AP Human Geo Study Guide for Spring Semester

Following the rank-size rule, if the population of the largest city in a country or region is 1 million, the fourth-largest city should contain about this many people.

250,000

Which of the following statements is the best definition of intensive farming?

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from the land

If, over time, immigrants lose their native customs, including religion and language, the process that has taken place is called:

Assimilation

Which location in the below image is home to squatter settlements?

B

This type of shape can provide for efficiency in administration of a country.

Compact.

Which of the following is a primate city?

Paris

Which of the following is the best description of global migration pattern today?

People are moving from less developed countries to more developed countries

A country's morphology which can weaken its stability if an enclave is occupied by people whose values systems differ from the surrounding state is called

Perforated.

What factor has had the greatest impact on the distribution show below:

Period in which countries were colonized by the British Empire

The major difference between a pidgin and a creole is that a

Pidgin is a second language; a creole is a first language

In the image below, what does the arrow most likely represent?

Range

The fundamental concepts of the Central Place Theory deals with which two concepts?

Range and Threshold

A potential centrifugal challenge for Vietnam, based on its morphology is:

Regional isolation in the north or south

Which country was rank high on economic measures of development, but much lower on human welfare/basic needs measures o development?

Saudi Arabia

The fact that Spanish often appears on signs, phone recordings, and government forms in the United States reflects a change created in a dominant country as a result of

The acculturation of Spanish speaking immigrants

The boundaries between which set of countries were established primarily to separate different religions?

India and Pakistan.

John Borchert described five epochs or periods of urban growth within cities in the United States. Which of the following periods would have coincided with the rise of steam ships or steamboats?

Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870.

Which of the following types of boundary disputes is illustrated by the ongoing debate between the U.S. and Mexico regarding transport of people and goods across their long mutual border?

Functional dispute

The image below best demonstrates:

Manufacturing in the U.S. has been declining for decades.

All of the following statements about worldwide patterns are correct EXCEPT:

The largest concentration of least-developed countries in the world today is in Latin America

Here's an image of Ms. Schmidt at the location in which Pruitt-Igoe stood in St. Louis. Based on an understanding of urban challenges, what is the best way for St. Louis to address the land usage?

Urban infill

Many countries in Europe in Africa are reluctant to import Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO. produced foods in the United States because

all of the above.

The goal(s. of sustainable agriculture is to

all of the above.

Which of the following political-administrative unites is usually the smallest?

county

Severe gender inequality is a challenge to development because

it severely limits he economic and social mobility of women, as well as families that are headed by women.

"Dependency" or peripheral countries means that they are dependent on core countries for all of the following except

labor.

If you wanted to see the location of the city building in Seattle, WA you would need a:

large-scale map

Economic development is often accompanied by social development. Which of the following is an index to measure social development?

literacy rate

The Gullah language is spoken in African-American communities of the coastal southeastern United States, particularly in South Carolina, Georgia, and northeastern Florida. It is the combination of Elizabethan English and African dialects. One can describe Gullah as a:

creolized language

Detroit is trying to figure out how to shut down and close off ________ because the city cannot afford to pay for street lights, garbage pickup, and police protection for the entire 360 square kilometers (139 square miles..

entire neighborhoods

Livestock ranching and pastoral nomadism both

exist in environments too harsh for crop production.

Planned parkland developments developments around European cities like London are referred to as

greenbelts.

The total value of the output of goods and services in a year in a country is its

gross domestic product.

The value added in manufacturing may be figured by subtracting the costs of raw materials and energy from the

gross value of the product

Growing or raising a single specialty crop on large tracts of land is called

monoculture.

The agricultural practice most commonly associated with intensive subsistence agriculture is

paddy rice farming.

Chicago's explosive population growth of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was due to industrialization and its excellent

railroad network.

Compared to North American ranchers, commercial ranches in the Pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil are more likely to

raise livestock primarily for export

All of the following are advantages of using water power as boundaries except that

resource allocation can become a source of conflict.

Metal fabrication plants are an example of a bulk-gaining industry because

separate parts are combined to make more complex and massive products.

In the context of urban systems, basic tenets of central place theory include all of the following except

settlements of similar population sizes are grouped together.

The map below shows:

shifting cultivation

Containerization was developed to facilitate long-distance transport by_________ before transferring to trucks and trains.

ship

Which of the following is NOT a primary activity?

shipping

Modem global agricultural patterns still follow colonial patterns because poor countries

still produce raw materials for consumption by people in richer countries

The idea that some people have more access to and are better able to use technology s called:

technology gap

The zone in transition in U.S. cities typically contains which of the following?

warehouses, industry, and poorer-quality housing

The global assembly line refers to consumer goods that are made

with raw materials, components, labor, and manufacture from around the world.

A legal form of segregation in the U.S. is achieved through

zoning.

What region is the Urals in the image below?

Z

Which of the following countries has the largest percentage of Shiites in its population?

Iran

Which of the following states use a desert as a boundary?

Iraq and Kuwait.

Which of the following is the best example of a subsequent boundary?

Ireland / Northern Ireland.

Blockbusting in the 1950s often contributed to

"white flight."

If Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is 4:30 P.M., Central Standard Time (CST) in the United States is

10:30 A.M.

If Mr. Tran owned housing that focused on renting to low-income clientele, what is the most likely location of this housing in the model below?

5

In which of the following scenarios would a country be most likely to succeed in limiting population growth within its borders?

A country with a centralized government and a growing industrial base.

A nation or nationality is

A group of people tied to a place through legal status and personal allegiance

Which of the following maps would be the most helpful to a local doctor who is trying to identify the spread of disease among individual children in a particular county?

A map with a scale of 1:5 (inches/miles)

Which of the following migration described below would be the MOST likely to occur?

A young single man moving from rural New York to Albany, New York, and then to New York City.

According to Carl Sauer, what is best characterized the invention of plant domestication?

All of the above.

In the below image, what is D?

An enclave.

The total number of people divided by total land area gives us a measure known as:

Arithmetic density

Which of the following was least accurately represented on Hecataeus's 5th century B.C.E. map of the world?

Asia

If individuals do not travel outside a very small area because they are unaware of opportunity locations beyond their activity spaces, they would have limited:

Awareness spaces

According to Things Fall Apart and the narrator, which of the following is considered a women's crop?

Beans

Since the beginning of human history, people have tended to live around

Bodies of water

Which hearth below is responsible for Mango?

C (Indonesia area)

What is the primary function of cities according to geographers?

Center for trade and services around regions

The purpose of Ptolemy's Guide to Geography was to

Codify basic principles of mapmaking

Culturally defined political boundaries, such as those determined by the spatial patterns of religion or language are called:

Consequent

The type of cultural diffusion that emphasizes the importance of direct contact between those in the source region and those in outlying areas is called:

Contagious diffusion

Which of the following does NOT define a state?

Contains administrative sub-divisions

A developing country that invests heavily in a port area for cruise ships is demonstrating what?

Core-Periphery Model on a small scale

Monuments, flags, slogans, and religious icons are all example of

Cultural symbols

Based on the image below, which of the following is true?

Decreased crop variety

What country is most likely to have a higher rate of malaria?

Democratic Republic of Congo

Southern British English, Northern British English and Scottish English are examples of:

Dialects

Pastoral nomadism is most likely to occur in which region of Koppen-Climate Scale?

Dry

In the image below, microloans are most likely to be found in what segment?

Economic Opportunities

Which types of countries usually encompass diverse types of climates, resources and peoples?

Elongated.

Longitude is to the prime meridian as latitude is to the

Equator

Which contemporary analyst believes that are large population could actually stimulate food production?

Ester Boserup

The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th century moved cultural earths to

Europe and North Amercia

Agriculture and domestication originated in multiple hearths. Which of the following is not considered one f the original hearths?

European Heartland

Which of the following statements BEST explains why African cities have three separate CBDs?

Europeans had a political and economic center in addition to the traditional market center in Africa.

Which of the following statements is not true regarding shifting cultivation?

Farmers who practice shifting cultivation generally live in large, urban areas where the government controls the land

What is the best reason why market gardening farms grow highly perishable fruits and vegetables?

Farms are located close to urban centers.

The state of Florida earns revenues from the export of oranges that does the state of Georgia.

Florida has a comparative advantage as a producer of oranges.

Basque groups could directly force a devolution of the Spanish government by:

Gaining political control over certain areas of Spain

Shown in the image below is:

Gentrification

Which type of boundary uses lines of latitude and longitude and not existing physical features?

Geometric boundary.

Which of the following is a group of countries with steady or declining birth rates?

Germany, Japan, Hongkong

Using Von Thunen's model; what agricultural practice is most likely to be taking place in zone III?

Grain Farming

The demographic practice of gathering assemblies to discuss and vote on issues is often seen as an independent invention of the ancient

Greeks

Relative location defines a place in terms of

How central or isolated it is in relation to other places

Which of the following best illustrates the geographical concept of the nation-state?

Iceland

The boundaries of this country are being contested by the Palestinians.

Israel.

Which of the following is the BEST reason why the Peters Projection is controversial?

It distorts familiar shapes of the continents and other large landmasses.

Which of the following states fit the morphology description of a fragmented state?

Japan.

Which one of the following is the best example of a nation-state?

Japan.

Which of the following states is considered a stateless-nation?

Kurdish.

Which of the following is NOT an obstacle to equality and empowerment for women in farming?

Land ownership laws and government policies

Most population pyramids for western European countries reflect an age structure that is

Larger in the middle that at the young ages, with a relatively large number of old people

The large number of students learning English as a second language in school in many countries around the world is an indication that English has become a:

Lingua franca

Which of the following is not a characteristic of livestock ranching?

Livestock ranching generates higher income per area of land that farming, it also has higher operational costs than commercial farming

What s the present day agricultural practice that is used mostly in the Western United Stated?

Livestock ranching.

Which of the following demographic characteristics of development would not be typical of a less developed country in 2008?

Low Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Based on the image below, which of the following is true?

Low levels of financial/capital investment.

Which theory created in the early 20th century advocated that any political power based in the center of Eurasia could gain enough strength to dominate the world?

Mackinder's Heartland Theory

In the image below, what is the primate city?

Minot

What is occurring in area 4?

Moderate cost residential

Unitary states have all of the following characteristics except?

Multiple provinces with strong regional governments.

From a distance, appears to have three downtowns with hotels, transportation intersections, and office complexes at each location. These three areas are the galleria area, the medical center,and the CBD. This would most support Houston following which model?

Multiple-Nuclei Model

Based on the image below, Kurdistan is best described as:

Multistate nation

The countries highlighted in the darker shades in the map below represent which of the following reasons for a supranational organization?

Mutual protection

By assimilating local elites and selected individuals into the norms of global capitalist and corporate culture, former colonies like Kenya still ind themselves under the domination of the core in a process known as

Neocolonialism.

NAFTA is a Supranationalistic organization, which attempted to create a free trade zone in which region?

North America.

Which of the following organizations is an international military alliance?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

What stage is represented by the letter D?

Preconditions for take-off

A peasant in rural China is most likely employed in which sector of the economy?

Primary.

Which of the following is the primary geographic effect of the globalization of the economy?

Production is shifted to low-cost locations in developing countries.

The geographer who miscalculated the circumference of the earth to be about 9,000 miles smaller than it really was

Ptolemy

What process is shown in the image below:

Reapportionment

Which of the following is a pattern common n the United States because of land survey techniques adopted under the Ordinance of 1785?

Rectilinear

Achievement of universal primary education most strongly supports which other Millennium Development Goal?

Reduce Child Mortality

The shaded area on the map below is most associated with which of the following types of agriculture?

Rice cultivation

Which of the following is NOT part of the rimland, as identified by Nicholas Spykman in his rimland theory?

Russia

The farming practices of enclosure and crop rotation were important innovations of the

Second Agricultural Revolution

What type of agriculture is highlighted in the image below?

Shifting cultivation

Rank the following services from low to high order.

Soft drink, bakery, shoe store, auto dealership.

Which of the following is most clearly a focus of physical geography?

Soil composition

Arguably, where is one of the hot beds of territorial disputes in the world, fueled by the U.N. Conventions of the Law of the Sea and home to a third of the world's shipping?

South China Sea

According to Carl Sauer, vegetative planting probably originated in the diverse climates and topography of

Southeast Asia

This 20th century communist empire controlled many weaker satellite states in Eastern Europe.

Soviet Union.

What stage of demographic transition experiences increased emigration?

Stage 2

Which of the following best describes the effect of globalization related to state sovereignty?

States have given up some sovereignty in order to join supra-nationalistic organizations.

Larry Ford created the Latin America city model with a spine of high-end commercial and residential areas extending outwards from the city. Conversely, there are large areas of squatter type settlements located in these cities. Which term BEST describes these settlements?

Suburbs

Which one of the following demographic statistics best measure the level of reproduction occurring in a population?

TFR

What is displayed in the image below?

The Brandt Line

The below chart shows the nature of agriculture production in India, Pakistan, and other developing countries in Asia. Based on the information provided in the chart, which of the following is true?

The Green Revolution required a system dependent on irrigation, synthetic fertilizers, and greater mechanization.

Which two historical events most dramatically shortened the doubling rate of world population growth?

The Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution

If a geographer reasons that spatial interaction is directly related to the size of the populations and inversely related to the distance between them, (s)he is making use of :

The gravity model

Which of the following is NOT true about the world's fastest-growing cities?

The high urban growth in the developing world suggests considerable industrialization and economic development.

Why are Senkaku/Diaoyu islands important to China, Japan and Taiwan?

The islands extend the territorial maritime boundaries further into East China

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the Von Thunen model?

The outermost ring of the model is devoted to animal grazing as animal grazing requires little land is less expensive outside of the city.

Which is not considered an impact of the Second Agricultural Revolution?

The use of high-yield seeds became common throughout the agriculture industry which increased chemical and mechanical farming

In the image below, which city is the primate city?

There are no primate cities

Which of the following is true for landlocked States?

They are at a commercial and strategic disadvantage.

Which of the following encourages the input of cash from foreign countries without the export of goods?

Tourism

Which of the following entities has increasingly gained both economic and political power on a global scale in the 21st century via the process of globalization?

Transnational corporations.

Which of the following is not a principle feature distinguishing commercial agriculture from subsistence agriculture?

Types of crops produced

One of the biggest employers of geographers in the United States government is the

U.S. Census Bureau

An intervening obstacle to migration would be:

U.S. quota laws

The urban system of which country is NOT centered around a primate city?

United States

Which of the following theories is supported by Max Weber's arguments that the cultural environment of Western Europe favored early industrial development?

W.W. Rostow's modernization theory

The image below best supports what idea?

Wallerstein

In the image below, what is happening in the second ring (marked with an X).

Zone of transition

The population in the blue areas is likely to be: (City of New Orleans, 1940 grading map).

White

Which of the following is an example of Balkanization?

Yugoslavia

What letter represents the Yangtze River Valley

Y

Which of the following is NOT a significant factor in the dramatic increase in global food production in the mid-20th century?

a significant increase in the amount of cultivated land

Basic principles of commercial and industrial location are based on

access to suppliers, proximity to market, the availability of labor, and processing costs.

Megalopolis refers to

adjacent, overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas.

The high-tech firms of Silicon Valley in California are clustered together to take advantage of

agglomeration effects

The trend whereby large corporations buy and control many different steps in a food-processing industry is commonly referred to as

agribusiness.

The main purpose of minority/majority districting is usually to

allow a minority representative to be elected

According to Nobel prize-winning economist Gunnar Myrdal, cumulative causation and the spiral of local economic growth in one area tends to cause negative impacts in others called

backwash effects.

A nickname for the shaded area on the map below is:

breadbasket of the world

Twenty-three U.S. states have so-called "right-to-work" laws that

cause a great deal of trouble for labor unions attempting to organize workers and bargain with employers.

Rostow's model of economic development

claims that all countries can reach high GDP per capita if they follow the right path.

Based on previous redlining policies, minority groups in the U.S. are more likely to be

clustered in inner-city neighborhoods.

The secondary sector of the economy includes which of the following?

construction

The fear that workers in the developing world are displacing workers from jobs in the advanced economies is most directly supported by the phenomenon of

deindustrialization

Just-in-time production relies upon all of the following except

dependency.

Most cereal grains produced in the United States are

fed to livestock.

In which form of government is significant power given to smaller unites of government within the State?

federal State

The process of redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power is called

gerrymandering.

Weber's least cost location theory uses all of the following factors to determine the optimum location of a manufacturing facility except

global division of labor.

For the most part, at least in its first decades, the Green Revolution targeted ________ for improvements.

grains like rice, corn and wheat

Which common urban characteristic contributes most directly to the environmental problem of flooding?

hard surfaces such as streets, sidewalks, and parking lots

W. W. Rostow's model of economic development encourages the perception that every country is striving for and moving toward

high mass consumption.

In cottage industries, manufacturing takes place:

in homes

The biggest problem faced by less developed countries in financing development is

inability to repay loans.

Backwash effects in a region include all but which of the following?

increase in forward and backward linkages

Which of the following is NOT one of the major changes occurring globally in agriculture?

increase in the number of people employed in agriculture

Boserup theorized that when population increased in a subsistence agriculturally- based community the level of technology and labor efforts must

increase to meet the demands of increased population pressures.

Between the 15th and 19th centuries, a multitude of European countries engaged in India primarily by

instituting a group of chartered training companies

Which of the following types of economic activity is MOST likely to produce the largest amount of food per unit of land?

intensive subsistence fanning

Transnational companies are those that are involved in

international trade, production and manufacturing in multiple countries, and foreign sales and marketing in numerous countries.

Sub-Saharan Africa has seen some development because of

investment in the infrastructure of port cities, despite ignoring infrastructure in many other areas.

The policy of a state wanting to add territory from another State inhabited by people who have cultural links to their own State is

irredentism.

Gentrification

is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing.

A good example of a geometric boundary is a

line of latitude

Public housing is

low-income government-owned housing.

Legal crops such as coffee, tea, and tobacco grown on plantations in the tropics for export to More Developed Countries (MDCs. are commonly referred to as

luxury crops.

The practice of land grabbing -- foreign investment in agricultural land in the world's periphery -- is designed to

make a profit and feed the core.

Mexico's maquiladora plants

may be taking advantage of lax environmental enforcement.

Situation costs are critical to a firm that wishes to

minimize transport costs.

Because the motor vehicle assembly industry is typically described as a bulk-gaining industry as well as a just-in-time delivery system, the most important factor when selecting a location for a new Toyota or Honda assembly plant in the United States was

minimizing the cost of shipping finished vehicles to its customers.

Which of the following economic activity is mismatched with an economic sector?

mining/secondary sector

Which of the following best describes a recent global trend in domestic politics?

movement toward market economies

The Green Revolution innovations in agriculture are based on a package of inputs including all of the following except

natural fertilizers (compost, green manure, animal manure..

Boundaries drawn by European countries for newly independent countries in Africa have been problematic because they

often ignored tribal cultural boundaries

Urban growth in peripheral countries

often occurs at a rapid pace, can lead to overurbanization, and is usually far in advance of industrial development in urban areas.

During the mid-20th century, many countries gained economic clout based on their possession of the natural resources of

oil and natural gas

The new international division of labor reflects the growing importance of

outsourcing

Which of the following buliding styles is mismatched with an area of use?

oven-baked blocks of cement/Middle East

Ranching is practiced in a climate region most similar to that of which other type of agriculture?

pastoral nomadism

Commercial agriculture practiced in the tropics and subtropics is called

plantation agriculture.

Which of the following crops originated in South America?

potatoes

The process of allocating electoral seats to geographical areas is known as

reapportionment.

The territoriality-based sense of identity in groups like the Basques, Turds and Quebec's Fresh-speaking population is referred to as

regionalism.

The establishment of political boundaries in Africa by European imperial during the 9th century

resulted in distinctive cultural groups being divided among different states.

Through biotechnology, laboratories developed IR8 and IR36, hybrid varieties of

rice

The exercise of state power over people and territory , and being recognized by other international states, refers to

sovereignty.

The locations of the eastern regions identified by the arrows are determined by their proximity to

the Trans-Siberian Railroad

New interstate highways built post-1960 with their large highway rings around traditional city centers increased

the construction of interchanges which fueled new Edge Cities to the periphery

The linear agricultural land use pattern found in Quebec and Louisiana is

the long lot system.

Which of the following was NOT an early invention that supported the beginnings of the Industrial Revo-lution in Britain?

the printing presses

The idea that business owners can juggle expenses, as long as labor, land rents, and transportation costs don't go up all at one time, is called

the substitution principle

Cities tend to situate convention centers and sports complexes in their CBDs because

they hope to stimulate more business for downtown restaurants, bars, and hotels.

Which of the following is most clearly a common goal of both NAFTA and the European Union?

to encourage and facilitate trade among member nations

In the sector model, Homer Hoyt added what main characteristics to a city's development?

transport corridors

Situation factors have mainly to do with

transportation

All of the following are types of subsistence farming except

truck farming.

Central place theory holds that the size and spacing of urban area is a function of

where people go to purchase goods and services.