AP Lang Final (Progress Checks 1-9)

In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with (A) cautioning her audience against repeating past mistakes (B) enumerating the most pressing social issues facing women today (C) offering her audience advice for the future (D) garnering political support for her husband (E) identifying the most important skills for adapting in uncertain times

(C) offering her audience advice for the future

After doing additional research, the writer found the following sources. Which of the following sources would require the writer to adjust the line of reasoning in the passage? A An article that argues that basic income programs would be too costly for governments to support B A case study about a town that implemented a basic income program for its residents C A study that compares the differences between basic income pilots in different countries D Documentation that provides a framework for education reform that supports technological innovation E An interview with a college dean about the benefits of education reform

A An article that argues that basic income programs would be too costly for governments to support

Throughout the passage the writer wants to make sure to acknowledge sources used as evidence. Which of the following changes should the writer make? A In sentence 1, changing "In 2016," to "In a 2016 essay published by the World Economic Forum," B In sentence 3, changing "artists" to "artists who work in diverse media such as painting, music, and performance art" C In sentence 8, changing "recontextualization" to "recontextualization, or repackaging," D In sentence 11, changing "describes" to "described in 2016" E In sentence 14, changing "her" to "her childhood piano"

A In sentence 1, changing "In 2016," to "In a 2016 essay published by the World Economic Forum,"

Which of the following describes the purpose of the last sentence of the passage? A It connects the author's imagined scenario to his claim about the Athenians. B It suggests that history necessarily repeats itself. C It helps the audience imagine what an artistic golden age might look like. D It provides some historical context for the writer's religious references. E It establishes the author's credentials by displaying his knowledge of ancient Athenian history.

A It connects the author's imagined scenario to his claim about the Athenians.

The writer wants to add a sentence that introduces the topic of the passage. Which of the following sentences, if added to the beginning of the first paragraph, would most effectively accomplish this goal? A Language experts have long observed that children are better than adults at mastering a second language. B Scholars and journalists continue to debate whether studying a foreign language in college has any intrinsic value. C The development of young children's brains is influenced both by children's experience with their caregivers and by genetic factors. D Being able to express one's thoughts in grammatically correct and reasonably eloquent sentences during job interviews can significantly impact one's employment prospects. E Though many teachers of English composition would likely oppose the practice of giving grammar quizzes, a group of researchers found out some truly valuable information thanks to a quiz they designed and administered.

A Language experts have long observed that children are better than adults at mastering a second language.

In the first sentence of the third paragraph, the author describes needlework as "seemingly peculiarly adapted to the powers and tastes of women" primarily to A signal the limitations of a cliché she plans to undermine B admit that trades do attract people of different capabilities C express uncertainty about what motivates women to choose certain jobs D imply that most women would prefer jobs traditionally reserved for men E offer examples of gender differences in the workplace

A signal the limitations of a cliché she plans to undermine

In the sixth sentence of the third paragraph ("She campaigned . . . and to her"), the author uses the dash primarily to A stress a significant connection B clarify a potential ambiguity C introduce a minor detail D qualify a sweeping assertion E fend off a likely objection

A stress a significant connection

In the fourth and fifth paragraphs, the author defends her decision to marry George Bush by elaborating on A the need to pursue a sense of personal bliss B the importance of prioritizing family over career C her willingness to overlook her husband's dark humor D the similarities between her husband and a fictional character E her husband's commitment to public service

A the need to pursue a sense of personal bliss

The writer wants to develop the discussion of Jane Chu's performance experiences in sentences 13 and 14. Which of the following, if added after sentence 14, would best accomplish this goal? A A narrative about how Chu first became interested in music and why she started playing the piano B Contrasting descriptions of how Chu felt when she played music and how she felt when she interacted with people in nonmusical contexts C An explanation of why Chu's family decided to move from China to the United States D A detailed description of the National Endowment for the Arts, including when and why it was founded and the scope of its mission today E The definition of "linear" as it is used in the quotation from Chu

B Contrasting descriptions of how Chu felt when she played music and how she felt when she interacted with people in nonmusical contexts

The writer is considering adding the following sentence after sentence 10. Cosmic rays pose another health concern: a 2018 study from Georgetown University Medical Center found that prolonged exposure to cosmic radiation could lead to stomach and colon cancers. Should the writer add this sentence after sentence 10 ? A Yes, because it provides data to support the claim in sentence 4 about the struggles astronauts experience upon returning to Earth. B Yes, because it makes a claim that supports the writer's line of reasoning in the third paragraph. C Yes, because it logically demonstrates the outcome of the problem described in sentence 10. D No, because it contradicts the claim made in sentence 13 about NASA's attempts to solve these problems. E No, because it interrupts the point the writer is making in the third paragraph with details that are only tangentially relevant.

B Yes, because it makes a claim that supports the writer's line of reasoning in the third paragraph.

The first paragraph is organized to heighten interest in the subject by A first defining jellyfish as largely harmless, then describing a dramatic change in their behavior B first suggesting political causes of an infrastructure failure, then revealing jellyfish as a surprising agent of this event C first highlighting the dangers posed by jellyfish in the past, then enumerating new problems they might cause in future D first establishing the setting of her story, then explaining why the appearance of jellyfish in this setting was unexpected E first alluding to political strife in Manila, then explaining how the strife made the city's infrastructure vulnerable to jellyfish

B first suggesting political causes of an infrastructure failure, then revealing jellyfish as a surprising agent of this event

In the second sentence of the final paragraph, the author justifies his determination to "see in the signs of the time hope of humanity for peace" by A providing statistical data in support of his opinion B gesturing to the unthinkable consequences of holding the opposite opinion C drawing attention to historical evidence that has previously been ignored D pointing out a flaw in the line of reasoning of those who disagree with him E questioning the moral integrity of those who disagree with him

B gesturing to the unthinkable consequences of holding the opposite opinion

The writer wants to clarify the point made in the first part of sentence 8 (reproduced below). First, goats are not indigenous to the region; the area began to be advertised as a vacation destination in the early twentieth century. Which of the following versions of the underlined text best accomplishes this goal? A (as it is now) B hunters introduced goats to the Olympics in the 1920s C the completion of the Olympic loop highway in 1931 significantly expanded public access to the Olympics D in the 1930s, the Olympic Peninsula was described as "the last wilderness of the United States" in Argus magazine E Olympic National Park was established in 1938

B hunters introduced goats to the Olympics in the 1920s

The writer wants to develop the main idea of the third paragraph by adding additional information after sentence 11. Which of the following choices would best accomplish this goal? A A detailed description of an art gallery where Eliasson has shown his work B An explanation of the differences between how concert halls and art galleries are designed C An anecdote about a group of people who met and became friends at a concert in their neighborhood D An explanation of why Eliasson has become particularly concerned with the role of art in community building E A dictionary definition of the word "gallery"

C An anecdote about a group of people who met and became friends at a concert in their neighborhood

Overall, the style of the passage is best described as A conversational B digressive C cryptic D lyrical E intellectual

E intellectual

The writer wants to add information to the end of sentence 1 (reproduced below) to introduce the central comparison in the passage. When I decided to major in English, I bought an electronic reading device, or "e-reader." Which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 1 most effectively accomplishes this goal? A "e-reader," because even though I love literature, I also am interested in technology. B "e-reader," to use instead of print books in my college literature classes. C "e-reader"; I later decided to also pursue a minor in business administration. D "e-reader," which was highly recommended by my parents, who both love their e-readers. E "e-reader"; I also purchased a laptop computer and noise-canceling headphones.

B "e-reader," to use instead of print books in my college literature classes.

In the second paragraph, the author defines femininity as a "challenge" primarily to support which of the following points? A Behaving according to the demands of femininity was her primary ambition as an adolescent. B Reconciling the demands of femininity with her ambition presented difficulties. C Ignoring the demands of femininity was easier for her than fulfilling them. D Fulfilling the demands of femininity was at times risky for her. E Understanding the demands of femininity was harder for her than for her peers.

B Reconciling the demands of femininity with her ambition presented difficulties.

The writer wants to combine sentences 18 and 19 (reproduced below) to emphasize the relationship between the ideas in these sentences. It proved an invaluable tool for research projects involving secondary sources. It was more efficient to read scholarly articles on my e-reader than to go to the library for hard copies. Which version of the underlined text best accomplishes this goal? A sources, while it B sources because it C sources, yet it D sources, although it E sources, unless it

B sources because it

Which of the following statements most directly expresses the author's thesis in the passage? A "[L]essons in the art of being feminine lay all around me" (paragraph 1, sentence 1) B "I loved being a little girl, or rather I loved being a fairy princess, for that was who I thought I was" (paragraph 1, sentence 2) C "Femininity was a challenge thrown down to the female sex, a challenge no proud, self-respecting young woman could afford to ignore" (paragraph 2, sentence 2) D "'Isn't it remarkable how she manages to retain her femininity?' had terrifying implications" (paragraph 3, sentence 1) E "They spoke of a bottom-line failure so irreversible that nothing else mattered" (paragraph 3, sentence 2)

C "Femininity was a challenge thrown down to the female sex, a challenge no proud, self-respecting young woman could afford to ignore" (paragraph 2, sentence 2)

Which of the following best captures how the author presents the relationship between public opinion and peace in the third paragraph? A Peace enables public opinion to regulate human behavior effectively. B Peace allows the free expression of public opinion. C Public opinion is the most effective means of safeguarding peace. D Public opinion historically tends to favor peace. E Public opinion safeguards international peace more effectively than it does domestic peace.

C Public opinion is the most effective means of safeguarding peace.

In the third sentence of the first paragraph, the author mentions that war "has, through the centuries, been recognized by international law as a sovereign right" primarily to A offer evidence in support of his ultimate conclusion B provide context his audience may lack C register a potential objection to a position he supports D challenge the factual basis for a view he opposes E explain the origin of his favored approach

C register a potential objection to a position he supports

In the first two paragraphs, the author describes experiences from her girlhood and early adulthood primarily to A show that attitudes toward femininity can change over time B imply that uncritically embracing femininity is immature C argue that the strictures of femininity are less severe for young girls D foreground the comforting aspects of adhering to feminine ideals E introduce two different attitudes toward femininity

E introduce two different attitudes toward femininity

In the second sentence of the first paragraph, the author uses the phrases "brightest blazes," "kindled," and "unexpected sparks" in order to A emphasize the element of spontaneity in pleasure B argue that pleasure is short-lived C highlight the dangerous nature of excessive pleasure D assert that pleasure is intellectually enlightening E characterize pleasure as an extremely rare experience

A emphasize the element of spontaneity in pleasure

In the fourth and fifth paragraphs, the author most likely uses a "journey of pleasure" as evidence for his argument because he assumes that the intended audience A is familiar with the uncertainties endured by travelers B believes that travel is most enjoyable when it involves little advance planning C is reluctant to travel solely for pleasure D will be swayed by a moving description of a disappointing visit to his hometown E have read fictional accounts of travel but have no actual experience of travel

A is familiar with the uncertainties endured by travelers

The writer wants to expand on the advice offered at the conclusion of the passage to bring the argument to a close. Which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 21 (reproduced below) most effectively accomplishes this goal? My advice to students contemplating e-readers is to realize that not all reading experiences are the same. A same; for immersive experiences, which are crucial to any serious field of study, print is the way to go. B same; some books will take you a long time to read, regardless of the medium, whereas others can be dispatched relatively quickly. C same; not all e-readers come equipped with the same features, so do some market research before you decide which e-reader is right for you. D same; e‑readers are often viewed as being more environmentally friendly, but print books come in handy when there is no access to a power source. E same; after all, who knows what impact new inventions will have on reading in the future?

A same; for immersive experiences, which are crucial to any serious field of study, print is the way to go.

The writer wants to conclude the passage by supporting the specific claim made in sentence 15 with a quotation from Eliasson. Which of the following sentences, if placed after sentence 15, best accomplishes this goal? A As Eliasson observes, "Giving people access to data most often leaves them feeling overwhelmed and disconnected, not empowered and poised for action." B As Eliasson puts it, this transformative experience "takes us beyond an us-and-them mentality to a broader idea of what constitutes we." C Being an artist, Eliasson says, has enabled him to travel "to many countries around the world over the past 20 years." D As for himself, Eliasson explains, "Working as an artist has brought me into contact with a wealth of outlooks on the world." E After all, as Eliasson points out, "Most of us know the feeling of being moved by a work of art, whether it is a song, a play, a poem, a novel, a painting, or a spatiotemporal experiment."

B As Eliasson puts it, this transformative experience "takes us beyond an us-and-them mentality to a broader idea of what constitutes we."

In the second and third sentences of the second paragraph, the author implies which of the following about the differences between men and women? A Differences between men and women exist but are related only to the jobs people choose. B Differences between men and women exist but are limited only to particular attributes. C Men and women play different roles, but all these roles require physical exertion. D Women are more likely to be pacifists than men are. E Men are more likely to seek adventure than women are.

B Differences between men and women exist but are limited only to particular attributes.

The writer wants to add a sentence before sentence 8 to show that the third paragraph is refuting the claim made in the second paragraph. Which sentence best accomplishes the writer's goal? A Not only do babies' eyes move side to side during REM sleep, but they also move up and down. B However, child psychologist David Foulkes argues that babies use REM sleep for other purposes. C Contrary to popular belief, REM accounts for only one of the five stages of sleep that all humans, including infants, go through. D On the other hand, one study conducted in 2010 indicated that babies have the ability to learn while they are sleeping. E Whereas adults spend only a quarter of their sleep time in the REM stage, babies average closer to half their sleep time in this stage.

B However, child psychologist David Foulkes argues that babies use REM sleep for other purposes.

In the second sentence of the third paragraph, the author uses the clause "which is expected" to advance which of the following claims about jesting? A If a witty remark is repeated by someone other than its inventor, it is unlikely to be funny. B In the absence of surprise, a witty remark loses much of its humorous effect. C Witty remarks that address topical events tend to become stale very swiftly. D Shocking events offer the best occasions for humor. E Unless a witty remark reinforces its audience's values, the audience will not find the remark amusing.

B In the absence of surprise, a witty remark loses much of its humorous effect.

The writer wants sentence 10 (reproduced below) to provide a logical, vivid description of the experience of reading with an e-reader. I would read quickly, seeing page after page of disembodied text, words flashing by me on a screen—I often felt overwhelmed. Which of the following versions of sentence 10 most effectively accomplishes this goal? A (As it is now) B I read quickly, words flashed by me on a screen, I saw page after page of disembodied text, and I felt overwhelmed often. C I often felt overwhelmed; I quickly read the words that flashed by me on a screen and I saw page after page of disembodied text. D Words flashing by me on a screen because I would read quickly; I saw page after page of disembodied text, so I often felt overwhelmed. E I would read quickly—I saw page after page of disembodied text—and I often felt overwhelmed, because I had words flashing by me on a screen.

A (As it is now)

At the beginning of the third paragraph, the author refers to "those who believe that peace will not be attained until some super-tribunal is established" primarily to A invoke the authority of a widely held opinion B acknowledge an alternative perspective C highlight a potential drawback of a recommendation D illustrate how nations might be discouraged from violating treaties E criticize a view that he regards as overly optimistic

B acknowledge an alternative perspective

In the last sentence of the passage, the author uses the parenthetical clause "though hope should always be deluded" primarily to A convince the audience that the pursuit of happiness is futile B assert that hope is important regardless of whether it comes to fruition C discourage the audience from indulging in unreasonable expectations D highlight the positive and negative aspects of hope E imply that the value of hope depends on its close connection with delusion

B assert that hope is important regardless of whether it comes to fruition

The authors' description of the video in the first paragraph serves primarily to A question a widespread assumption regarding women's participation in computer science B illustrate a particular perspective on the importance of learning to code C present computer scientists as a socially responsible community D emphasize that learning to code requires both aptitude and dedication E explain how learning to code prepares students for coveted jobs

B illustrate a particular perspective on the importance of learning to code

The writer is considering replacing the underlined portion of sentence 11 (reproduced below). In one study, test subjects did a bunch of things with a humanlike robot called Nao. Which of the following versions of the underlined text most closely fits the style of the passage? A (as it is now) B performed a series of tasks C finished a ton of work D completed loads of experiments E executed an array of assigned enterprises

B performed a series of tasks

The writer wants to combine sentences 3 and 4 (reproduced below) in a way that expresses the unequal relationship between the ideas in these sentences. I discovered that print is better suited to in-depth reading. E-readers have numerous advantages. In the context of the passage as a whole, which of the following choices best achieves this goal? A I discovered that print is better suited to in-depth reading and that e-readers have numerous advantages. B E-readers have numerous advantages despite the fact that I discovered that print is better suited to in-depth reading. C Even though e-readers have numerous advantages, I discovered that print is better suited to in-depth reading. D Since e-readers have numerous advantages, I discovered that print is better suited to in-depth reading. E Because I discovered that print is better suited to in-depth reading, I will admit that e-readers have numerous advantages.

C Even though e-readers have numerous advantages, I discovered that print is better suited to in-depth reading.

Which of the following sentences first expresses the main claim of the passage? A Sentence 4 B Sentence 5 C Sentence 6 D Sentence 9 E Sentence 10

C Sentence 6

Which of the following can best be described as the passage's thesis? A Sentences 1 and 2 B Sentence 4 C Sentences 5 and 6 D Sentences 10 and 11 E Sentence 13

C Sentences 5 and 6

In the second paragraph, the two commas in the last sentence serve which of the following purposes? A They indicate a hierarchical relationship between the three phrases in the sentence. B They create an equivalency between the author's assertions in the last two clauses and a claim of his opponents in the first clause. C They separate three related objections to which the author imagines himself responding. D They set off a clause that clarifies an idea introduced in the first clause. E They connect the author's ideas to those of his imagined audience.

C They separate three related objections to which the author imagines himself responding.

In the sentence toward the middle of the final paragraph ("But if Wyoming . . . choose to live here"), the author uses subordination to A highlight the difficulty of attracting minorities to rural states B propose a strategy for enticing young people to live in Wyoming C emphasize that statewide changes depend on individual choices D suggest that diverse states may nevertheless be poorly integrated E explain the underlying cause of a statewide trend

C emphasize that statewide changes depend on individual choices

In sentence 17 (reproduced below), which of the following versions of the underlined text provides relevant, specific information that helps the audience understand the study? The robots—while the children were able to do the task correctly when they were absent—unanimously gave an incorrect answer first. A (as it is now) B less influential when the experiment was repeated with adult subjects C programmed to glance at one another, as though considering the question together D which may be replaced with more impressive-looking robots in future experiments E a variation on an experiment conducted with only human participants

C programmed to glance at one another, as though considering the question together

In relation to the video "What Most Schools Don't Teach," the authors mention Jane Margolis' "unease" (paragraph 3, sentence 1) primarily to A provide supporting evidence for the video's claims about the importance of perseverance in learning to code B demonstrate that the video creates false expectations regarding the financial rewards of careers in computer science C rebut the video's premise about the steps required to make programming skills more widespread D suggest a more effective way to make programming seem appealing to those outside the computer science community E acknowledge more fully the achievements of women in the computer science community

C rebut the video's premise about the steps required to make programming skills more widespread

The writer wants to add an anecdote to the first paragraph that orients the reader to the argument of the passage. Which of the following choices best accomplishes this goal? A An account of the writer's first trip to the college bookstore, where the writer discovered how expensive textbooks are B An explanation of the difficulties the writer encountered when trying to download e‑books from the college library's online system C A reminiscence about an English literature professor whom the writer found to be especially demanding D A story about reading an English novel with an e-reader and then being unable to recall major elements of the plot E A recollection of the difficulty the writer faced when trying to decide on a college major

D A story about reading an English novel with an e-reader and then being unable to recall major elements of the plot

The writer wants to change the passage so that it is appropriate for an audience of robotics engineers. Which of the following sentences would be most appropriate for the writer to add after sentence 4 in light of this intended audience? A And what might science fiction tell us about the future of artificial intelligence? B And how might our legal system have to change in light of advances in robotics? C Or, indeed, is it wiser not to do so? D And how should we design robots in light of these concerns? E And what do advances in psychology tell us about the nature of intelligence?

D And how should we design robots in light of these concerns?

In the passage, the views expressed by which of the following most clearly support Margolis' argument about the "boy wonder myth" (paragraph 3, sentence 2)? A Drew Houston, founder of Dropbox (paragraph 1, sentence 8) B will.i.am of the rock band the Black Eyed Peas (paragraph 1, sentence 12) C Lesley Chilcott, director of the video "What Most Schools Don't Teach" (paragraph 1, sentence 16) D Gabe Newell, founder of Valve (paragraph 2, sentence 5) E Vanessa Hurst, founder of Girl Develop It (paragraph 4, sentence 3)

D Gabe Newell, founder of Valve (paragraph 2, sentence 5)

The writer is considering deleting the underlined portion of sentence 16 (reproduced below). In short, the e-reader was good for enumeration, but only the printed text enabled interpretation. Should the writer delete the underlined text? A Yes, because it contradicts the writer's point about complex reading in the paragraph. B Yes, because it makes a point that is not supported by any evidence in the passage. C Yes, because it adds a level of complexity that is not in keeping with the simplicity of the writer's main idea. D No, because it enhances the writer's credibility by acknowledging a counterclaim to the argument that print books are superior to e-readers. E No, because it provides commentary that explains the relevance of the direct quotation included in sentence 12.

D No, because it enhances the writer's credibility by acknowledging a counterclaim to the argument that print books are superior to e-readers.

In sentence 14 (reproduced below), the writer wants to rebut the idea presented in the first part of the sentence by offering a contrasting perspective. Admittedly, sometimes parents claim that they have witnessed their toddlers having terrible nightmares, which can be more frightening for the parents than for the toddlers. Which version of the underlined text best accomplishes this goal? A (as it is now) B which are typically the children's way of working through a change in life, such as starting day care or preschool C but these can be alleviated by establishing a regular, early bedtime routine to ensure adequate sleep D but these are actually night terrors, which are not dreams but episodes that occur in non-REM sleep E which would prove that young children are capable of having dreams, particularly frightening ones

D but these are actually night terrors, which are not dreams but episodes that occur in non-REM sleep

In the second and third sentences of the fifth paragraph ("He stops . . . gradual explanation"), the author presents a humorous reversal that emerges from an incongruity between the traveler's A determination to see his friend and his ignorance of his friend's schedule B ability to remember the location of his friend's house and his inability to remember their childhood escapades C short journey to his friend's house and the long explanation he must offer when he arrives D desire to surprise his friend and his friend's failure to recognize him E intention to amuse his friend and his friend's misinterpretation of the intended humor

D desire to surprise his friend and his friend's failure to recognize him

In the second paragraph, the author's depiction of the "scheme of merriment" most clearly conveys his A naive simplicity B cautious optimism C neutral position D ironic perspective E sense of resentment

D ironic perspective

In the fifth sentence of the first paragraph ("There is the League of Nations . . . reduction of armament"), the author comments on the age and effectiveness of the League of Nations primarily to explain A why the First World War motivated world leaders to form alliances B why current measures may not indefinitely forestall another outbreak of war C its relationship to his claim that war is unlikely to be abolished immediately D its relevance to his argument regarding advances in peace preservation efforts E its significance as an exception to his generalization about human institutions

D its relevance to his argument regarding advances in peace preservation efforts

The writer wants to reduce ambiguity in sentence 6 (reproduced below) by changing the placement of the underlined text, adjusting punctuation and capitalization as needed. Perhaps not surprisingly, when they resemble humans or animals, people readily bond with robots. Which of the following is the most logical placement for the underlined text? A Before "Perhaps" B After "people" C After "readily" D After "bond" E After "robots"

E After "robots"

The author characterizes the Athenians as "the citizens of one out of a thousand cities" (paragraph 5) in order to convey which of the following? A Although ancient Greece had many cities, an unusual number of prominent artists lived in Athens. B Given its relatively small size, Athens should not be considered overly influential. C The policies of many Greek cities during the Classical era should be considered by those who wish to defend the Greeks as an artistic people. D While Athenians might be famous for certain attitudes toward the arts, this attitude should not be thought of as unique to the citizens of that one city. E Even if the Athenians were shown to be an artistic people, that designation should not be extended to all peoples of ancient Greece.

E Even if the Athenians were shown to be an artistic people, that designation should not be extended to all peoples of ancient Greece.

The writer wants sentence 20 (reproduced below) to provide commentary that reflects the complexity of the discussion in the paragraph and the passage. You can expect to read quite a bit in college. Which of the following versions of sentence 20 most effectively accomplishes this goal? A (As it is now) B Consulting secondary sources stimulates critical thinking. C As you can tell, I really like to read. D Not all of my professors required the use of scholarly articles, though some made a point of suggesting ones that they themselves had written. E However, I understood that my level of engagement with these materials was not as profound as it was with primary texts such as Shakespeare's plays.

E However, I understood that my level of engagement with these materials was not as profound as it was with primary texts such as Shakespeare's plays.

In the context of the overall argument of the passage, which of the following choices best describes the purpose of the second paragraph? A It gives a basic definition of REM sleep that is elaborated in later paragraphs. B It provides a factual basis necessary to speculate on the subjects babies may dream about. C It offers key examples to support the first paragraph's claim that babies' brains perform many important tasks. D It explains how sleep researchers use alternative sources of evidence to study infant sleep cycles because infants are unable to describe their experiences. E It establishes the conventional view about whether babies dream in order to show how the argument of the passage departs from this understanding.

E It establishes the conventional view about whether babies dream in order to show how the argument of the passage departs from this understanding.

Which of the following best describes the author's exigence in the passage? A The tension between the author's worldview and the worldview developed by Alice Walker in The Color Purple (paragraph 1, sentence 1) B The pressure on the author to "get involved in some of the big ideas of our time" (paragraph 3, sentence 1) C Growing indifference toward "the problems that plague our nation and our society" (paragraph 3, sentence 2) D The fact that the audience "clapped more for Ferris" than they did at the mention of President Bush (paragraph 6, sentence 1) E The question of how to lead a meaningful life "in a transitional period" (paragraph 9, sentence 1)

E The question of how to lead a meaningful life "in a transitional period" (paragraph 9, sentence 1)

At the beginning of the fourth paragraph ("WHAT . . . people?"), the author uses all capitals primarily to A express his wholehearted endorsement of the audience's viewpoint on a topic B indicate that his own opinions on the topic are likely to be held by many in the audience C criticize the tendency of audiences to talk during lectures D urge others to participate in the discussion he has initiated E emphasize the disbelief with which he expects the audience to react to his argument

E emphasize the disbelief with which he expects the audience to react to his argument

In the closing lines of the passage ("I love the mountains . . . the space"), the author affirms her sense of attachment to Wyoming by A noting how Wyoming's climate facilitates outdoor activities B acknowledging the exceptional nature of her family's experiences C praising the Wyoming legislature's focus on environmental issues D suggesting the economic potential of Wyoming's natural resources E offering a poetic description of Wyoming's natural beauty

E offering a poetic description of Wyoming's natural beauty

The writer wants the tone of sentence 13 (reproduced below) to convey the emotional turmoil experienced by people who participated in the experiment. Many subjects did not turn Nao off or were unsure whether to do so. Which of the following versions of the underlined text best accomplishes this goal? A (as it is now) B thought turning Nao off might be wrong, and some did not do it C found the question of whether to turn Nao off a bit troubling D considered not turning Nao off or even failed to do it E refused to turn Nao off or struggled with the decision

E refused to turn Nao off or struggled with the decision

In the third sentence of the third paragraph, the phrase "however volatile" primarily serves to A suggest that a characteristic of witty people is more common than generally supposed B demonstrate wit by developing a metaphor introduced earlier in the passage C identify one of the weaknesses typically exhibited by imaginative minds D qualify a generalization by narrowing the set of people to which it applies E strengthen a claim by indicating that it applies even to exceptional cases

E strengthen a claim by indicating that it applies even to exceptional cases

The writer is considering deleting the underlined portion of sentence 3 (reproduced below), adjusting the capitalization as needed. Most people can't resist immediately checking their phones each time they buzz, chirp, or chime, and scientists believe that compulsion is caused by a brain chemical called dopamine. Should the writer keep or delete the underlined text? A Keep it, because it provides examples that help explain the scientific terminology used in the following sentence. B Keep it, because it provides sensory details that help the writer illustrate the concept being discussed in the paragraph. C Keep it, because it provides important context regarding the types of individuals who are negatively affected by smartphone usage. D Delete it, because it interrupts the logical flow of the sentence with details that are only tangentially relevant. E Delete it, because it does not provide an effective transition from the first part of the sentence to the rest of the paragraph.

B Keep it, because it provides sensory details that help the writer illustrate the concept being discussed in the paragraph.

Which of the following best describes how the author organizes the reasoning of his argument in the opening lines of the passage ("Warned by the disaster . . . ever adopted by nations") ? A Arguing from specific cases to a general conclusion B Tracing a sequence of events resulting in a positive outcome C Pointing out the differences among various opinions D Critiquing a proposed measure by examining a hypothetical example E Drawing parallels between the current situation and a past crisis

B Tracing a sequence of events resulting in a positive outcome

When she discusses Obama in the first paragraph, the author's tone is best described as A angry and uncertain B largely critical C apologetic yet determined D nonchalant E self-deprecating

B largely critical

In the fourth paragraph, the author elaborates on the history of the "talented tenth" primarily to argue that this idea A played a crucial role in enabling Du Bois to accomplish significant sociopolitical change B convinced Morehouse of the potential of the black community as a whole C creates unrealistic expectations among young people of color D has greatest relevance in places where young people of color face persistent opportunity gaps E is implicated in a flawed understanding of black success

E is implicated in a flawed understanding of black success

The author's statement that "instances are by no means uncommon" (paragraph 2, sentence 4) contributes to a tone that is A defensive and indignant B poetic and evocative C brusque and dismissive D plainspoken and direct E measured and objective

E measured and objective

In the context of the passage as a whole, the author's comparison between the qualities of people and of metals (paragraphs 5-6) primarily serves to A explain why some people are seen as great starting from birth B show that it is unremarkable if a few people achieve more than expected C limit the author's earlier remarks about greatness to a certain subset of people D challenge the audience's likely belief that the world is inherently fair E reinforce the author's overarching claim about ordinary people's capacity for success

E reinforce the author's overarching claim about ordinary people's capacity for success

The writer wants sentence 11 (reproduced below) to serve as evidence that reinforces the argument of the passage. In the 1980s, a brief attempt to relocate the goats was met with public outcry. Which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 11 best accomplishes this goal? A (as it is now) B had no impact on the amount of erosion in the region C resulted in observable effects D proved difficult as the goats retreated to areas that were challenging for humans to access E resulted in noticeable improvements in the park's environment

E resulted in noticeable improvements in the park's environment

The writer is considering deleting sentence 15 (reproduced below). Letting go of a desire for complete mastery of a language's grammar can enable an adult learner to strive for basic competence in communication—an outcome best achieved, the researchers note, via educational programs that immerse students in the experience of a second language rather than ones that focus on rote learning. Should the writer keep or delete sentence 15 ? A Keep it, because it reiterates the passage's main claim in order to emphasize the argument the writer is making. B Keep it, because it draws on information discussed throughout the passage to suggest that the audience take a different, more practical approach to language learning. C Delete it, because it does not follow logically from the information about realistic goals for language learning provided in sentence 14. D Delete it, because the change in attitude it proposes is not consistent with the researchers' findings presented in the second paragraph. E Delete it, because it needlessly repeats information about second-language learning that was provided in the third and fourth paragraphs.

B Keep it, because it draws on information discussed throughout the passage to suggest that the audience take a different, more practical approach to language learning.

The writer is considering deleting sentence 3 (reproduced below). A 2018 article in the Los Angeles Times reported that 63 percent of tasks performed by workers in three California cities—Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ontario—could be automated in the future. Should the writer keep or delete sentence 3 ? A Keep it, because it sets up the idea of California exploring the basic income program detailed later in the passage. B Keep it, because it provides evidence from a credible source that supports the writer's line of reasoning in the passage. C Delete it, because it fails to show how the author of the Los Angeles Times article obtained the information that is summarized in the sentence. D Delete it, because it offers irrelevant information that distracts from the passage's concern with younger generations of workers. E Delete it, because it fails to provide enough details about the kinds of tasks that are not likely to be automated in the future.

B Keep it, because it provides evidence from a credible source that supports the writer's line of reasoning in the passage.

In the first sentence of the passage, the author refers to "antisocial gamers" primarily to A suggest that gamers could benefit from instruction in interpersonal communication B acknowledge a belief that is likely to be held by some of her audience C characterize her audience as thoughtful people who would be unlikely to stereotype others D argue that too much engagement with computers can erode social skills E encourage her audience to reconsider the connection between creativity and sociability

B acknowledge a belief that is likely to be held by some of her audience

In the second paragraph, the author makes which of the following claims regarding the Class of 1990 ? A They will lead more balanced lives after leaving Wellesley. B They will lead successful lives because of the quality of their education. C They are unlikely to follow conventional paths in life. D They are unlikely to change their opinions. E They are unlikely to pursue careers in the visual arts.

C They are unlikely to follow conventional paths in life.

In the second sentence of the first paragraph, the authors mention cookbooks, catalogues, and telephone books primarily to A illustrate the broad array of objects that are organized by scientific principles B concede that rational argumentation can sometimes lead to absurd conclusions C demonstrate that a particular definition of science is overly inclusive D condemn those who erroneously regard such works as forms of science E highlight the inherent difficulty of distinguishing science from other types of knowledge

C demonstrate that a particular definition of science is overly inclusive

In the final paragraph, the author concludes her argument by A proposing that femininity be reimagined as an artistic pursuit rather than a set of rules B acknowledging that not everyone enjoys the privilege of acting feminine C suggesting that modern femininity requires women to oppose traditional roles D highlighting the context in which women may choose to embrace femininity's restrictions E lamenting the way that femininity encourages rivalries among women

D highlighting the context in which women may choose to embrace femininity's restrictions

The repetition of the phrase "which they are not" in the first paragraph (sentences 2 and 3) achieves which of the following effects? A It refutes the authors' critics by underlining the lack of evidence for their arguments. B It reinforces the authors' overarching claim by reiterating it in increasingly absolute terms. C It previews the passage's line of reasoning by introducing a comparison that is developed in subsequent paragraphs. D It demonstrates that science depends on accumulating data by listing the observations that lead to the authors' conclusion. E It justifies the authors' efforts to define science by emphasizing the flaws of existing definitions.

E It justifies the authors' efforts to define science by emphasizing the flaws of existing definitions.

In the second sentence of the third paragraph, the authors use the adjective "deliberate" to emphasize the A tedious pace of scientific experiments B unintended consequences of scientific experiments C numerous discussions scientists have with colleagues while conducting scientific experiments D demanding attitudes of people who conduct scientific experiments E careful planning necessary in scientific experiments

E careful planning necessary in scientific experiments

The writer wants to clearly demonstrate the relationship between ideas in the third paragraph. Which version of sentence 8 (reproduced below) most successfully supports this goal? Other issues may be more troublesome. A (As it is now) B Experts from NASA note that technology does, indeed, solve many of the problems. C It is important to do additional research to determine how to keep astronauts healthy during long-term missions. D One experiment, sponsored by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), is measuring brain activity to track and hopefully diminish the harmful effects of space travel. E NASA has initiated something called the Human Research Program (HRP), which has already funded over 300 grants to teams of scientists working to solve these problems.

A (As it is now)

Which of the following versions of sentence 2 (reproduced below) most effectively sets up the main claim of the passage? But when exactly in a person's life does it become difficult to master the rules that govern a language? A (As it is now) B Which languages are said to be most difficult for adult native-English speakers to learn? C But why is the grammar of a foreign language so difficult for adult learners to master? D How did competency in grammar come to be such an important marker of language fluency? E But how has the rise of text messaging and tweeting contributed to an increase in obvious grammatical errors?

A (As it is now)

In sentence 10 (reproduced below), which of the following claims best sets up the development of the writer's line of reasoning in the third paragraph? Experiencing art doesn't just highlight existing connections; it actively forges new ones. A (as it is now) B it is best experienced firsthand C in many cases it is produced collaboratively D sometimes it can be isolating E it provides some people with a livelihood

A (as it is now)

In the context of the second paragraph, which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 8 (reproduced below) best expresses the writer's attitude toward the courses offered at Chaffey College? Chaffey College, for instance, in Rancho Cucamonga, California, has started offering cutting-edge courses in construction and logistics, two of the fastest growing industries in the region. A (as it is now) B questionable C fascinating D optional E popular

A (as it is now)

The writer wants to begin the passage by emphasizing the exciting and strange nature of the events discussed in the first paragraph. In September 2018, an amazing spectacle took place in the skies above Olympic National Park: blindfolded, sedated mountain goats hovered in the air, suspended in harnesses from a helicopter. Which of the following versions of the underlined text best accomplishes this goal? A (as it is now) B officials from the National Park Service enacted a plan to relocate goats C steps were taken to ensure the safety of visitors to Olympic National Park D there was a small but noteworthy addition to the animal population of North Cascades National Park E the first phase of the Mountain Goat Management Plan began

A (as it is now)

Which of the following choices creates the most logical transition within sentence 2 (reproduced below) ? It may be too soon to start planning your Martian vacation, however: there are good reasons to doubt that humans will be able to undertake long-distance space flights in the foreseeable future. A (as it is now) B therefore C in other words D instead E meanwhile

A (as it is now)

After sentence 8, the writer wants to cite a source that supports the claim that Chaffey College successfully models the type of education reform needed to adapt to automation. Which of the following sources would best accomplish this goal? A A quote from a recent college graduate who was hired by a technology firm that recruits at Chaffey College B An article that provides an overview of the growth in California college attendance rates C A list of the most recent job postings in the technology industry in California D A research study that analyzes the long-term effects of education reform E An overview of the most recent course offerings at Chaffey College

A A quote from a recent college graduate who was hired by a technology firm that recruits at Chaffey College

The writer wants to add a sentence at the end of the first paragraph to express the thesis of the passage in more detail. Which of the following choices best accomplishes this goal? A It will ultimately benefit the well-being of the goats, the safety of human visitors, and the park's ecosystem. B There are simply too few sources of salt in the Olympics for the goat population to thrive. C Such steps may be necessary until park visitors can learn to interact with goats responsibly. D It is important to remove invasive species such as the mountain goats from our national parks to ensure that other species can thrive. E Although the Olympics and the North Cascades are separated by only a few hundred miles, their environments are different in significant ways.

A It will ultimately benefit the well-being of the goats, the safety of human visitors, and the park's ecosystem.

The writer is considering deleting the underlined portion of sentence 7 (reproduced below), adjusting the punctuation as needed. Our brains are aroused each time our phones buzz because of the unpredictability of what pops up on the screen: since any alert might signal something extraordinary, dopamine is released each time even though most alerts don't amount to much. Should the writer keep or delete the underlined text? A Keep it, because it adds information that helps clarify the contrasting relationship identified in sentence 6 between anticipation and reward. B Keep it, because it provides evidence suggesting that smartphones cause social impairments in individuals who use them. C Delete it, because it does not follow logically from sentence 7's main point about how unpredictability affects arousal. D Delete it, because it unnecessarily repeats information about dopamine that was provided earlier in the paragraph. E Delete it, because it is not consistent with the point about stress introduced in the third paragraph.

A Keep it, because it adds information that helps clarify the contrasting relationship identified in sentence 6 between anticipation and reward.

The writer is considering deleting the underlined portion of sentence 1 (reproduced below), adjusting the punctuation as needed. Robots are no longer just the stuff of science fiction: increasingly intelligent and humanlike, they interact with people in new and surprising ways. Should the writer keep or delete the underlined text? A Keep it, because it uses descriptive language to convey the writer's perspective on advances in robotics and set up the topic of the passage. B Keep it, because it establishes an optimistic tone about robot intelligence that the writer will go on to undermine using irony. C Delete it, because it makes a claim about advances in technology that is not supported by evidence in the body of the passage. D Delete it, because it adds details that do not follow logically from the claim about robots that is made in the first part of the sentence. E Delete it, because it undermines the writer's credibility by giving the impression that the writer is biased in favor of treating robots like humans.

A Keep it, because it uses descriptive language to convey the writer's perspective on advances in robotics and set up the topic of the passage.

The writer wants to add a sentence immediately before sentence 3 to connect the evidence and commentary provided in the second paragraph to the overall argument of the passage. Which of the following choices most effectively accomplishes this goal? A While NASA astronauts are already experienced with the difficulties humans experience in outer space, these problems would be intensified on long-term missions. B Many people dream of space travel from a young age, but only a small number of applicants for astronaut training have the technical knowledge and physical traits needed to succeed as an astronaut. C A mission to Mars would entail three distinct gravitational conditions: first, Earth's gravity; then, the low gravity of outer space; and finally, the gravity of Mars, which is about 38 percent as strong as Earth's gravity. D Astronauts face extraordinary dangers when they travel into space. E It is important to conduct medical research under low-gravity conditions.

A While NASA astronauts are already experienced with the difficulties humans experience in outer space, these problems would be intensified on long-term missions.

In sentence 7 (reproduced below), the writer wants to add the phrase "According to the country's president," to the beginning of the sentence, adjusting capitalization as needed. New islands will have to be built to ensure a safe future for its citizens, because science indicates that Kiribati will go underwater within the century. Should the writer make this addition? A Yes, because it acknowledges the source of the information conveyed in the sentence. B Yes, because it provides an additional perspective to set up a counterargument. C Yes, because it introduces a key figure in the development of the passage's narrative. D No, because it introduces new evidence that requires an adjustment to the paragraph's line of reasoning. E No, because it fails to consider the rhetorical situation set up in the first paragraph.

A Yes, because it acknowledges the source of the information conveyed in the sentence.

The writer is considering adding the phrase "for reading that requires intense concentration" to the end of sentence 8 (reproduced below). Despite these advantages, I discovered that e-readers do not work well. Should the writer make this addition? A Yes, because it appropriately limits the scope of the writer's claim. B Yes, because it provides a valid counterclaim to the writer's main idea. C No, because it offers a generalization about reading that is not supported by the passage. D No, because it is not consistent with the information about King Lear provided later in the paragraph. E No, because it contradicts the point the writer has made about the advantages of e-readers.

A Yes, because it appropriately limits the scope of the writer's claim.

The writer is considering changing the underlined word in sentence 12 (reproduced below) to "skeptical." Some business and labor union leaders are dismissive of this new social safety net, suggesting that it discourages people from working, but tech industry leaders argue persuasively that BI can provide workers with needed resources and flexibility to take jobs in the freelance or "gig" economy. Should the writer make this change to sentence 12 ? A Yes, because the tone of the underlined word suggests that the writer is hostile toward the business and labor union leaders' attitudes. B Yes, because the change replaces a vague word with a more precise one and clarifies the meaning of the sentence. C No, because the underlined word objectively represents the attitudes of the business and labor union leaders. D No, because replacing the underlined word would require the writer to revise the line of reasoning in the rest of the paragraph. E No, because the underlined word appeals to the likely beliefs of the audience and therefore helps make the writer's perspective more appealing.

A Yes, because the tone of the underlined word suggests that the writer is hostile toward the business and labor union leaders' attitudes

In the third sentence of the fourth paragraph, the author mentions the number of swimmers treated by the Spanish Red Cross primarily to A amplify her point about the dangers posed by jellyfish to humans B argue that jellyfish along the Costa Brava are more toxic than those in the Philippines C suggest that humans have become more susceptible to jellyfish toxin in recent years D persuade her audience to avoid swimming in areas that are prone to jellyfish invasions E urge her audience to seek medical attention if they are stung by jellyfish

A amplify her point about the dangers posed by jellyfish to humans

In the fourth paragraph, the author includes a quotation by Einstein primarily to A appeal to the authority of a figure whom her audience is likely to respect B suggest that Einstein developed his intelligence mainly through playing games C imply that Einstein's theories were vital to the development of certain digital games D surprise her audience by making a connection between Einstein and computer games E voice a possible objection to her argument to a noted historical figure

A appeal to the authority of a figure whom her audience is likely to respect

In the second paragraph, the authors discuss observation primarily to A define the empirical character of scientific work B encourage their audience to be more aware of their surroundings C clarify the meaning of a term used in an ordinary context D assert that some procedures have been incorrectly regarded as scientific E explain the components of scientific experiments

A define the empirical character of scientific work

In the second paragraph, the author draws on evidence from her personal experience primarily to A explain a change in her assessment of a particular idea B affirm the value of striving to live up to a particular ideal C express regret for having compromised her integrity D illustrate how forms of discrimination based on race and gender tend to overlap E establish a key distinction between her work ethic and that of Obama's

A explain a change in her assessment of a particular idea

In the second paragraph, the author develops a comparison between life and "a thousand arrows shot from the same point and aimed at the same object" primarily to suggest that A people exhibit remarkable diversity in their development over time B seemingly different objects can have surprisingly similar characteristics C talented people often fail to recognize valuable opportunities D most people fall into two broad categories based on their political leanings E most great men have emerged from humble origins

A people exhibit remarkable diversity in their development over time

The discussion of the "greatest of poets and philosophers" in the third paragraph suggests that the author believes the audience of the speech will A recognize an implicit reference to Shakespeare and agree about his importance B respect the ideas of a philosopher but question the thinking of a poet C consider Shakespeare to be among those who had "greatness thrust upon them" (paragraph 3) D object to the notion that "Some are born great" (paragraph 3) E hold a variety of opinions regarding the quality of Shakespeare's work

A recognize an implicit reference to Shakespeare and agree about his importance

In the context of the passage as a whole, the sixth paragraph ("Since that . . . 90 percent white") primarily serves to A reveal the author's concern about how diversity is represented in Wyoming politics B demonstrate that Wyoming's legislature is proportionally diverse C redefine diversity in terms of ideological differences rather than ethnic heritage D propose that people concerned about diversity should focus on local, not state, elections E suggest that voting may not be an effective method for promoting diversity in Wyoming

A reveal the author's concern about how diversity is represented in Wyoming politics

The writer is considering deleting the underlined portion of sentence 8 (reproduced below), adjusting the punctuation as needed. For instance, people became so attached to the Sony Aibo, a robotic dog with playful expressions and movements, that they mourned their mechanical pets after Sony discontinued the Aibo series and closed its repair center. Should the writer keep or delete the underlined text? A Keep it, because it addresses information that is essential to the audience's understanding of the history of Sony's robotics division. B Keep it, because it advances the writer's purpose of showing the appeal the Aibo had to its owners. C Keep it, because it provides the audience with an example of the Aibo's resemblance to human beings. D Delete it, because it introduces details about robot pets that are not relevant to the writer's main idea in the paragraph. E Delete it, because it contradicts a claim the writer makes earlier in the passage about advancements in robotic engineering.

B Keep it, because it advances the writer's purpose of showing the appeal the Aibo had to its owners.

In sentence 19 (reproduced below), the writer is considering deleting the underlined phrase. Resettled in the remote parts of the park, where salt licks are plentiful and hikers are scarce, the goats will likely regain their natural wariness of people. Should the writer keep or delete the underlined phrase? A Keep it, because it adds descriptive language that helps readers visualize the area in the North Cascades where the goats were relocated. B Keep it, because it draws on evidence from the third paragraph to make a more persuasive case for why the North Cascades are a good place to resettle the goats. C Keep it, because it creates an emotionally resonant image of an environment in which the goats would be happy. D Delete it, because it undermines the passage's argument by emphasizing the fact that the goats will no longer be seen by park visitors. E Delete it, because it introduces details that are irrelevant to the passage's argument about the need to remove mountain goats from Olympic National Park.

B Keep it, because it draws on evidence from the third paragraph to make a more persuasive case for why the North Cascades are a good place to resettle the goats.

Throughout the passage, the author advances her main point by employing which of the following methods? A Analyzing the underlying causes of unusual jellyfish behavior in recent decades B Recounting multiple incidents that demonstrate the threat represented by jellyfish C Commenting on the impact of increasing jellyfish populations on international relations D Enumerating human actions that are endangering jellyfish populations E Relating personal anecdotes that reveal her lifelong aversion to jellyfish

B Recounting multiple incidents that demonstrate the threat represented by jellyfish

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the fourth and fifth sentences ("Of course . . . measurement") of the final paragraph? A The fifth sentence rebuts an objection raised in the preceding sentence. B The fifth sentence elaborates on an assertion made in the preceding sentence. C The fifth sentence qualifies a claim put forward in the preceding sentence. D The fifth sentence acknowledges the limitations of a method that the fourth sentence advocates. E The fifth sentence defines a key term that the fourth sentence uses in an ambiguous way.

B The fifth sentence elaborates on an assertion made in the preceding sentence.

The authors discuss different scientists in the last two sentences of the passage primarily to A explain why some sciences have advanced further than others B correct a misconception about the nature of scientific rationality C underscore that all scientific thought ultimately rests on observation D resolve an apparent contradiction between empiricism and experimentalism E prove that their definition of science accurately represents the work of past scientists

B correct a misconception about the nature of scientific rationality

At the end of the second paragraph, the author claims that "these instances are not adduced with a view of proving that it is desirable to open such professions to women" primarily to A suggest a more inclusive approach toward gender in the military B distance herself from a perspective that could be supported by the evidence she cites C acknowledge a weakness in her argument about gender D undercut an argument she feels compelled to acknowledge E extend her argument about equality of mind to equality of physical capabilities

B distance herself from a perspective that could be supported by the evidence she cites

In the last sentence of the fifth paragraph, the author refers to "wikis and forums" in order to A distinguish online gaming from other forms of online interaction B illustrate a point about the ease of collaboration enabled by the Internet C suggest that multiauthored documents tend to be less reliable than single-authored ones D argue that certain Internet environments are better than others for creating new games E imply that these two means of online interaction promote antisocial behavior

B illustrate a point about the ease of collaboration enabled by the Internet

In the second-to-last paragraph, the anecdote about the complaining husband serves primarily to A provide an example of how women should motivate their partners to take on more childcare responsibilities B illustrate the author's claim regarding the value of devoting oneself to one's children C reinforce the author's recommendation that women develop friendships outside the family D encourage her audience to choose partners who will support their ambitions E establish a contrast between the friend's dedication to her family and her husband's focus on his career

B illustrate the author's claim regarding the value of devoting oneself to one's children

At the end of the second paragraph ("And yet . . . India"), the author includes a series of clauses that serve to A support the claim that Wyoming's homogeneity promotes inclusiveness B qualify the argument that Wyoming's political culture lacks diversity C provide evidence of a long tradition of feminism in Wyoming D reveal the strong influence of liberal thinkers on Wyoming politics E correct an assumption about the size of the Asian American population in Wyoming

B qualify the argument that Wyoming's political culture lacks diversity

In the last sentence of the first paragraph, the author compares pleasure with flowers to A hint that pleasure would be more common if it were cultivated more diligently B reinforce the idea that unanticipated pleasures are the most enjoyable ones C downplay the dangers of engaging excessively in pleasurable activities D suggest that the pleasures of gardening are often overrated E argue that the experience of true pleasure is threatened by the increasingly hectic pace of life

B reinforce the idea that unanticipated pleasures are the most enjoyable ones

The writer wants to change sentence 3 (reproduced below) to provide a more specific preview of the passage's argument. While previous theories speculated that people can only acquire a new language at a young age, new research supports a different perspective. Which of the following pieces of information is most appropriate for the writer to include in the new version of the sentence? A Information about previous theories holding that people can only acquire a new language when young B Examples of the types of people who may be seeking to learn a new language C An overview of the new study's claim that optimal language acquisition can occur up to age 30 and that even older adults should remain hopeful about their language-learning prospects D Explicit details regarding the different age ranges during which language learners can expect to achieve fluency, mastery, and basic competence in a new language E The names and affiliations of the individuals who produced the new research

C An overview of the new study's claim that optimal language acquisition can occur up to age 30 and that even older adults should remain hopeful about their language-learning prospects

In sentence 12, the writer wants to clarify the paragraph's line of reasoning and explain the relevance of the evidence in sentences 13 and 14 to the paragraph's main idea. Which version of sentence 12 (reproduced below) would best accomplish this goal? Not all artworks are experienced in galleries and performance halls, however. A (As it is now) B Eliasson is only one of many people who appreciate the way art events can draw in a variety of people. C And just as art can overcome physical divides, it can also overcome linguistic and cultural ones. D But you do not have to be a professional artist to appreciate the role art can play in your community. E This important community function is one of the reasons why public funding for the arts is so important.

C And just as art can overcome physical divides, it can also overcome linguistic and cultural ones.

Which of the following best summarizes the author's thesis in the passage? A The heat produced by power plants often attracts congregations of marine life such as jellyfish. B Many disruptions that are attributed to human activity are actually triggered by natural causes. C Expanding populations of jellyfish are causing increasing problems in many parts of the world. D Predation by jellyfish poses a significant threat to commercial fisheries worldwide. E Jellyfish have recently developed adaptations that enable them to live in a wider variety of ocean environments.

C Expanding populations of jellyfish are causing increasing problems in many parts of the world.

The writer is considering deleting sentence 7 (reproduced below) from the passage. Kennedy's transformation and display of sayings such as "higher the hair, closer to heaven" celebrated the daily experiences of salon patrons, reinforcing the self-esteem of stylists and patrons alike and getting everyone talking. Should the writer keep or delete the sentence? A Keep it, because it indicates the shift from a discussion of the importance of community to a discussion of the artwork itself. B Keep it, because it strengthens the writer's credibility by including a quote that is likely familiar to the audience. C Keep it, because it provides commentary that helps explain how the example of Kennedy's artwork is significant in relation to the passage's overall argument. D Delete it, because it contains details about hairdressing that are not relevant to the paragraph's discussion of art and community. E Delete it, because it introduces a new argument about the role of art that contradicts the writer's main argument in the passage.

C Keep it, because it provides commentary that helps explain how the example of Kennedy's artwork is significant in relation to the passage's overall argument.

The writer wants to provide relevant support for the claim made in sentences 12 and 13. Which of the following sentences, if added after sentence 13, would most effectively accomplish this goal? A According to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's National Tidal Centre, there has been an average sea level rise of 7.3 millimeters a year around low-lying islands like Kiribati in the past few decades. B A professor of biology at Old Dominion University, Kent Carpenter, notes that poaching of giant clams does more damage to marine ecosystems than island building does. C Marine biologists contend that the urban sprawl spreading into the oceans inevitably causes havoc for marine organisms and their habitats. D The government of South Korea expected to have 300,000 residents in the utopian smart city built on the artificial island of Songdo. E Environmental scientists at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, have noted that those building artificial islands can use techniques like silt curtains to help minimize the environmental impact of these projects.

C Marine biologists contend that the urban sprawl spreading into the oceans inevitably causes havoc for marine organisms and their habitats.

Which choice provides the best transition to the subject of sentence 5 (reproduced below) ? Nevertheless, humans have a natural cycle of wakefulness and sleep attuned to daytime and nighttime on Earth. A (As it is now) B Clearly C Similarly D Subsequently E Although

C Similarly

The writer wants to add information to the end of sentence 2 (reproduced below) to preview the line of reasoning in the passage. Unsurprisingly, neuroscientists warn that the constant use of smartphones alters the brain. Which version of the underlined portion of sentence 2 most effectively accomplishes this goal? A brain, the complexities of which have long fascinated psychologists and psychoanalysts B brain, potentially undermining people's ability to focus on serious school- and work-related tasks C brain, with potentially serious physiological and emotional costs D brain, which may have a profound impact on the still-maturing brains of young adults E brain, which many researchers claim may still be evolving

C brain, with potentially serious physiological and emotional costs

In the final sentence of the first paragraph, the authors choose to use the word "absurd" in order to A demonstrate that even sound premises can lead to irrational conclusions B argue that evidence that seems illogical should not be considered by scientists C emphasize a previous distinction between rationality and reasonableness D imply that too much rigor can lead to nonsensical inferences E convey disdain for those who display uncertainty about their premises

C emphasize a previous distinction between rationality and reasonableness

In sentence 12 (reproduced below), which version of the underlined word best conveys the writer's perspective on long space missions? With NASA's attention directed to the problems of long space missions, it is certain that scientists will come up with creative solutions to the elevated risks to human well-being in space much as they have addressed dangers associated with shorter missions. A (as it is now) B likely C possible D assured E inconceivable

C possible

In the second and third sentences of the second paragraph ("It was inspired . . . that awful struggle"), the author represents the Pact of Paris as A a temporary solution to a long-standing problem B the unexpected outgrowth of a volatile situation C the hopeful result of traumatic experiences D the culmination of lengthy deliberations E a particular stage in a predictable cycle

C the hopeful result of traumatic experiences

Which of the following statements most directly expresses the author's thesis in the passage? A "[I]t is easy to dogmatize, but it is not so easy to define, explain and demonstrate." (paragraph 1, sentence 2) B "The natural laws for the government, well-being and progress of mankind, seem to be equal and are equal." (paragraph 1, sentence 3) C "We cannot have fruit without flowers, but we often have flowers without fruit." (paragraph 1, sentence 4) D "[R]eal excellence often comes unheralded and from unexpected quarters." (paragraph 1, sentence 5) E "The scene presented from this view is as a thousand arrows shot from the same point and aimed at the same object." (paragraph 2, sentence 1)

D "[R]eal excellence often comes unheralded and from unexpected quarters." (paragraph 1, sentence 5)

The writer wants to add a sentence after sentence 1 to provide factual support for the introductory claim and focus the audience on the argument of the passage. Which of the following sentences best accomplishes this purpose? A Thanks to a process called neuroplasticity, the brain continually strengthens or weakens neural connections in response to stimuli from smartphones. B Researchers at Columbia University argue that "[w]e are becoming symbiotic with our computer tools, growing into interconnected systems that remember less by knowing information than by knowing where the information can be found." C According to a recent Gallup Poll, only 21 percent of Americans say they "rarely" or "never" feel mental or emotional strain in their day-to-day lives. D A recent study found that 86 percent of Americans are stressed out from constantly checking their smartphones. E Neuroscientist Susan Greenfield cautions that social media can become a platform for constructing an artificial identity to impress an audience of barely known "friends."

D A recent study found that 86 percent of Americans are stressed out from constantly checking their smartphones.

The writer wants to add a sentence at the end of the passage to summarize the main claim of the passage. Which of the following choices, if added after sentence 15, best accomplishes this goal? A In fact, some people view the current age as ushering in a significant shift in the world of work, driven not by coal or electricity, but by automation and artificial intelligence. B Instead, we should only adopt automated technologies in cases where it is absolutely necessary. C We must follow the example of other countries and adopt basic income programs. D Although large-scale change is likely in many sectors, education reform and a progressive BI program will help us offset risk and protect social stability. E Indeed, although the United States has long been a major center of automation, other countries are playing an increasingly large role in the development and adoption of automated technologies.

D Although large-scale change is likely in many sectors, education reform and a progressive BI program will help us offset risk and protect social stability.

The writer is considering deleting the underlined text in sentence 14 (reproduced below). Salt in human sweat is a goat magnet; worse still, some thoughtless and irresponsible people feed the goats directly. Should the writer keep or delete the underlined text? A Keep it, because it makes the argument more persuasive by including language that increases the emotional engagement of the audience. B Keep it, because it clarifies the point the writer is making by explaining which people are at the greatest risk of being hurt by the goats. C Keep it, because it encourages the audience to identify with the park officials who work to solve the problem rather than the park visitors who make the problem worse. D Delete it, because it distracts from the writer's purpose of emphasizing human safety concerns by using language that focuses blame on human visitors to the park. E Delete it, because it contradicts the writer's claim in sentence 15 that goats behave differently after they are accustomed to human contact.

D Delete it, because it distracts from the writer's purpose of emphasizing human safety concerns by using language that focuses blame on human visitors to the park.

The writer wants to add a sentence after sentence 12 to provide needed background information for readers who may not be familiar with mountain goats. Which of the following choices best accomplishes this goal? A Adult male mountain goats can reach weights of as much as 180 pounds. B Mountain goats eat a wide variety of plants, including grasses, lichens, and even twigs. C People are advised to stay at least 50 yards away from mountain goats. D Mountain goats find salt irresistible. E Mountain goats are managed by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

D Mountain goats find salt irresistible.

The writer is considering adding the following sentence after sentence 14 to strengthen the case that basic income should be more widely accepted. Some news outlets suggest that since the trend is growing, it is only a matter of time before BI becomes a reality. Should the writer add this sentence after sentence 14 ? A Yes, because this sentence shows that the writer is addressing an objection that the audience is likely to have to basic income programs. B Yes, because a similar idea is stated earlier in the passage and the writer needs to provide support. C Yes, because the writer cannot support the line of reasoning in the paragraph without stating that the basic income trend is growing. D No, because the absence of specific sources or statements from those sources makes the claim of the sentence seem unsupported. E No, because these ideas were already developed earlier in the passage and do not need to be repeated.

D No, because the absence of specific sources or statements from those sources makes the claim of the sentence seem unsupported.

The writer is considering adding the following sentence after sentence 19. The children's response made it difficult to determine who the real robots were. Should the writer add this sentence? A Yes, because the writer's identification of a similarity between the children and the robots in the study reinforces the passage's argument that humans tend to form emotional bonds with robots. B Yes, because the sentence gives an account of the writer's feelings about the children that provides commentary on the study and makes the writer more relatable to the audience. C Yes, because the sentence adds complexity to the writer's argument by suggesting that humans not only can form emotional relationships with robots but also can act like robots themselves. D No, because the comparison between the children and the robots fails to advance the writer's argument and may be perceived by the audience as mocking the children. E No, because the sentence's implication that conforming to peer pressure is similar to being a robot may be offensive to suggestible members of the audience.

D No, because the comparison between the children and the robots fails to advance the writer's argument and may be perceived by the audience as mocking the children.

Which of the following best describes the function of the first two clauses of the passage's final sentence ("It is natural . . . despised") in the context of the passage as a whole? A They suggest that there are certain limitations to the author's argument about greatness. B They imply that accepting the author's argument will help his audience achieve greatness. C They restate the author's argument in order to provide a fitting conclusion to the passage. D They urge a change in attitude that should follow logically from the author's argument. E They emphasize the author's argument by showing the dangers of pride.

D They urge a change in attitude that should follow logically from the author's argument.

Which version of sentence 15 (reproduced below) most effectively maintains the style and tone of the writer's argument in the passage? We can't just sit around twiddling our thumbs as new tech keeps changing the game in a bunch of businesses. A (As it is now) B As a song by Irving Berlin famously states, it's time for us to "face the music and dance" when it comes to the effects of automation. C It is indubitably the case that actions of a significant nature must be taken by us to ward off changes in various employment sectors. D We cannot afford to be passive at the dawn of this new industrial revolution. E We need to get our act together when it comes to job automation—pronto!

D We cannot afford to be passive at the dawn of this new industrial revolution.

Taken as a whole, the reasoning and evidence in the passage primarily defend a claim regarding A the origin of stereotypes applied to video gamers B a theory explaining the appeal of video gaming C the popularity of violent video games D a beneficial aspect of video gaming E the influence of parents and educators on video gamers

D a beneficial aspect of video gaming

In the opening sentences of the passage ("Now I know . . . color of my hair!"), the author refers to Alice Walker primarily to A impress her audience with the breadth of her literary knowledge B flaunt her access to privileged information about the planning of the commencement ceremony C congratulate her audience for inviting her instead of a lesser-known speaker D acknowledge the potentially embarrassing circumstances under which she is delivering her speech E suggest that she pays more attention to her personal appearance than do other celebrities

D acknowledge the potentially embarrassing circumstances under which she is delivering her speech

In the first sentence, the way in which the author combines clauses after the main verb "is" ("what makes an artist . . . a good work of art") indicates that he A is arranging his topics in order of increasing relevance to the audience B hopes to impress the audience with the breadth of his historical knowledge C views all the other questions as variations of the final question D attaches equal importance to the topics he intends to address E plans to devote more attention to the last topic than to the first four

D attaches equal importance to the topics he intends to address

In the underlined portion of sentence 10 (reproduced below), which choice of adjective best fits the style and tone of the writer's argument? The stress lowers immune response even as outer-space conditions cause microbes in astronauts' bodies to mutate, potentially resulting in unfriendly diseases. A (as it is now) B hostile C treacherous D dangerous E furious

D dangerous

In context, the author's tone when discussing the "presumptive connexion" in the last sentence of the last paragraph is best described as A resigned B apprehensive C joyful D dismissive E indifferent

D dismissive

At the end of the first paragraph, the author's commentary regarding "[e]ach one of these treaties" (sentence 6) primarily serves to A imply that such treaties will fail to accomplish their purpose if even one of them is violated B suggest that such treaties must be worded precisely if they are to maintain the continued support of those who agree to them C identify a set of criteria that must be satisfied before a goal described earlier in the paragraph can be accomplished D establish a logical relationship between the treaties he lists and a claim he makes earlier in the paragraph E articulate a key distinction between treaties that are likely to be effective and those that are likely to be broken

D establish a logical relationship between the treaties he lists and a claim he makes earlier in the paragraph

In the fourth sentence of the second paragraph, the authors use the word "qualified" in order to A concede that some scientists are not sufficiently prepared for their work B identify a difference between real scientists and fictional characters C explain why not all scientific investigations produce accurate results D note a condition that must be met for an observation to be scientific E acknowledge that not every question must be addressed scientifically

D note a condition that must be met for an observation to be scientific

Which version of the underlined portion of sentence 9 (reproduced below) develops the main idea of the paragraph by explaining an effect of the art piece Passin' on to Others ? Words that previously had passed unremarked now joined other aphorisms and sayings that Kennedy has printed on posters. A (as it is now) B appeared in a hand-printed format thanks to a technique similar to the process used by professional printers hundreds of years ago C made up the entire text of the piece, confirming that "limitations spark creativity," as Kennedy asserted in a 2010 interview with artist Michael Curtin D spurred consideration and discussion, exchanges that many stylists chose to continue by hanging prints from the show in their salons E presented an impressive, wall-sized spectacle to visitors who encountered them at the Institute for Contemporary Art

D spurred consideration and discussion, exchanges that many stylists chose to continue by hanging prints from the show in their salons

In sentence 4 (reproduced below), the writer wants to integrate the discussion of the piece Passin' on to Others into the passage's line of reasoning about how art can affirm and strengthen community bonds. Artworks created by artists outside of a particular community often do not appeal to members of that community because of a lack of connection between the artists and their intended audience. Which of the following versions of sentence 4 best accomplishes this goal? A (As it is now) B Works of art from a variety of different genres can play a role in fostering communication. C The communicative function of art can change when a piece or performance moves from one physical space to another. D Recognizable themes from a particular social setting can quickly establish a connection between the artwork and its audience. E Art can play a unique role in starting conversations and cultivating group pride by representing communities to themselves.

E Art can play a unique role in starting conversations and cultivating group pride by representing communities to themselves.

In context, which version of sentence 5 (reproduced below) provides the most effective explanation of the "critical period" mentioned in sentence 4 ? Such a period also exists for the development of eyesight. A (As it is now) B This concept applies to the fields of developmental biology and developmental psychology. C There are several helpful models of what this important period actually looks like for language acquisition. D It was first developed by early educators such as Dr. Maria Montessori, though she referred to it as a "sensitive period." E It designates the time in one's life during which the capacity to absorb the rules and structure of a language is maximized.

E It designates the time in one's life during which the capacity to absorb the rules and structure of a language is maximized.

The writer wants to add an additional body paragraph to support the passage's argument. Which of the following claims would make the best topic for such a paragraph? A Being able to make longer space missions will enable researchers to learn more about our universe. B Extending our explorations of space to longer distances will help further our understanding of how the human body functions and help medicine develop new cures for conditions here on Earth. C New technology will need to be developed in order to achieve the goal of longer space travel, which means that new jobs will be created in the technological and research sectors. D Developing the ability to safely travel longer distances in space may provide us with opportunities not only to identify and utilize new resources that can be used to improve life on Earth but also to eventually create viable space colonies, which could help alleviate overpopulation and the effects of a large population on the Earth's climate. E Long-term missions would also create social and psychological issues, such as extreme isolation and loneliness, that may have a negative impact on space travelers.

E Long-term missions would also create social and psychological issues, such as extreme isolation and loneliness, that may have a negative impact on space travelers.

The writer is considering adding the following sentence after sentence 6. These inhabitants should leave their homes because they have been destroyed or otherwise rendered uninhabitable from flooding. Should the writer add this sentence after sentence 6 ? A Yes, because it describes the writer's exigence for writing the passage. B Yes, because it expresses the main claim of the paragraph. C Yes, because it defines a potentially unfamiliar term used in sentence 6. D No, because it fails to clarify the writer's purpose in creating the text. E No, because it makes an ineffective claim that does not require a defense.

E No, because it makes an ineffective claim that does not require a defense.

The writer wants to conclude the passage by reiterating the main claim. Which of the following sentences best accomplishes this goal? A With the Mountain Goat Management Plan, visitors to Olympic National Park should once again be able to hike safely. B Perhaps wildlife relocation programs would be more successful if they were all as dramatic as the helicopter flights of the goats from Olympic National Park. C The success of the goat relocation program is a testament to the hard work and knowledge of Washington's wildlife officials. D Although restricting the number of people in Olympic National Park could also address safety concerns associated with the mountain goats, doing so would not be fair to the park's visitors. E The Olympics, the North Cascades, the mountain goats, and human park visitors all stand to benefit from the goat relocation program.

E The Olympics, the North Cascades, the mountain goats, and human park visitors all stand to benefit from the goat relocation program.

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between the first and the second paragraphs? A The first paragraph states the disadvantages of engaging in war to settle international disagreements; the second paragraph discusses an alternative method of resolving such disagreements. B The first paragraph offers a generalization about the darker aspects of human nature; the second paragraph identifies a possible counterexample. C The first paragraph highlights the destructive impact of war on societies; the second paragraph elaborates on how a certain mindset mentioned in the first paragraph increases the likelihood of war. D The first paragraph lists the benefits of international cooperation; the second paragraph highlights the role of religious institutions in promoting such cooperation. E The first paragraph describes a trend in international relations; the second paragraph expands on how a specific example mentioned in the first paragraph contributes to that trend.

E The first paragraph describes a trend in international relations; the second paragraph expands on how a specific example mentioned in the first paragraph contributes to that trend.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the author's quotation of Coates in the middle of the first paragraph ("But I think . . . half as much") and her discussion of the My Brother's Keeper initiative that follows it? A The quotation emphasizes the strength of Obama's determination; the discussion that follows it illustrates Obama's dedication to improving the educational and life outcomes of the black community as a whole. B The quotation asserts the uniqueness of Obama's accomplishments; the discussion that follows it provides a specific example of the kind of program that enabled Obama to accomplish what he did. C The quotation implies Obama's commitment to racial equality; the discussion that follows it suggests his comparative lack of attention to gender issues discussed by the author. D The quotation criticizes Obama's approach to a particular problem; the discussion that follows it counters this criticism by analyzing the aims of an initiative spearheaded by Obama. E The quotation expresses disapproval of a tenet adopted by Obama; the discussion that follows it explains the author's disapproval by highlighting problematic aspects of a specific program.

E The quotation expresses disapproval of a tenet adopted by Obama; the discussion that follows it explains the author's disapproval by highlighting problematic aspects of a specific program.

Which of the following best summarizes the author's thesis? A Video gaming principally attracts people who are interested in collaborating with others. B A background in video gaming will become essential to anyone hoping to solve the complex problems of the future. C Pierre Lévy's concept of "collective intelligence" is the best way to interpret the culture of video gaming. D Because the problems posed by video games are strategic, they can be solved only with collaborative effort. E Video gaming helps develop collaborative problem-solving skills that can be useful in the real world.

E Video gaming helps develop collaborative problem-solving skills that can be useful in the real world.

In the final sentence of the third paragraph, the clause "although we do control the conditions of observation" functions as a transitional element that A explains the role of observation in scientific work B suggests that astronomy is less rigorous than experimental sciences C refutes a claim regarding the status of astronomy among the sciences D suggests that the definition of "experiment" has changed over time E clarifies the reasons astronomy meets the standards for scientific rigor

E clarifies the reasons astronomy meets the standards for scientific rigor