AP Human Geography Chapter 10
In areas of intensive subsistence agriculture where wet rice is not dominant, what is the major crop?
Wheat, followed by barley.
Potassium from burning the debris when the site is cleared.
potash
Clover, helps replenish fields.
rest crop
Four strategies have been proposed to increase the world's food supply in places where populations are underfed. Explain each of them.
A. increase exports of surplus B. expand land use for agriculture C. expand fishing D. increase productivity
How lang are swidden used?
About 3 years or less, farmers will return in 6 years or as much as 20 years.
Describe territoriality among pastoral nomads.
Every group controls a piece of territory and will invade another groups territory only in an emergency or if war is declared.
What animals are chosen, and where?
Camel-North Africa and Southwest Asia along with sheep and goats Horse-Central Asia
What regions of the world are currently occupied by this practice?
Central and Southwest Asia and North Africa.
Oats, wheat, vey, and barley. One grain planted in one field while other lay fallow and the nest year they would switch.
Cereal grains
Where is double-cropping possible? Where is it not?
China and Taiwan. India
Why did cattle ranching decline?
Conflicted with sedentary farming.
Plantation Types of Crops
Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, tobacco, rubber, bananas, tea, coconuts, cocoa.
How have efficient agricultural practices, fertilizers and mechanical equipment, etc. created a problem for commercial farmers?
Creating surplus.
Why did cattle ranching expand in the U.S.
Demand for beef in 1860s in East.
Who was von Thunen?
Estate owner in Germany
Use of Machinery in Subsistence Agriculture
Hand tools and animal power
Most crops in Mediterranean lands are grown for ________ rather than for _________
Human consumption animal feed
In what climate does shifting cultivation.
Humid Low-Latitde (A) climate regions.
How does cost determine what farmers grow?
If they need more money they will get cheaper crops.
Plantation Workers:
Imported provided with room and board.
In what type of climate is it usually found?
In the drylands, so dry climate.
What are the characteristics of a hunter-gatherer society?
The men hunted game or fished, and the women collected berries, nuts, and roots. This division of labor sounds like a stereotype that is based on evidence archaeology and anthropology. Small groups, fallowed migration patterns.
Identify the two distinctive features of shifting cultivation.
They have relatively high temperatures and abundant rainfall.
In what way do modern governments currently threaten pastoral nomadism?
They want to take their landed use it for other things.
How could von Thunen's model be applied at global scale?
Those in remote locations will want to sell less perishable items in large world market sin Europe and us.
How is land owned in a typical village that practices shifting cultivation?
Traditionally it is owned by the village rather separately by each resident. Today private individuals now own land. Chief gives each family area of land to use.
Plantation Regions:
Tropics and subtropics of developing countries like Latin American, Africa, Asia.
Cultivation of sea foods under controlled conditions.
aquaculture (or aquafarming)
Growing of fruits, veggies and flowers and tree crops.
horticulture
Farmers must work intensively to subsist on parcel land.
intensive
How many hunter-gatherers are there today?
less than 0.005%
wet rice
paddy
Create three bulleted points that highlight current ways in which the U.S. government currently deals with excess agriculture capacity, and explain each.
* encouraged not to produce so much * pay farmers when commodity prices are low * buy surplus and sell/donate to foreign governments
How do pastoral nomads obtain grain (several ways)?
* many present-day nomads do raise crops * sedentary subsistence farmers in exchange for animal products
Where does cattle ranching take place today?
1) Herding of animals 2) Fixed Farming 3) Meat-Prrocessing Industry
There is little new land actually available for farming. In fact, the current trend is to reduce agricultural land rather than increase it. Identify and briefly describe three reasons why land is currently being removed from agricultural use.
1. desertification 2. overgrazing 3. urbanization
What three conditions make the southeast U.S. an ideal location for this commercial gardening and fruit farming?
1. long growing season 2. humid 3. accessible to large markets of eastern cities.
Why have food prices been a more serious problem than food supply?
1. poor weather 2. higher demand 3. smaller growth in productivity, especially without "miracle" breakthroughs 4. use of biofuels
Approximately how much of major crops in the US are genetically modified?
10%
Farm Size in Subsistence Agriculture
2.5 acres
Farm Size in Commercial Agriculture
418 acres
% of Farmers in Labor Force in Subsistence Agriculture
44%
% of Farmers in Labor Force in Commercial Agriculture
5% North America-2%
How much of the world suffers from undernourishment? Where are those places?
870 million and in developing countries.
Discuss the advantages and dis advantages of genetically modified?
Advantages: higher yields, increased nutrition, pest resistance. Disadvantages: health.
What country is heroin (opium) found in?
Afghanistan
Complete a bullet list that details the significance of wheat as a crop.
Bread Expensive Last a long time Transported long distance Shipped profitably
Cons (How is shifting cultivation being replace?)
By more sophisticated agricultural techniques that yield more crops per land area.
How does transportation cost influence profitability of growing wheat?
Farms located closer to market tend to select crops with higher transportation cost per hectare of out put, whereas more distant farms are more likely to select crops that can be transported less expensively.
Agriculture following the communist revolution, communes.
Government organized communes that used several villages to promote efficiency and materials could be showed.
What is "truck farming" and where has it spread in the U.S.? And, give examples of specialty crops.
Grow lots of produce that developing countries demand and are mostly sold to be frozen or packed. Eastern US Asparagus, peppers, mushrooms, strawberries, nursery plants
Describe the characteristics of the "miracle rice seed".
Hardier and increase yields.
Have MDCs or LDCs consumed more fish?
LDCs
What percentage of the world's people work it?
Less than 5% of population
How does this type of agriculture allow farmers to more evenly "distribute their workload"?
Livestock requires year long attention while crops need less attention in winter.
What country is marijuana found in?
Mexico
Describe the conditions of Mediterranean climate and agriculture.
Mild winter, sea kids, hot/dry summers, hilly and mountains.
Describe the irony between the amount of land devoted to crops vs. animals and the income generated by each in this region.
Most crops fed to animals. nearly all land given to growing crops but most devices from sale of animal products.
What specific problems do farmers in LDCs have which might prevent them from taking full advantage of the Green Revolution?
No fertilizers of machinery.
Describe the characteristics of the "miracle wheat seed".
Respond to fertilizer faster and mature faster.
How do farmers and combine companies make use of the fact that the wheat matures at different times in the spring and winter wheat belts?
Two sets of fields-one in spring belt the other in winter.
Where is mixed crop and livestock farming common?
US West of Appalachians and Europe from France to Russia.
What country exports the most grain? What kind and how much?
US, corn
Agriculture in communist China today, post-commune.
Villages sign contract that entitles them to portions of farmers private and production increased.
Leaving field bare so it allows soil to replenish.
fallow
The production of food primarily for sale off the farm.
commercial agriculture
In what ways are animals treated differently in sustainable agriculture? And, how is this a benefit?
correct number, animal confinement, management of extreme weather, flexible feeding and marketing.
Any plant cultivated by people.
crop
Because of the Green Revolution, agricultural productivity at a global scale has ______ than ________.
faster population
What are the two main practices of the Green Revolution?
fertilizers and seeds
Two harvest per year on one field.
double-cropping
List the two most important cash crops of Mediterranean regions.
olives and grapes
How much of the world does not have food security?
one-eighth
The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family.
subsistence agriculture
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
swidden
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
transhumance
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.
undernourishment
What percentage of the world's land area is devoted to shifting cultivation?
Approximately 25%
What countries is cocaine (cocoa leaf) found in?
Columbia, Peru, Bolivia
What three crops are often genetically modified?
Soybeans, corn, cotton.
Summarize Africa's food-supply struggle.
Struggling to keep food production ahead of population so famine in Horn of Africa and Sahel due to overgrazing and limited vegetation and government has kept prices too low for farmers to sell profitably.
Preserves and enhances the environment.
Sustainable agriculture
The time when human beings firs domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
agricultural revolution
Deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
agriculture
Commercial grazing of livestock over extensive area.
ranching
Planation Operated By:
Europeans/North Americans
Ring surrounding city from which mild can be supplied without spoiling.
milkshed
List the largest regions and countries exporting agricultural products.
Argentina, Brazil, Aus, US
Where od they live?
Australia's Great Victorian Desert Andaman Islans Botswana Namibia
What counties are the leading fishing countries?
China, Peru, Chile, Indonesia
What is the principal difference between grains grown in "commercial grain farming" regions and grans grown in "mixed crop and livestock" regions?
Commercial grown for humane and mixed is for livestock.
How are multiple harvests made possible in these less mild regions? Explain.
Crop Rotation: The practice of rotating use of different fields from a crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.
Where is intensive subsistence agriculture practiced? Why there?
East, South, and Southeast Asia because it is densely populated so they need to feed a lot of people.
According to the "Boserup Thesis", in what ways can subsistence farmers increase food supply?
Intensify production by adopting new farming methods and leaving land fallow for shorter amounts of time.
What countries are the leading importers of food?
Japan, UK, China, Russia
What problems do dairy farmers currently face?
Labor intensive and winter feed.
According to this model, what two factors does a farmer consider when deciding what to plant?
Land and transportation cost.
What is the dilemma that tis faced by LDCs as they seek to increase the amount of export crops to sell to MDCs?
Less left for domestic consumption.
Why do some regions specialize in "milk products" like cheese and butter rather than fluid milk? Identify some of these important regions.
Located further out and milk spoils.
Use of Machinery in Commercial Agriculture
Lots of machines
What country is the world's largest producer of dairy products?
New Zealand
Where is the U.S. Corn Belt, and what crops are grown there?
Ohio to Dakotas with center in Iowa.
In what different ways is the corn used?
Oil, margarine, animal feed.
Pros (Arguments against replacing shifting cultivation)
People unable to find agricultural land elsewhere can migrate to the tropical forests and initially practice shifting cultivation.
Large commercial farm that specializes in one or two crops.
Plantation
What type of climate is livestock best adapted to? And, where is ranching practiced?
Semiarid or arid; China, US then Brazil
What are the principal practices that distinguish farmers practicing sustainable agriculture from those operating conventionally?
Sensitive land management, limited use of chums, better integration of crops and livestock.
Identify the three regions of large-scale grain production in North America.
Winter wheat belt Spring wheat belt Palouse regions
Physical social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritions food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life.
food security
A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animal.
pastoral nomadism
What are the three main features that separate commercial agriculture from subsistence agriculture?
percentage of farmers in the labor force the use of machinery farm size
Planting crops on ridge tops to create soil conservation with less costs.
ridge tillage
flooded field
sawah
Planting rice seedlings in flooded field.
wet rice