSH: Little safety from environmental factors and Native Americans. PULL: No religious oppression from the government and there was plenty of available land for future economic growth.

Explain how Lee's Model of Migration can help to understand movement of migrants.

It helped people understand why different ethnic groups were immigrating to the locations that they were. Also, it simplified the 8 great historic migrations.

Correlate migration patterns to the demographic transition model.

Many people migrate from LDC's (stage 2) into countries that are already more developed. Migrants will have more job opportunities in countries that are already highly developed.

Discuss the contributions of E.G. Ravenstein to the study of migration.

Ravenstein created basic laws of migration in 1885 and many of them still apply to migration patterns today. His laws help people to recognize large migration streams and why they happen.

Characterize refugees and refugee populations by discussing specific case studies.

Refugees are people that are forced from their home and aren't able to return, usually do to conflict. The population is high in Turkey, since many Syrians are fleeing from their current Civil War. From Turkey, some refugees continue to migrate to MDC's in Europe, like Germany. Many people have smugglers get them into these countries.

migration transition

a change in the migration pattern of a society, similar to those in the demographic transition

brain drain

large-scale emigration by talented people

brain gain

large-scale immigration by talented people

quotas

laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

gravity model

mathematical formula used to predict attraction between places

emigration

migration FROM a location

immigration

migration TO a location

urbanization

migration from rural to urban areas

counterurbanization

migration from urban to rural areas

suburbanization

migration from urban to suburban areas

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

remittances

money sent back to their home country by migrants