AP Lang Q1 Literary Device Test

Balance Ex:"... government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth," (Lincoln, Gettysburg Address)

A _______ is made up of two segments which are equal, not only in length, but also in grammatical structure and meaning. It could be a periodic or cumulative sentence. A reader finds both parts equal when he goes through such a sentence.

Simple Sentence Ex: "Perhaps the decline of this country has already started."

A ____________ has only one main or independent clause and no dependent or subordinate clauses.

Generalization Ex: A few parts of the United States are colder than parts of Europe.

A ____________ is a broad statement that applies to many examples. A ____________ is formed from several examples or facts and what they have in common.

Simile Ex: "A library is like an island in the middle of a vast sea of ignorance, particularly if the library is very tall and the surrounding area has been flooded." (Horseradish, Lemony Snicket)

A ____________ is a figure of speech in which two essentially dissimilar objects or concepts are expressly compared with one another through the use of "like" or "as."

Metaphor Ex: Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. (Dreams, Langston Hughes)

A ____________ is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two non-similar things. As a literary device, metaphor creates implicit comparisons without the express use of "like" or "as." ____________ is a means of asserting that two things are identical in comparison rather than just similar.

Thesis Ex: "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." (Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen)

A ____________ is a statement in a non-fiction or a fiction work that a writer intends to support and prove. One can find examples of ____________ at the beginning of literary pieces. These ____________ are of utmost importance, as they provide clear indicators as to which direction the writer will follow in their work.

Paradox Ex: "If everyone is special, no one is." (Disney's The Incredibles)

A ____________ is a statement that appears at first to be contradictory, but upon reflection then makes sense. This literary device is commonly used to engage a reader to discover an underlying logic in a seemingly self-contradictory statement or phrase.

Passive Voice Ex: "In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and has been widely regarded as a bad move." (The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams)

A ____________ is a type of a clause or sentence in which an action (through verb), or an object of a sentence, is emphasized rather than its subject. Simply, the subject receives the action of the verb. The emphasis or focus is on the action, while the subject is not known or is less important.

Logical Fallacy Ex: Unicorns exist because there is not evidence that they do not.

A ____________ is an argument that may sound convincing or true but is actually flawed. ____________ are leaps of logic that lead us to an unsupported conclusion.

Parody Ex: Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels is a parody of travel narratives, as well as a satire on contemporary England. As the empire of England spread to far off lands, it became a center of navigation and exploration. Adventure and travel narratives telling stories of strange lands became popular.

A ____________ is an imitation of the style of something that is deliberately exaggerated to create a comedic effect.

Rhetorical Question Ex: "...O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" (Ode to the Wind, Percy Bysshe Shelley)

A ____________ is asked just for effect, or to lay emphasis on some point being discussed when no real answer is expected. A rhetorical question may have an obvious answer, but the questioner asks it to lay emphasis on the point.

Cumulative Sentence Ex: "The radiators put out lots of heat, too much, in fact, and old-fashioned sounds and smells came with it, exhalations of the matter that composes our own mortality, and reminiscent of the intimate gases we all diffuse."

A ____________ is known as a "loose sentence," that starts with an independent clause or main clause, which is simple and straight, provides main idea, and then adds subordinate elements or modifiers.

Periodic/Loose Sentences Periodic Ex: "To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men, that is genius." (Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Self-Reliance," 1841) Loose Ex: "I knew I had found a friend in the woman, who herself was a lonely soul, never having known the love of man or child." (Emma Goldman)

A ____________ often produces a dramatic tension and suspense to the main point at the end of the sentence. The dependent clauses that come before the independent clause serve to stress the importance of the key idea. A ____________, in contrast, creates the effect of immediacy and naturalness.

Red Herring

A ____________ refers to a misleading or false clue. ____________ are used to intentionally create a false trail and/or mislead audiences to prevent them from correctly predicting a story's outcome before the actual reveal.

Anecdote Ex: "You know, when I was a kid, my dog was my best friend. My childhood was better because of him."

A brief story, usually told from one person or character to another, that illustrates a point in a way that provides greater insight for the reader.

Situational Irony Ex: "My own dear love, he is strong and bold And he cares not what comes after. His words ring sweet as a chime of gold ,And his eyes are lit with laughter .He is jubilant as a flag unfurled—Oh, a girl, she'd not forget him. My own dear love, he is all my world,—And I wish I'd never met him." (Love Song, Dorothy Parker)

A form of ____________ in which something takes place that is different or the opposite of what is expected to happen. When writers create an ironic situation in a literary work, it allows the reader to understand the difference between appearance and reality within the confines of the literature. This experience often leads the reader to a better understanding of the work's central theme or purpose.

Exposition Ex: "It's a hot day and I hate my wife." (Death by Scrabble, Charlie Fish)

A literary device that is designed to convey important information, within a short story or novel, to the reader. Writers utilize ____________ to provide essential backstory for characters, plot, and other narrative elements. This background information allows the reader of a story to emotionally invest in the narrative's arc, characters, and action. ____________ also enhances the reader's understanding of a literary work and encourages their connection to it.

Apostrophe Ex: "O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?" (Romeo and Juliet)-Juliet addresses an "absent" Romeo, unaware that he is nearby.

A poetic phrase or speech made by a character that is addressed to a subject that is not literally present in the literary work. The subject may be dead, absent, an inanimate object, or even an abstract idea.

Antecedent Ex: "Please consider allowing my friends and family to attend the concert, they deserve to see it too."

A pronoun or noun that relates to a previous phrase or word.

Allusion Ex: "They called him a Grinch for hating Christmas songs."

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event.

Complex Sentence Ex: While I am a passionate basketball fan, I prefer football.

A sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses.

Compound-Complex Sentence Ex: I was looking for my goat all day long, but it seems like she was asleep under the table.

A sentence containing one or more dependent clauses and two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon.

Compound Sentence Ex: The cinema was sold out, so we watched a movie on TV.

A sentence with more than one subject or predicate.

Homily Ex: "O People, lend me an attentive ear, for I know not whether after this year, I shall ever be amongst you again. Therefore listen to what I am saying to you very carefully and TAKE THESE WORDS TO THOSE WHO COULD NOT BE PRESENT HERE TODAY. Beware of Satan, for the safety of your religion...All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over black nor a black has any superiority over white except by piety (taqwa) and good action ..." (Al-Bukhari, Hadith 1623, 1626, 6361, By Muhammad)

A sermon or speech that a religious person or priest delivers before a group of people to offer them moral correction. The primary purpose of this speech is not doctrinal instruction, but spiritual edification.

Aphorism Ex: "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view - until you climb into his skin and walk around in it."

A short saying that observes a general truth.

Analogy Ex: "Life is like a box of chocolates."

A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.

Allegory Ex: Orwell's "The Animal Farm" (Communism), Hawthorne's "The Scarlett Letter" (Sin and its punishments from society)

A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

False Analogy Ex: Plants are green and that's why they can photosynthesize. If you paint yourself green you will get more energy from the sun.

A type of informal fallacy or a persuasive technique in which the fact that two things are alike in one respect leads to the invalid conclusion that they must be alike in some other respect.

Either-Or Reasoning Ex: You don't spend a lot of money, so you must make a ton of money instead.

A type of informal fallacy or persuasive technique in which an argument is constructed so as to imply the necessity of choosing one of only two alternatives. This ignores the possibility that (a) the alternatives may not be mutually exclusive and (b) there may be other equally viable alternatives.

Straw Man Ex: "It was a little cocker spaniel dog in a crate he had sent all the way from Texas. Black and white spotted. And our little girl - Tricia, the six year old - named it Checkers. And you know, the kids, like all kids, love the dog and I just want to say this right now, that regardless of what they say about it, we're going to keep it." (US President Nixon's "Checkers Speech" in 1952)

A type of rhetorical device, ____________ is based on refuting the argument of one's opponent on a view he doesn't share. When the subject wants to prove that his or her perspective or argument is superior to an opposing argument, he uses straw man argumentative fallacy.

Denotation Ex: "Women will only have true equality when men share with them the responsibility of bringing up the next generation." (Ruth Bader Ginsburg)

A word's ____________ is its literal, dictionary definition. ____________ is the objective meaning of a word, with no associated emotion.

Understatement Ex: "I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." (Catcher in the Rye, J. D. Salinger)

An ____________ is a figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is.

Omniscient Point of View

An ____________ is aware of and knows everything about the story and its characters. There are no limitations for this narrator in terms of expressing any character's thoughts, and this includes their own opinions and observations. An ____________ features a narrator who knows more than the characters of a story.

Ad Hominem Ex: "How can you argue your case for vegetarianism when you are enjoying that steak?"

Arguments that attack a person's character rather than the facts of the actual argument.

Theme Ex: Mulan: girls/women can do battle as honorably as boys/men

As a literary device, ____________ refers to the central, deeper meaning of a written work. Writers typically will convey the ____________ of their work, and allow the reader to perceive and interpret it, rather than overtly or directly state the ____________ . As readers infer, reflect, and analyze a literary ____________ , they develop a greater understanding of the work itself and can apply this understanding beyond the literary work as a means of grasping a better sense of the world.

Mood Ex: "It's not that we had no heart or eyes for pain. We were all afraid. We all had our miseries. But to despair was to wish for something already lost. Or to prolong what was already unbearable...What was worse, to sit and wait for our own deaths with proper somber faces? Or to choose our own happiness?" (The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan)

As a literary device, ____________ refers to the emotional response that the writer wishes to evoke in the reader through a story.

Diction

As a literary device, ____________ refers to the linguistic choices made by a writer to convey an idea or point of view, or tell a story, in an effective way.

Conceit Ex: "Thou counterfeit'st a bark, a sea, a wind; For still thy eyes, which I may call the sea, Do ebb and flow with tears; the bark thy body is, Sailing in this salt flood; the winds, thy sighs; Who, raging with thy tears, and they with them, Without a sudden calm, will overset Thy tempest-tossed body."

As a literary device, a _____________ is a comparison that is convoluted, unconventional, and/or improbable. ____________ is comparable to simile, metaphor, and allegory in that they all make use of comparison or symbolic imagery. However, ____________ is differentiated from these other devices in the degree to which its comparison between things is so unlikely that there must be an imagined connection.

Equivocation Ex: Por: Knock, knock! Who's there, in the other devil's name? Faith, here's an equivocator, that could swear in both the scales against either scale; who committed treason enough for God's sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven: O, come in, equivocator.

Both logic and literature find the significance of ____________ . In the realm of logic, it becomes an informal fallacy, using specific words in a web of multiple meanings, shades, and nuances, leading to multiple interpretations.

Asyndeton Ex: "Without looking, without making a sound, without talking" (Oedipus at Colonus, by Sophocles)

Derived from the Greek word _______ , which means "unconnected." It is a stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases, and in the sentence, yet maintain grammatical accuracy. This literary tool helps in reducing the indirect meaning of the phrase and presents it in a concise form.

Cacophony Ex: "And being no stranger to the art of war, I have him a description of cannons, culverins, muskets, carabines, pistols, bullets, powder, swords, bayonets, battles, sieges, retreats, attacks, undermines, countermines, bombardments, sea-fights..."

If we speak literally, _______ points to a situation in which there is a mixture of harsh and inharmonious sounds. In literature, however, the term refers to the use of words with sharp, harsh, hissing, and unmelodious sounds - primarily those of consonants - to achieve desired results.

Active Voice Ex: "You know, at one time, I used to break into pet shops to liberate the canaries. But I decided that was an idea way before its time. Zoos are full, prisons are overflowing. Oh my, how the world still dearly loves a cage." (Harold and Maud, Colin Higgins)

In grammar, an ____________ is a type of a clause or sentence in which a subject performs an action and expresses it through its representative verb. To simply put it, when a subject performs an action directly, it is in ____________ . It then uses transitive verb to show the action. Style guides usually encourage the use of ____________ , because it is clear and direct.

Euphony Ex: "SEASON of MISTS and MELLOW fruitfulness, Close bosom-FRIEND of the MATURING sun; Conspiring with him how to LOAD and bless With FRUIT the VINES that round the THATCH-eves run;" (Ode to Autumn, John Keats)

It can be defined as the use of words and phrases that are distinguished as having a wide range of noteworthy melody or loveliness in the sounds they create. It gives pleasing and soothing effects to the ear due to repeated vowels and smooth consonants. It can be used with other literary devices like alliteration, assonance and rhyme to create more melodic effects.

Persona Ex: "He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had goneeighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy's parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky... "The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat." The first paragraph of this book sounds as if Hemingway himself is Santiago. Through the characterization of Santiago, Hemingway is expressing his belief in the struggle against unconquerable natural forces of the world. However, it is up to the persona (Santiago) to determine whether he wants to change his luck or not.

It can be defined in a literary work as a voice or an assumed role of a character, which represents the thoughts of a writer, or a specific person the writer wants to present as his mouthpiece.

Begging the Question Ex: "There's got to be something more than this. It sounds so deceiving. Begging the question "why?" Begging the question "why?" Why do we work until we are unable? Why do we work until we die?" (Tidal by Protest the Hero)

It means to use a previous principle to claim that the argument is true but has not been raised. In other words, it generally means that the truth cannot be proved even if there is a piece of existing evidence. One must always cover all the grounds.

Abstract Language Ex: Truth, Honor, Kindness

Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places.

Connotation Ex: "Hie thee, gentle Jew. The Hebrew will turn Christian: he grows kind."

Refers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings, in addition to their literal meanings or denotations.

Concrete Language Ex: - 80 degree Celsius vs. High temperature. - A pH of 5.8. vs. Slightly acidic. - An insufficient amount of reagents, too low of a temperature vs. Poor reaction conditions.

Refers to tangible or perceivable characteristics in the real world. Such language is often called "specific." ____________ can help your reader more precisely understand your writing.

Consonance Ex: If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

Refers to the repetition of the same consonant sounds in a line of text. The focus, in the use of consonance, is on the sound made by consonants and not necessarily the letters themselves. In addition, alike consonant sounds can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of words, and consonance is created when these words appear in quick succession.

Dramatic Irony Ex: "There's no art To find the mind's construction in the face: He was a gentleman on whom I built An absolute trust." (Duncan to Macbeth, before knowing the prophecy, Macbeth, Shakespeare)

Storytellers use this as a useful plot device for creating situations in which the audience knows more about the situations, the causes of conflicts, and their resolutions before the leading characters or actors. That is why readers observe that the speech of actors takes on unusual meanings.

Style Ex: "The studio was filled with the rich odor of roses, and when the light summer wind stirred amidst the trees of the garden... The sullen murmur of the bees shouldering their way through... or circling with monotonous insistence..." (Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde) -shows descriptive style

The ____________ in writing can be defined as the way a writer writes. It is the technique that an individual author uses in his writing. It varies from author to author and depends upon one's syntax, word choice, and tone. It can also be described as a "voice" that readers listen to when they read the work of a writer.

Oversimplification Ex: "People end up in jail because they are lazy and have no morals." (While being lazy and having no morals may increase someone's chances of ending up in jail, there are many other factors involved in one's life that can lead to an arrest.)

The action of describing or explaining something in such a simple way that it is no longer correct or true:

Causal Relationships Ex:

The arc of a story's plot features a _______ between a beginning, middle, and end in which the conflict is built to a climax and resolved in conclusion.

Antithesis Ex: "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." (Martin Luther King, Jr. "I Have a Dream")

The juxtaposition of two opposing elements through the parallel grammatical structure.

Refutation Ex: "If indeed very strong objections have obtained much currency, or have been just stated by an opponent, so that what is asserted is likely to be regarded as paradoxical, it may be advisable to begin with a Refutation." (Elements of Rhetoric, Richard Whately)

The literary term ____________ refers to that part of an argument where a speaker or a writer encounters contradicting points of view. Alternatively, ____________ can be described as the negation of an argument, opinion, testimony, doctrine, or theory, through contradicting evidence. It normally constitutes a part of an essay that disproves the opposing arguments.

Ambiguity Ex: "Jake saw her duck." (verb vs. noun "duck")

The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.

Alliteration Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair."

The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Ex: "Yesterday I had ice cream, and today I have a terrible stomachache. I'm sure the ice cream caused this."

The phrase expresses the logical fallacy of assuming that one thing caused another merely because the first thing preceded the other.

Anaphora Ex: "Get busy living or get busy dying."

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.

Assonance Ex: I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them Sam I Am. ("Green Eggs and Ham" Dr. Seuss)

The repetition of similar vowel sounds takes place in two or more words in proximity to each other within a line of poetry or prose. _______ most often refers to the repetition of internal vowel sounds in words that do not end the same.

Invective Ex: "A knave, a rascal; an eater of broken meats; a base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three-suited, hundred-pound, filthy, worsted-stocking knave ... and art nothing but the composition of a knave, beggar, coward, pandar, and the son and heir of a mongrel bitch ..." (King Lear, Shakespeare)

The term ____________ denotes speech or writing that attacks, insults, or denounces a person, topic, or institution. It involves the use of abusive and negative language. The tool of ____________ is generally employed in both poetry and prose, to reiterate the significance of the deeply felt emotions of the writer.

Chiasmus Ex: "Do I love you because you're beautiful? Or are you beautiful because I love you?" (Do I Love You Because You're Beautiful? - Oscar Hammerstein)

Two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect.

Colloquialism Ex: Am I excited for the party? You betcha! (betcha = colloquialism)

_________ is a language that is informal and conversational. A _____________ is a word or expression that is commonplace within a specific language, geographic region, or historical era.

Transitions

____________ are words and phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences, and paragraphs. ____________ help to make a piece of writing flow better. They can turn disconnected pieces of ideas into a unified whole, and prevent a reader from getting lost in the storyline.

Onomatopoeia Ex: "He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the clack on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling." (For Whom the Bell Tolls, Ernest Hemingway)

____________ indicates a word that sounds like what it refers to or describes. The letter sounds combined in the word mimic the natural sound of the object or action, such as hiccup.

Hyperbole Ex: "I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasie, or a ragoust." (A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift)

____________ is a figure of speech and literary device that creates heightened effect through deliberate exaggeration. ____________ is often a boldly overstated or exaggerated claim or statement that adds emphasis without the intention of being literally true. In rhetoric and literature, hyperbole is often used for serious, comic, or ironic effects.

Euphemism Ex: "Um, how else can I say it? You're being let go. Your department's being downsized. You're part of an outplacement program. We're going in a different direction. We're not picking up your option. Take your pick. I got more." (Kuzco, The Emperor's New Groove)

____________ is a figure of speech commonly used to replace a word or phrase that is related to a concept that might make others uncomfortable. ____________ refers to figurative language designed to replace phrasing that would otherwise be considered harsh, impolite, or unpleasant.

Litotes Ex: "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, concerned citizens can change world. Indeed it is the only thing that ever has." (Margaret Mead)

____________ is a figure of speech featuring a phrase that utilizes negative wording or terms to express a positive assertion or statement. ____________ is intended to be a form of understatement by using negation to express the contrary meaning. This is a clever use of language in its combination of negative terms as a function to express a positive sentiment or statement.

Synecdoche Ex: "It was the kind of voice that the ear follows up and down, as if each speech is an arrangement of notes that will never be played again." (The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald) Fitzgerald incorporates synecdoche in Nick's description with "the ear" that follows the sound of Daisy's speech. In this case, Nick means the ear in a rhetorical manner, since there isn't an actual ear that is literally following the "up and down" of the voice.

____________ is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to signify the whole, or vice-versa. As a literary device, ____________ allows for a smaller component of something to stand in for the larger whole, in a rhetorical manner. ____________ can work in the opposite direction as well, in which the larger whole stands in for a smaller component of something.

Personification Ex: "But the house on Mango Street is not the way they told it at all. It's small and red with tight steps in front and windows so small you'd think they were holding their breath." (The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros)

____________ is a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human. ____________ is a common form of metaphor in that human characteristics are attributed to nonhuman things.

Metonymy Ex: "The circus arrives without warning." (Erin Morgenstern)

____________ is a figure of speech in which one object or idea takes the place of another with which it has a close association. ____________ enables writers to express a word or thought in a different way by using a closely related word or thought. Therefore, this is a method for writers to vary their expression and produce an effect for the reader.

Oxymoron Ex: "Good night, good night! parting is such sweet sorrow, That I shall say good night till it be morrow." (Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare)

____________ is a figure of speech pairing two words together that are opposing and/or contradictory. This combination of contrary or antithetical words is also known in conversation as a contradiction in terms.

Parable Ex: The Boy Who Cried Wolf

____________ is a figure of speech, which presents a short story, typically with a moral lesson at the end.

Satire Ex: "By the time you swear you're his, Shivering and sighing, And he vows his passion is Infinite, undying - -Lady, make a note of this: One of you is lying." (Unfortunate Coincidence, Dorothy Parker)

____________ is a literary device for the artful ridicule of folly or vice as a means of exposing or correcting it. ____________ utilizes tones of amusement, contempt, scorn, or indignation towards a flawed subject with the hope of creating awareness and subsequent change.

Non-sequitur Ex: Denying the antecedent: "If I am Indian, then I am Asian. I am not Indian. Therefore, I am not Asian."

____________ is a literary device that includes statements, sayings, and conclusions that do not follow the fundamental principles of logic and reason. They are frequently used in theater and comedies to create comedic effect.

Repetition Ex: "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death." (Macbeth, Shakespeare)

____________ is a literary device that involves intentionally using a word or phrase for effect, two or more times in a speech or written work.

Ellipsis/Elliptical Sentence

____________ is a literary device that is used in narratives to omit some parts of a sentence or event, which gives the reader a chance to fill the gaps while acting or reading it out. It is usually written between the sentences as a series of three dots, like this: "..."

Symbolism Ex: The A in The Scarlet Letter, the green light in The Great Gatsby

____________ is a literary device that refers to the use of ____________ in a literary work. A ____________ is something that stands for or suggests something else; it represents something beyond literal meaning. In literature, a ____________ can be a word, object, action, character, or concept that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance.

Imagery Ex: "The color is repellant, almost revolting; a smoldering unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight. It is a dull yet lurid orange in some places, a sickly sulphur tint in others. No wonder the children hated it! I should hate it myself if I had to live in this room long." (The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman)

____________ is a literary device that refers to the use of figurative language to evoke a sensory experience or create a picture with words for a reader. By utilizing effective descriptive language and figures of speech, writers appeal to a reader's senses of sight, taste, smell, touch, and sound, as well as internal emotion and feelings.

Tone Ex: "His eye was like the eye of a vulture, the eye of one of those terrible birds that watch and wait while an animal dies, and then fall upon the dead body and pull it to pieces to eat it." (The Tell-Tale Heart, Edgar Allen Poe) The tone of this passage reveals that the narrator fears and is distressed by the old man's eye. This is conveyed by Poe's use of a vulture as a figurative comparison and the violent imagery associated with the remaining wording.

____________ is a literary device that reflects the writer's attitude toward the subject matter or audience of a literary work.

Persuasion Ex: "I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds." (Ethos Appeal, The Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift)

____________ is a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through reason and logic, in order to influence the audience. ____________ may simply use an argument to persuade the readers, or sometimes may persuade readers to perform a certain action.

Syllogism Ex: "All love is wonder; if we justly do Account her wonderful, why not lovely too?" (Elegy 2 The Anagram, John Donne) -All that is lovable is wonderful, and the mistress is wonderful. Therefore, the mistress is lovable.

____________ is a rhetorical device that starts an argument with a reference to something general, and from this it draws a conclusion about something more specific.

Tricolon Ex: "You are talking to a man who has laughed in the face of death, sneered at doom, and chuckled at catastrophe." (The Wizard in The Wizard of Oz, L. Frank. Baum) The use of three phrases makes the speaker - or the author - appear knowledgeable, simple, and catchy. It combines clauses to create a powerful impression, emphasizing the point in a memorable and pithy way.

____________ is a rhetorical term that consists of three parallel clauses, phrases, or words, which happen to come in quick succession without any interruption. These three parallel words, phrases, or clauses have almost the same length, though this condition is not strictly followed.

Syntax Ex: "Thee, Shepherd, thee the woods and desert caves, With wild thyme and the gadding vine o'ergrown, And all their echoes mourn" (Lycidas, John Milton) The modified word order in the above lines is Object+Subject+Subject Complement+Verb.

____________ is a set of rules in a language. It dictates how words from different parts of speech are put together in order to convey a complete thought.

Polysyndeton Ex: "Let the white folks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly-mostly-let them have their whiteness." (I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou)

____________ is a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect. ____________ examples are found in literature and in day-to-day conversations.

Didactic Ex: George Orwell's Animal Farm is an allegory, or a moral and didactic tale, that uses animals on a farm to describe the overthrow of the last of the Russian Tsar, Nicholas-II, and exposes the evil of the Communist Revolution of Russia before WWII. Clearly, the actions of the various animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and corruption of the revolution. It also contains a depiction of how powerful people can alter the ideology of a society.

____________ is a term that refers to a particular philosophy in art and literature that emphasizes the idea that different forms of art and literature ought to convey information and instructions, along with pleasure and entertainment. The word ____________ is frequently used for those literary texts that are overloaded with informative or realistic matter, and are marked by the omission of graceful and pleasing details.

Induction Ex: "This marble from the bag is black. That marble from the bag is black. A third marble from the bag is black. Therefore all the marbles in the bag are black."

____________ is known as a conclusion reached through reasoning. An ____________ statement is derived using facts and instances which lead to the formation of a general opinion.

Deduction Ex: All men are mortal. Joe is a man, therefore Joe must be mortal.

____________ is making an inference based on widely accepted facts or premises.

Narrative Ex: Don Quixote, by Miguel de Cervantes, is a parody of romance narratives, which dealt with the adventures of a valiant knight. Unlike serious romances, in Don Quixote, the narrative takes a comical turn. These and the rest of the incidents of the novel are written in the style of Spanish romances of the 16th century, in order to mock the idealism of knights in the contemporary romances.

____________ is the basis of storytelling. ____________ are oral or written accounts that connect related events or incidents for the purpose of entertaining, educating, communicating, sharing, and/or creating meaning for readers or listeners. ____________ can be found in novels, movies, plays, music, and even video games, and they are often referred to as storylines.

Parallelism Ex: In the way of righteousness is life / And in its pathway there is no death (Prov. 12:28)

____________ is the repetition of grammatical elements in writing and speaking. ____________ influences the grammatical structure of sentences but can also impact the meaning of thoughts and ideas being presented.

Rhetoric

____________ is used in speech and writing to make a specific impact on the audience/reader. ____________ often relies on language and composition techniques to create an effect that is intended to: persuade convince influence entertain impress motivate

Verbal Irony Ex: "Again and again he tried after the tempting morsel, but at last had to give it up, and walked away with his nose in the air, saying: 'I am sure they are sour.' "I will not marry yet; and, when I do, I swear it shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate, rather than Paris." (Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare)

____________ occurs when a speaker speaks something contradictory to what he intends to say. It is an intentional product of the speaker and is contradictory to his/her emotions and actions. To define it simply, it occurs when a character uses a statement with underlying meanings that contrast with its literal meaning; it shows that the writer has used verbal irony.

Figurative Language Ex: Metaphors, Allegories, Allusions, etc.

____________ uses figures of speech to be more effective, persuasive, and impactful.

Limited Point of View

____________ utilizes third person storytelling, but is closely "assigned" to one character. Therefore, this ____________ shares access with the reader to a character's thoughts, feelings, experiences, etc., but is limited in doing so with other characters in the story. Writers choose ____________ to create a deeper bond between a specific character and the reader.