AP PSYCH

unconditioned

UNLEARNED

Sleep apnea

What do we call the sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing and awaken in order to take a breath?

gender identity

Our sense of being male/female.

visual action track

guides our moment-to-moment movements

trait

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. THINKING.

Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz

Believed that cones are sensitive to red, blue, and green, proposed the trichromatic theory of color.

Second Darwinian Revolution

The application of evolutionary principles to psychology

leptin and PYY

What hormones suppress hunger?

Short-term memory

Working memory is most active during which portion of the information-processing model?

lesion

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

men. Ex: 9 to 1 in the U.S. & 8 to 1 in Canada; fighting, warring, and hunting are primarily men's activities; the Iraq war, was consistently supported more by American men than by American women.

Who has more of a tendency to behave more aggressively?

Sigmund Freud

Who was the founder of psychoanalysis?

William James

Who wrote the 1st psychology textbook?

Bc its important for people to know what their getting themselves into. If there weren't ethics, this could cause humans/nonhumans serious problems.

Why is it important to follow ethical guidelines?

Norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal, malfunctions: depress mood. CONCENTRATION.

hypothesis

A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n)...

educational psychology

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

social-cultural psychology

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

1878 - G. Stanley Hall was awarded the first PhD on a psychological topic from Harvard (in philosophy).

Who received the first PhD in psychology from Harvard?

Genetic contributions

What is the primary means by which parents influence the behavior of their children?

It causes the pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin.

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in sleep?

fetus

Which of the following is the longest prenatal stage?

proactive interference

You've had your old phone for years, and when you get a new phone and people ask for your number you tell them your old number instead.

operant conditioning: negative reinforcement

Your hands are cold so you put your gloves on. In the future, you are more likely to put gloves on when it's cold.

Which way to turn the car key to start the engine

Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

Logical-mathematical

ability to think logically and to solve mathematical problems

coping with disaster

after Haiti's disastrous 2010 earthquake, this community psychologist helped survivors cope with the loss of their homes and, for many, the death of family members and friends

embryo

at 40 days spine visable

grit

-passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

taste aversion

A learned avoidance of a particular food. A type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation.

Image

A mental representation of a sensory experience is known as a(n)...

REM rebound

According to research, which of the following are we most likely to experience after sleep deprivation?

genome

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes. It is this shared genetic profile that makes us humans, rather than chimpanzees or tulips.

Prosopagnosia (face blindness or facial agnosia)

The inability to recognize faces.

infantile amnesia

The inability to remember events from early childhood. Infantile (infant childhood). Amnesia (memory loss).

mode

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.

encoding

The process by which a stimulus is attended to, identified, studied, and incorporated into memory is known as....

cognition

Thinking is a synonym for...

Hypnotherapy

This therapy aims to help people uncover problem-causing thoughts and feelings, or to change an unwanted behavior.

To be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning.

What is one of the principal functions of mirror neurons?

Hypothalamus

key to managing feelings of hunger. gives out orexin, a hormone that triggers hunger.

NREM-2 (stage 3 of sleep)

(20 minutes). Showing its periodic sleep spindles—bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity. Could be awakened without much difficulty but now clearly asleep. Wave: n/a. WHEN UR ASLEEP.

barbiturates

(A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness.) Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Ex: Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are sometimes prescribed to induce sleep or reduce anxiety, in larger doses, they can impair memory and judgment.

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. It affects our perception, memory, attitudes, and other cognitions.

acute/reactive schizophrenia

-well-adjusted people develop schizophrenia rapidly -following particular life stresses, recovery is much more likely. -more often have the positive symptoms that are responsive to drug therapy

social psychology

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Hering's opponent-process theory

Which of the following explains reversed-color afterimages?

Egocentric thinker

Which of the following identifies children's difficulty seeing another's perspective?

Authoritative

Which of the following identifies the parenting style most likely to ground a teen who had missed a curfew—and to explain the rationale for doing so, after considering the teen's reasons?

Surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak with a British accent.

Which of the following is produced by perceptual set?

urban growth

The rate of growth of an urban population.

stimulus

an object that brings on a response

salty

sodium essential to physiological processes

hue

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. (The color we experience, such as the tulip's red petals/green leaves).

operant behavior

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. Ex: Pavlov's dog

perceptual adaptation

A teacher used distortion goggles, which shifted the wearer's gaze 20 degrees, to demonstrate an altered perception. A student wearing the goggles initially bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but chose to wear the goggles for a half hour. After 30 minutes, the student was able to smoothly avoid obstacles, illustrating the concept of....

Dualism

the presumption proposed by Rene Descartes that the human mind and body are two distinct entities that interact with each other to make a person.

cohort

the same group of people—over a period of years

intelligence test

assesses people's mental abilities and compares them with others, using numerical scores

auditory rehearsal

ex. mentally repeating a password long enough to enter it online.

stimulus

Any event or situation that evokes a response.

Who created the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

David Wechsler

Raising the inner part of your eyebrows

How do your facial expression express worry?

conditioned

LEARNED

blind spot

We pay a small price for this eye-to-brain highway. Where the OPTIC NERVE LEAVES the eye, there are no receptor cells creating the.... Our brains fills in the hole though.

receive, transform, deliver

What are the 3 steps basic to our sensory systems?

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval & variable interval

What are the are four types of partial reinforcement schedules?

relative height, relative motion, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light & shadow.

What are the six kinds of monocular cues?

babbling stage, one-word stage, two-word stage, telegraphic

What are the stages of language development?

Spontaneous recovery

What do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response?

modeling

Which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages?

Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times.

Which of the following processes would produce the acquisition of a conditioned response?

Jacob had to increase the dosage of his pain medication when the old dosage no longer effectively controlled the pain from his chronic back condition.

Which of the following represents drug tolerance?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Which test did Henry Murray introduce?

Albert Bandura

Who of the following is considered the leading advocate of personality's social-cognitive approach?

8/10x100= IQ of 80

a 10-yr-old boy who answers questions at an 8-yr-old level, calculate.

psychoactive drugs

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

monochromatic vision

individual who is completely color-blind (one-color)

Cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

the nature-nurture issue

the debate about the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as what?

Linguistic

deals with individuals' ability to understand both spoken and written language, as well as their ability to speak and write themselves. ex: talking on a podium

Generally speaking, heritability is the extent to which...differences among people are accounted for by genes.

differences among people are accounted for by genes.

CT (computed tomography) scan

examines the brain by taking x-ray photographs that can reveal brain damage, taken from different angles. (uses X-rays to provide a 3D picture of the brain.)

behavior genetics

explore the genetic and environmental roots of human differences

oxytocin

A stress-moderating hormone associated with pair bonding in animals and released by cuddling, massage, and breast feeding in humans.

illness anxiety disorder

Adela regularly interprets ordinary physical symptoms like stomach cramps and headaches as serious medical problems. Her doctor is unable to convince her that her problems are not serious. Adela suffers from

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal (in stomach). malfunction: depression. MOOD -taking ecstasy causing euphoria.

Who is the father of modern intelligence testing?

Alfred Binet

High score on an exam for which a student studied diligently

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except.....

cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt/destroy.

Biological constraints also place limits on operant conditioning. Training that attempts to override biological constraints will probably not endure because animals will revert to predisposed patterns.

Biological constraints also place limits on operant conditioning. Training that attempts to override biological constraints will probably not endure because animals will revert to predisposed patterns.

Wernicke's area

Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language COMPREHENSION and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. Damage to this area also disrupts UNDERSTANDING.

Which of the following is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?

Convergent thinking

testing effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

John Locke

He wrote that people are born with minds that are a "blank slate" (tabula rasa). Everything we know has been learned since then. This is the birth of modern "empiricism" - knowledge comes from experiences. He then agreed with Bacon: we must use experiments.

coronary heart disease

High blood pressure is one factor that increases the risk- the closing of the blood vessels that nourish the heart. This is North America's #1 cause of death. Smoking, obesity, high fat diet, and high cholesterol add to the risk. But, stress also adds to the risk. This was shown in a study, of tax preparers who scrambled to finish tax returns on time and saw their risk go up due to stress.

66 days

How long does it take to form habits?

the rats whose progress improved markedly once a reward was introduced.

In Tolman's experiment on latent learning, latent learning was shown by...

68 percent

In a normal distribution what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean?

Postconventional morality

In what level of morality might a person have an internal set of values that may conflict with societal values?

NREM-1

In which stage of sleep are you likely to experience hypnagogic sensations of falling?

Assimilation

Incorporating new information into your existing ideas is a process known as...

Retroactive

Jim only recalls his new college gym locker combination. He could not recall his old high school one. Proactive or Retroactive?

oval window

Membrane across the opening between the middle ear and inner ear that conducts vibrations to the cochlea.

Information-processing model

Model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages(encoding, storage, & retrieval). (Idea of memory, takes after a computer).

clairvoyance

Perceiving remote events, such as sensing that a friend's house is on fire. Many twins claim they have this, can tell when something is happening to one another.

Plato saw that people have abilities unique to themselves.**

Plato saw that people have abilities unique to themselves.

grammer

RULES OF LANGUAGE.

Rosenzweig Experiment

Rats were raised on a playground w/ other rats. And there were ones kept in isolation. The rats raised on the playground had more cognitive dev.; overall were doing better, there brains were more advanced & healthier. →TAKE AWAY: Shows that our cognitive dev. is really aided by social interactions.

somatosensory cortex

Stimulation at a point on which of the following may cause a person to report being touched on the knee?

drug addiction among pregnant women

Taiwan, Cuba, and most of Europe have lower infant mortality rates than the US, in part because of?

self-control

The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards. In studies, this ability has predicted good adjustment, better grades, and social success.

placenta

The life-link that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo.

association areas

The most noticeable difference between human brains and other mammalian brains is the size of the...

protection from harm

The right of research participants to be protected from physical or psychological harm

Behaviorism

The work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and gential

What are the psychosexual stages?

Women's risk of major depression is nearly double men's.**

Women's risk of major depression is nearly double men's.

nucleus accumbens

a dopamine; reward system.

somatosensory cortex

area at the very front of the parietal lobes (next to the frontal lobes, the back of them) that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. (specializes in receiving info. from the skin senses and from the movement of the body parts. Located in the PARIETAL LOBES

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth.

relative height

we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away. The higher something is, we perceive it be farther up, farther away.

need

A requirement that has to be fulfilled.

Population

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

vision

light waves striking the eye

difficulty with selective attention

What might result from disorganized thoughts?

POSITIVE REINFOREMENT IS MOST HELPFUL FOR LEARNING/MOST EFFECTIVE

.....

statistical learning

Children learn easily where the breaks into the words are, opposed to syllables within a word.

morphemes

The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in "adapted" are examples of...

Reduce potential confounding variables.

The purpose of random assignment is to...

sour

potentially toxic acid

also called acquisition

process of conditioning.....

normal curve

A symmetrical, bell-shape that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.

Drive

Which of the following is an aroused motivational state created by a physiological need?

130 or above

What are the components of labeling somebody who's a genius?

endocrine system

glands secrete another form of chemical messengers, hormones, which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brain. Hormones which impact interest in sex, food, and aggression.

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. (they study our differences and weigh the effects and interplay (the effect) of heredity and environment.

crack

a faster-working crystallized form of cocaine that produces a briefer but more intense high, followed by a more intense crash.

prereproductive

ages 0-14 in the agestructure diagram

morphine

elevates mood and eases pain

relative size

if we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away. The one appears farther if it casts a smaller image.

intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. The ability to form emotionally close relationships. (Often comes after a person has a good sense of his/her identity).

just noticeable difference (JND)

the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect. Sound waves hit ears a different times, little bit after. The difference in timing allows us to know where the sound comes from.

parallel processing

(can do many things at once). To analyze a visual scene, the brain divides it into subdimensions: motion, form, depth, color. Ex: when looking at a bird, we process its color, motion, form and depth all at the same time.

fovea

(cones cluster in and around this area). The retina's area of central focus. The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. (The CENTRAL point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.

Understanding emotions

-A person can predict emotions and gets their impact. -I understand if I do this somebody might react in this way emotionally -predicitive -understanding how emotions can change/transformation within a situation or even blend together(layer together)-angry, sadness, grief

Managing emotions

-A person can show emotions appropriately -understanding when/where to express certain emotions; when it's appropriate to laugh/cry -regulate your own emotions

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

-When their answers were analyzed, the extraversion and emotionality factors inevitably emerged as basic personality dimensions -The Eysencks believed that these factors are genetically influenced, and research supports this belief.

Generalization

-classical conditioning: tendency to respond to stimulu similar to CS -operant: organism's response to similar stimuli is also reinforced

Down syndrome

-disorder of varying severity caused by an extra chromosome 21 in the person's genetic makeup.

erogenous zones

-in Freud's theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development(pleasure sensitive areas of the body)

triarchic theory

-intelligence is best classified into 3 areas that predict real world success -based on intelligence that we need to expand our mind to include: art, music, and sports

-intelligence test are comparing your intelligence to others**

-intelligence test are comparing your intelligence to others

fluid intelligence

-younger people are better -our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood -ex: give a 20yr old a cellphone they can figure it out but if you give a 80-yr old a cellphone there's a problem -increases until about age 30 and then a steady decline -ex: solving novel problems

Prenatal Development

1. At about 14 days, the zygote becomes an embryo, all of which are very similar. It's an embryo for two weeks, then cells begin to specialize and grow organs and a tiny heart. Organs begin to form and the heart begins to beat. 2. By the seventh week, we see sexual differences due to tiny testes. 3. By nine weeks, the embryo becomes a fetus and organs develop so the child can survive outside of the womb.

cognitive maps

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Ex: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. (Mental representation of the maze, much like your mental map of the school).

This is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant.

A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a 5 percent chance that results are due to chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding?

Schema

A second-grader develops the idea that all teachers are female because she only encounters female teachers. This idea is an example of what psychological concept?

creativity

Ability to create ideas that are novel and valuable. Studies suggest that a score above 120 on a standard intelligence test—supports creativity. People who score high on intelligence (IQ) tests are not always creative, and vice versa.

theory of mind

Ability to read another person's intentions. At this stage, children can begin to understand why somebody did something. Bc they can understand intentions, they can formulate expectations about what will happen in a situation.

Analytical

According to Robert Sternberg, what kind of intelligence is assessed by traditional intelligence tests?

traits

Characteristics that are inherited. Ex: loving, kindness, sincerity, self-control.

-depression is a mood -major depressive disorder, is the disorder

Difference between depression and major depressive disorder?

-decreased axonal white matter or enlarged fluid-filled ventricles, in the brain

Explain brain activity of people with bipolar?

If it DISRUPTS our normal functioning, it's a DISORDER.**

If it DISRUPTS our normal functioning, it's a DISORDER.**

localization of function

The idea that various brain regions have particular functions.

Alpha waves

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, AWAKE state. (You're awake, but very relaxed, then slip into sleep. Breathing is slow and brain waves are irregular.)

psychology

The science of behavior and mental processes is the definition of which field of study?

Retinal disparity

The view from Narmeen's left eye is slightly different from the view from her right eye. This is due to which depth cue?

basal ganglia

Deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills (muscle coordination and movement). If you have learned how to ride a bike, thank your basal ganglia. Helps explain why the reactions and skills we learned during infancy reach far into our future.

psychosomatic

Describes a physical symptom that has a psychological cause. The term became known as a person "faking it" or the symptom is "just in their head but it's not real." Sometimes this is true, sometimes what's in our head does affect us physically. So, the term is not used much anymore.

repress

Freud was the mass of unacceptable passions and thoughts that he believed we ___________, or forcibly block from our consciousness because they would be too unsettling to acknowledge.

learning

Which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

ultradian rhythm

90 minute schedule. The sleep cycle

medical model

A mental illness (also called a psychopathology) needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and treated through therapy, which may include time in a psychiatric hospital

skewed distribution

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value. Cluster at one hand.

observation

According to the behaviorist perspective, psychological science should be rooted in what?

Lev Vygotsky

Believed that kids develop through the social environment; interactions

fetus

By 9 weeks after conception, an embryo looks unmistakably human. (The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth). Time spand: week 8→week 40 (birth). Processes occuring: continued growth + maturing of organs, survivability→24 weeks

addiction

COMPULSIVE drug craving and use, despite known adverse consequences. (a compulsive craving despite consequences to use. Physical symptoms often accompany an addiction.)

Yes. Ex: a hypnotized person can often dunk their arm in ice-water and feel less pain than a non-hypnotized person. Ex: In surgical experiments, hypnotized patients have required less medication, recovered sooner, and left the hospital earlier than unhypnotized control patients.

Can hypnosis relieve pain?

consulting psychologist

Cognitive psychologists may advise businesses on how to operate more effectively by understanding the human factors involved.

heroin

DEPRESSANT. Opiate. Neurotransmitters involved: DOPAMINE, INHIBITORY. Behavioral impact: mimics our endorphins, pain relief.

Data received by either hemisphere are quickly transmitted to the other across the corpus callosum. In a person with a severed corpus callosum, this information-sharing does not take place.*

Data received by either hemisphere are quickly transmitted to the other across the corpus callosum. In a person with a severed corpus callosum, this information-sharing does not take place.

-High in Agreeableness

Doug is a gullible, trusting man who will do almost anything for his friends as well as strangers. He is very helpful around the house is readily counted on to be there when you need him. His teen daughters have him wrapped around their fingers and even though he tries to be firm with them, he usually gives them whatever they ask for.

frontal lobes

EXPLICIT. Left: ex: recalling a password. Right: ex: recalling a visual scene of an event, like a football game.

telegraphic speech

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"get car"—using mostly nouns and verbs. "get car" can be meant by get the red car in the closet.

Even in childhood our performance on intelligence tests begin to predict our intelligence as adolescence and as adults. The consistency of scores over time increases w/ age of a child→meaning that probably by high school age you're intelligence test scores are pretty stable, doesn't mean that you've maxed out just means that it's probably not going to go down from there→can always exercise our brain to increase our intelligence is we get older -but when we give adolescence an IQ test we give them a test later→then we stable results

Even in childhood our performance on intelligence tests begin to predict our intelligence in adolescence

-more activity during periods of mania -Norepinephrine(increases arousal and boosts mood) is overabundant

Explain brain activity during manic states?

psychoanalysis

Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques_____________________

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Hans Selye concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. (He said our responses to stress are amazingly uniform).

John B. Watson

He was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. B.F. Skinner and him redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior." They suggested that our behavior is influenced by learned associations (behavioral is due to reinforcement, like rewards and punishment).

Abraham Maslow

He was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.

because of increased knowledge and availability of contraceptives.

How has family planning been a major factor in reducing the number of births throughout most of the world?

If women gets flu in the 2nd trimester→increased risk of schizophrenia. **

If women gets flu in the 2nd trimester→increased risk of schizophrenia.

control group

In an experiment, the group NOT exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Broca's area; Wernicke's area

In general, damage to ________ disrupts speaking, while damage to ________ disrupts understanding of language.

Joy, contentment, sadness, and despair are different points on a continuum.**

Joy, contentment, sadness, and despair are different points on a continuum.

priming

Juan returns to his grandparent's house after a 10-year absence. The flood of memories about his childhood visits is best explained by which of the following?

People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures.**

People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures.

Developed prototypes for mice and rats

Ralph cannot generate an accurate list of critical differences between mice and rats, but he can still use the concepts of mice and rats in his thinking. This is because he...

Perceiving patterns in random events

Random sequences often don't look random. Patterns and streaks occur more than people expect. Ex: you notice that your last four answers have been "c." People may think it's an pattern but it's unaffected by previous answers. It's likely to be "c" as any other answer.

*Problems with modern life: we never really get all of our stressors resolved. By the time one stressors becomes resolved a 2nd stressors, 3rd, 4th have come along to replace it. So we are constantly in phase two trying to resist one stressor or another.

Problems with modern life: we never really get all of our stressors resolved. By the time one stressors becomes resolved a 2nd stressors, 3rd, 4th have come along to replace it. So we are constantly in phase two trying to resist one stressor or another.

they are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medication

Psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that they

insomnia

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. It CAN"T be "fixed" with alcohol or sleeping pills. These only reduce REM sleep and make the person feel even more sluggish the next day.

negative punishment

Removing a stimulus from environment to decrease a behavior. Ex: take away teen's driving privileges; revoke a library card for nonpayment of fines. Desirable object is removed in response to undesirable behavior with the goal of reducing or ending the undesirable behavior.

Replication

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

longitudinal study

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. (restudying the same people over time).

-A family member's death, a job loss, a marital crisis, or a physical assault increase one's risk of depression.

Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression...

psychometrics

The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

*We learn to drive, to text, to speak a new language with effort, but then these tasks become automatic.*

We learn to drive, to text, to speak a new language with effort, but then these tasks become automatic.

split brains

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, malfunctions: seizures, tremors, and insomnia. inhibitory - low levels goes with anxiety (Calming)

decibels

a measure of how loud a sound is (its intensity). (with zero decibels representing the absolute threshold for hearing.)

smell

chemical molecules breathed in through the nose

difference threshold (just noticeable difference)s

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. (minimum difference between two stimuli that can be detected at least 50% of the time.) Ex: picking up a 20 pound weight and then a 20 pound 1 ounce weight, you likely would not notice a difference. If you kept increasing the weight, you'd eventually say, "This is heavier." At some weight, you'd notice it 50% of the time. NOTICEABLE

hypnotic ability

The ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, to entertain fanciful possibilities.

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. (The mathematical likelihood that differences between people is due to genetics. This shows the percent likelihood of variations among people based on genetics).

critical thinking

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, assess the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. Scientists ask "What evidence do you have to support that?" or "Are there any possible alternative explanations?"

Authoritarian, permissive, Authoritative

What are the 3 main parenting styles, according to Diana Baumrind?

The importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning.

What did Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner's experiments establish?

-that multiple abilities can contribute to life success. -differing varieties of giftedness add spice to life and challenges for education

What do both Gardner and Sternberg agree on?

Operant conditioning

What do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer?

Amygdala

What part of the brain triggers the release of adrenaline to boost heart rate when you're afraid?

Weber's Law

What principle states that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a minimum percentage rather than a constant amount?

Frontal lobes and hippocampus

What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory?

sweet

energy source

fraternal twins raised together show somewhat of a correlation→0.60**

fraternal twins raised together show somewhat of a correlation→0.60

dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following is the diagnosis given to people with multiple personalities?

informed consent

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This means participants (1) know what's going on and (2) they give their permission to be in the study.

conscious

Awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings. Ex: Our conscious awareness is like the part of an iceberg that floats above the surface. AWARENESS. What thoughts are we aware of/what thoughts we actually hear. We can hear.

industrial- organizational psychologist

Betsy works in a human resources department. She plans training sessions, recruits people to work for the company, and implements techniques to boost morale around the office. Of the following Betsy is most likely a(n) i

industrial-organizational psychology

The application of psychological concept in methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Ex: marijuana, LSD, ecstasy. (create perception without sensory input.)

NREM-3 (stage 4 of sleep)

(30 minutes). Wave: delta, slow frequency. Harder to wake, deepest level of NREM sleep. Stage where people sleep walk. (DEEP SLEEP).

alcohol use disorder

(popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

symbolic thinking

(preoperational stage) ex: child playing in the dirt to make food. The child imagine themselves to be other people or animals also using drawing, writing, singing and talking.

fixate

-According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. -At any point in the oral, anal, or phallic stages, strong conflict could lock, or _________, the person's pleasure-seeking energies in that stage. -Ex: a person who had been either orally overindulged/deprived (perhaps by abrupt, early weaning) might fixate at the oral stage. This orally fixated adult could exhibit either passive dependence (like that of a nursing infant) or an exaggerated denial of this dependence (by acting tough or uttering biting sarcasm). Or the person might continue to seek oral gratification by smoking or excessive eating.

psychodynamic theories

-Modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. -theories of personality view our behavior as emerging from the interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind, including associated motives and conflicts.

Intrapersonal

-WITHIN -intelligence about yourself, my own mind, own thoughts -somebody is rlly self-aware, probably keeps a journal/diary -understands there own emotions & thoughts very well

Analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence

-assessed by traditional intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer. -school smarts; traditional does well on tests, on sat...

William Stern

-he derived the famous intelligence quotient, IQ -he originally used it as→person's mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100(we don't use this nowadays)

Your father tells you he will not pay for you to take additional classes in college although you are hoping to double-major and pursue as many courses as possible in your time there. Use findings of Carol Dweck...

-intelligence is not fixed -if we limit our educational opportunities then we're eliminating -so he can increase his intelligence

self-actualization

-one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. -to know who you are, to have a solid self-concept -to have a good understanding of who you are and what qualities make up your self-concept -most people reach this into adulthood

melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. Determined by the amount of brightness that it produces.

glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter counters GABA to give "homeostasis" or balance. MEMORY.

recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. (ability to call up stored memories). Ex: 7 dwarfs activity, round one: trying to identifiy the dwarfs names, with no help. *no retrieval cues, only memory* Ex: psychology FRQ or essay.

prototypes

A mental image or best EXAMPLE OF A CATEGORY. (MORE SPECIFIC). Ex: Jay-Z, red delicious apple, robin, 4-door sedan, penguin. *Like a stereotype of a concept*

Hippocampus (in the temporal lobe)

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. Brain's equivalent of a "save" button for EXPLICIT memories. Damage to this hurts memories. Extra activity in it during sleep seems to help people remember things later on. (TEMPORARILY site for memories). Ex: birds can store food in 100's of places & return to these unmarked caches months later—but not if their hippocampus has been removed. One of the last brain structures to mature. Where we store NEW memories, not long-term storage. *it doesn't store memories*

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. It tells muscles to contract. When it's blocked (as in some anesthetics), the muscles won't contract and we're paralyzed. ATTENTION and ALERTNESS.

Naturalist

A person who studies plants and animals by observing them ex: hiking

classical conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. (Occurs when we associate two stimuli and thus expect a result). (AUTOMATIC). STIMULUS, RESPONSE.

insight

A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what?

greenbelt

An open area reserved for recreation, sustainable forestry, or other nondestructive uses.

habituates

An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it. (If a stimulus occurs normally in an environment, an animal's natural response may dwindle. *Think of the stimulus as becoming habit, so why respond to it?*

unconditioned response (UR)

An unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth). This is the NATURAL RESPONSE- salivation. DROOLING. Reflex "built in."

resting potential

Axons having negatively charged ions inside, positively charged ions outside. (always NEGATIVE)

object permanence

Babies(younger than 6 months) here do not have this permanence- Can't understand that things continue to exist when they are out of sight. Starts to develop 4-8 months of age & involves a baby's understanding that when things disappear, they aren't gone forever. (understanding object permanence; ex: explains why the game of Peek-a-Boo is fun at this age. A hidden face is really gone, to the infant, then suddenly it's back! Wow! This tends to show up around 8 months. (doesn't understand; ex: when mom drops son off at school, kid starts crying bc they haven't figured out(thinks mom has disappeared) that their mom will come back(lacking object permanence). (sensorimotor)

Observational learning

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following?

From infancy on, brain and mind—neural hardware and cognitive software—develop together. Day you were born, you had most of the brain cells you would ever have. However, your nervous system was immature: After birth, the branching neural networks that eventually enabled you to walk, talk, and remember had a wild growth spurt. From ages 3-6, the most rapid growth was in your frontal lobes, which enable rational planning. Explains why preschoolers display a rapidly developing ability to control their attention and behavior. The association areas—those linked w/ thinking, memory, and lang.—are the last cortical areas to develop. As they do, mental abilities surge. Fiber pathways supporting language and agility proliferate into puberty. A use-it-or-lose-it pruning process

Brain neurons

motor cortex

Cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the...

You are aware that a dog is viciously barking at you, but you are not aware of the type of dog. Later, you are able to describe the type and color of the dog. This ability to process information without conscious awareness best exemplifies which of the following?

Dual processing

Law of effect

Edward Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what?

Cognitive maps

Elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. Which of the following best identifies this capacity?

Reinforcement

In operant conditioning, any event that STRENGTHS the behavior it follows. INCREASES behavior. Any consequence that STRENGTHS behavior.

Sigmund Freud proposed repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Discrimination

Lynn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, Charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of Lynn's presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What concept has Charlie demonstrated?

Competence versus inferiority

Megan, a third grader, is having trouble with math. She is starting to do poorly in other subjects, because she feels she cannot master math. Based on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is Megan in?

ratio

QUANTITY. Certain amount of behaviors are needed for reinforcement to occur.

-Shy introverts are more likely than extraverts to prefer communicating by e-mail rather than face-to-face -Highly conscientious people earn better high school and university grades. They also are more likely to be morning types; evening types ("owls") are marginally more extraverted -If one partner scores lower than the other on agreeableness, stability, and openness, marital and sexual satisfaction may suffer -Our traits infuse our language. In text messaging, extraversion predicts use of personal pronouns, agreeableness predicts positive-emotion words, and neuroticism (emotional instability) predicts negative-emotion words

Research on the Big Five...

Class Counselor

School Psychologists, who have their master's degree in psychology, may find themselves working with students individually or in groups, as well as in a consultative role for their school's administrators.

James Lange

Shelby had tears streaming down her cheeks and THEN became sad. Which theory of emotion is this?

concepts

Simplified MENTAL GROUPINGS of similar objects, events, ideas, and people. (MORE BROAD). CATEGORIES. Ex: laugh, sing, flower, couch, dogs

accommodation

The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from the first 3 years of life are not reliable.

The text discusses therapist-guided "recovered" memories. Which of the following statements represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue?

moral reasoning (Kohlberg)

The thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

Language, images, and concepts

The three most important building blocks of thoughts are...

liver

To provide energy, this pours extra sugar into your bloodstream. Secretes glucose.

-OCD -PTSD

What are different disorders involving anxiety?

quiet, unsociable, reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious, and moody

What are the introverted personality characteristics?

To encourage family planning, to reduce poverty, and to elevate the status of women.

What are the most effective ways to slow human population growth?

-involves not one isolated brain abnormality but problems with several brain regions and their interconnections

What areas of the brain are involved in schizophrenia?

space, time, frequency

What can automatic processing simultaneously handle?

stomach contractions, pangs of an empty stomach

What causes the feeling of hunger?

-genetically influenced abnormalities in brain structure and biochemistry contribute to many disorders. But as we will see, psychological factors, such as chronic or traumatic stress, also play an important role.

What contributes to disorders?

Japan, Russia, Germany, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Greece, Italy, & Spain.

What countries are going to faced with a rapidly declining population in the future?

Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults.

What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate?

Collective unconscious

What did Carl Jung call the shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history?

Women tend to be better at sensing emotional cues and identifying lies. Women seem to be emphatic. Women also seem to have more depth and complexity in sensing emotions; men tend to keep emotions pretty simple.

What is the difference between women and men with emotion?

1) People eat more when together with others. 2) Portion-size matters in a big way. People eat more when given bigger portions. And they eat more when given big plates and utensils.

What is the ecology of eating?

(external)alcohol use disorder, antisocial conduct, lack of impulse control

Which disorders are men more vulnerable to?

Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her.

Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory?

People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.

Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?

a kitten learns to chase birds by copying its mother

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

You can't recall your new cell phone number because your old number interferes.

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference?

Instinct

Which of the following is an unlearned, complex behavior exhibited by all members of a species?

using psychological concepts to boost worker productivity

Which of the following statements is the best example of applied research? a. investigating personality traits b. using psychological concepts to boost worker productivity c. experimenting with how people perceive different stimuli d. studying the changing abilities of children from ages 2 to 5 e. Exploring the neutral changes that occur during adolescence

functionalist

Which school of psychology focused on the adaptive nature of thinking and how our consciousness evolves to meet our needs?

mean

Which statistical measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores?

time (implicit memories)

While going about your day, you unintentionally note the sequence of its events. Later, realizing you've left your backpack somewhere, the event sequence your brain automatically encoded will enable you to retrace your steps. Ex: someone asks you what someone was wearing, you say the color of their shirt and ur correct.

a stressful event triggers your hypothalamus to instruct your putuitary to release a hormone that causes your adrenal glands to flood your body with a cortisol, stress hormone that increases blood sugar*

a stressful event triggers your hypothalamus to instruct your putuitary to release a hormone that causes your adrenal glands to flood your body with a cortisol, stress hormone that increases blood sugar

What damage happens to the frontal lobe if damaged?change in mood and an inability to regulate behavior.

change in mood and an inability to regulate behavior.

biological influences

distinctive brain activity, unconscious information processing

info. from the LEFT half of your field of vision goes to your RIGHT hemisphere. NOTE: Each eye receives sensory info. from both the right and left visual fields.*

info. from the LEFT half of your field of vision goes to your RIGHT hemisphere. NOTE: Each eye receives sensory info. from both the right and left visual fields.

thresholds

minimum amount of neurons needed in the synapse to start a reaction

reflexes

simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli,

they discovered that body areas requiring precise control, such as the fingers and mouth, occupy the greatest amount of cortical space.*

they discovered that body areas requiring precise control, such as the fingers and mouth, occupy the greatest amount of cortical space.

double-blind procedure

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Ex: imagine that researchers are investigating the effects of a new drug. In the study, researchers who interact w/ the participants would not know who was receiving the actual drug & who was receiving a placebo.

self-concept

An idea of who you are as a person. All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

anterograde amnesia

An inability to form new memories. (Could recall past, but COULDN'T form NEW MEMORIES).

retrograde amnesia

An inability to retrieve information from one's past. (Those who cannot recall their past---the old info. stored in the long-term memory. CAN'T REMEMBER PAST.

long-term potentiation (LTP)

An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for LEARNING and MEMORY. (the threshold needed to achieve action potential is lowered due to LTP). (provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations). Drugs that block LTP interfere with learning. NEURAL BASIS FOR MEMORY. For remembering associations. Efficient neurons are when learning/memory.

case study

An individual with an exceptional memory is identified. She is capable of recalling major events, the weather, and what she did on any given date. What research method is being used if a psychologist conducts an in-depth investigation of this individual including questionnaires, brain scans, and memory tests?

shaping

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. (rewards desired behavior and directs the animal toward a desired behavior.) With this method of successive approximations, you reward responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior, and you ignore all other responses, step by step process. Ex: like animal training a dog.

gestalt

An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. (whole sum of multiple parts. The idea is that the whole, the sum of the parts, is greater than the individual parts). Ex: a bunch of small squares arranged in a circular pattern. If you asked a person, "What do you see?" they'll likely say, "A circle." They see the whole, not individual squares. (Brains puts random colors & brain processes it into a organized whole). Ex (textbook photo): Necker cube- most people see a cube made of white bars in front of the field with blue polka dots on it. You see blue circles, white bars, and the cube, none of them are really on the slide, ONLY that's there are blue circle segments. But we perceive the blue circles as a whole circle, the cube exits only in your mind.

negative; they would recommend you employ the 3 ideal growth(genuineness, acceptance, and empathy)

Angelika is often unhappy with those around her and feels she missed out on much that life has to offer. She is dissatisfied with her job and her home life and is seeking help from a humanistic therapist. Most likely the therapist would begin by recognizing what about her self-concept? In what way might the therapist help Angelika?

James Lange

Angelo noticed that his heart was racing and THEN began shaking with fear. Which theory of emotion is this?

critical period

Animals grow attached to their parent during this period -the best time for bonding. Think of this period as an open window, the only time it can happen. (An optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development). Ex: goslings, ducklings, or chicks, that period falls in the hours shortly after hatching, when the first moving object they see is normally their mother. From then on, the young fowl follow her, and her alone.

Abusive parents are more likely to turn out kids who turn into abusive parents. Men who beat their wives are more likely to turn out sons who beat their wives. Are these findings more due to nature (due to genetics) or nurture (due to upbringing)? A study of monkeys leans toward saying the cause is nurture. Critics note that being aggressive could be passed along by parents' genes. But with monkeys we know it can be environmental. Television takes up a lot of our time and can therefore be a powerful tool in observational learning.

Antisocial effects of observational learning...

sleep deprivation

Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability.

decreases

As blood glucose............, hunger increases

excercise

As telomeres shorten, aging cells may die without being replaced with perfect genetic replicas. This process is slowed by...

relative motion (motion parallax)

As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move with us. If you're a passenger on a train and you see the fixation point, everything beyond the fixation point appears to be moving with you, but things that are closer to with you, appears to be going backwards. and everything is in motion

random assignment

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. (Once chosen to be in the study, participants are randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group). Ex:

operant conditioning

Associating a behavior w/ a consequence. A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished if followed by a punishment. BEHAVIOR w/ consequence. Response is VOLUNTARY. Behavior associated w/ results. Extinction occurs, reinforcement stops.

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. Ex: If our impatience leads to a family fight, we may go directly to that family member to work things out.

source amnesia (source misattribution)

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. is at the heart of many false memories. (When we either can't or wrongly label the source of a memory). Ex: when songwriters sometimes think they came up with an of their own creative imagination, when in fact they are unintentionally plagiarizing something they earlier read or heard.

replacement-level fertility

Average number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves.

A lot of Freud's ideas aren't able to be verified scientifically. **

BIG TAKE AWAY: A lot of Freud's ideas aren't able to be verified scientifically.

placenta

Baby womb→

-people migrated from rural areas to large central cities -many people migrated from large central cities to suburbs and smaller cities. -many people migrated from the North and East to the South and West: 2008-2043, demographers project that the fastest growing U.S. states will continue to be Nevada, Arizona, & Florida, but increased drought & heat waves due to climate change may alter the trend. The South and West also contain many of the country's ecological hotspots where biodiversity is being threatened. -some people have fled both cities and suburbs and migrated to developed rural areas

Between 1800 and 2008, the % of the U.S. population living in urban areas increased from 5% to 79%. This population shift has occurred in four phases, what are they?

Brain size and intelligence correlate at +0.33. This is a slightly positive correlation, meaning, to a small degree, larger brains mean smarter people.**

Brain size and intelligence correlate at +0.33. This is a slightly positive correlation, meaning, to a small degree, larger brains mean smarter people.

grouping

Bringing order and form to stimuli, which illustrates how the whole differs from the sum of its parts, is called....

Hierachies

Broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts. (organized structures). You usually see these as flow-charts that analyze an organization (like a gov.) or a process. Ex: when the words were organized into categories, recall was 2 to 3 times better.

We don't encode everything that occurs around us. We permanently store some of our experiences, & we may be unable to retrieve some memories we have stored. (It DOESN'T enhance ur memory, idea that "it's in there, I just can't get to it, but hypnosis helps," is wrong. "Hypnotically refreshed" memories combine fact with fiction. Ex: people have reported being abducted by UFOs, but most reports come from people who are predisposed to believe in aliens, are highly hypnotizable, and have undergone hypnosis.

Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?

Which of the following is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing?

Cognition

Singer-Schachter Two-factor theory

Cognition involved; based on context. We have the power to DECIDE what our emotion is. We feel our bodies react, we're aware of this reaction, then we feel the emotion associated with it. Both physical and cognitive must be present for you to experience an emotion. Ex: person sees spider- begins to shake →decides situation is dangerous(experiences fear). Physical arousal and cognitive appraisal. Requires that you have arousal or a physical experience.

CT (computed tomography) scan

Computer-enhanced X-rays used to create brain images are known as

correlation and causation

Correlation does NOT imply causation. Ex: self-esteem correlates negatively (and therefore predicts) depression. (The lower people's self-esteem, the more they're at risk for depression). If you assume, that it does, you have much company. A nearly irresistible thinking error is assuming that an association, sometimes presented as a correlation coefficient, proves causation. But NO matter how strong the relationship, it does not. ASSOCIATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION!!

*Cortex areas surrounding the hippocampus support the processing and storing of explicit memories*

Cortex areas surrounding the hippocampus support the processing and storing of explicit memories

venturesome personality

Creative folks don't follow the crowd. (Willing to take RISKS). Ex: Elon Musk.

intrinsic motivation

Creative folks move forward for its own sake, not money, or fame, etc. (Doing something/it for it's ownsake.

imaginative skills

Creative folks think of things in new ways. (Thinking OUTSIDE THE BOX), linking things together, patterns.

Alcohol

DEPRESSANT. Behavioral Impact: It affects the frontal lobe (judgment/decision making), increases impulsive behavior, relaxes, lowers inhibitions, correlates with risky sex, cuts self-awareness and self-control. It can disrupt memory formation, and heavy drinking can have long-term effects on the brain and cognition. Neurotransmitters involved: GABA, Glutamine.

monocular cues

DEPTH cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. (depth cues available to either eye alone). Only using one eye at a time. How we judge if a person is 10 or 100 meters away.

delusions

DISORGANIZED THINKING -false beliefs, fragmented, bizarre, distorted, -delusions of persecutions -delusions of grandeur (distorted beliefs: dream like)

habituation

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. (DECREASE IN RESPONDING W/ REPEATED STIMULUS). Babies get used to stimulus→bored

shallow processing

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or APPEARANCE of WORDS. (how the letters look).

linguistic determinism

Evidence of words' subtle influence on thinking best supports the notion of....

biased samples

Ex: A survey of high school students to measure teenage use of illegal drugs will be a biased sample because it does not include home-schooled students or dropouts. A sample is also biased if certain members are underrepresented or over represented relative to others in the population.

More cases are better than fewer

Ex: high senior visits 2 schools campuses, he randomly attends 2 classes and discovers both teachers to be witty and engaging. at the 2nd school 2 teachers seem dull. coming home, he tells friends (discounting the small sample of only 2 teachers) the great teachers at the 1st school and the bores at the 2nd school.

divergent thinking

Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions). (MANY ANSWERS/SOLUTIONS). (creativity). Ex: How many uses can you think of for a brick?

expertise

Expert in whatever topic, to be creative people must first know something, or lots of things, from which to build (and continue from there).

alarm reaction

First phase of the GAS. This is the "Oh! Wow!" moment when you're shocked at something. Your sympathetic nervous system kicks in. Pulse races, blood goes to your muscles, you get a faint feeling of shock, and you're ready to fight. ex: not enough money for college. so mobilize resources; Ethan takes on honor, ap classes, travels hockey →goal: scholarship!!!!!

déjà vu

French for "already seen" -eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. "I've been in this exact situation before." (It can be triggered by reentering a similar situation. Rather than actually having been in a situation before, certain similar memories may be similar enough to make us believe we've been there before).

Sir Charles Sherrington

He first inferred there must be a brief interruption in the transmission, calling the meeting point between neurons a synapse.

A. L. Washburn

He studied how we feel hunger. He swallowed a balloon, inflated it, and recorded whenever he felt hunger. His conclusion was that stomach contractions cause the feeling of hunger.

Francis Bacon

He used the scientific method to conduct experiments. For this, he's known as a father of modern science.

Jean Piaget

He was a Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development to learn the development of the human mind. (Cognitive - Piaget, Chomsky- Focuses on how we store, process, and use information, like a computer).

What does the limbic system contain?

Hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

Women's emphasis on caring helps explain another interesting finding: 69% of people have said they have a close relationship with their father, 90% said they feel close to their mother. When wanting understanding and someone with whom to share worries and hurts, both men and women usually turn to women, and both have reported their friendships with women to be more intimate, enjoyable, and nurturing

How are women better at nurturing than men?

-Some of us have genes that make us fragile, yet capable of beauty under favorable circumstances. Others of us are like dandelions—hardy, and able to thrive in varied circumstances -vulnerability to anxiety disorders rises when an afflicted relative is an identical twin -Identical twins also may develop similar phobias, even when raised separately. ex: one pair of 35-yr-old female twins independently became so afraid of water that each would wade in the ocean backward and only up to the knees

How do genes contribute to anxiety disorders?†

Eyebrows raised and together

How do your facial expression express fear?

-third biosocial group whose lives were marked by both the biological and social risk factors. The biosocial group had double the risk of committing a crime. -Similar findings emerged from a famous study that followed 1037 children for a quarter-century: 2 combined factors—childhood maltreatment and a gene that altered neurotransmitter balance—predicted antisocial problems. -Rather, genes predisposed some children to be more sensitive to maltreatment. Within "genetically vulnerable segments of the population," environmental influences matter—for better or for worse

How does both of biological and environmental risk factors contribute to antisocial behavior?

-Using classical conditioning, researchers have created chronically anxious, ulcer-prone rats by giving them unpredictable electric shocks. Like assault victims who report feeling anxious when returning to the scene of the crime, the rats become apprehensive in their lab environment. -link between conditioned fear and general anxiety explains why anxious or traumatized people are hyperattentive to possible threats, and how panic-prone people come to associate anxiety with certain cues -ex: My car was once struck by another whose driver missed a stop sign. For months afterward, I felt a twinge of unease when any car approached from a side street

How does classical conditioning explain disorders?

-our interpretations and irrational beliefs can also cause feelings of anxiety. -wether we interpret the creaky sound in the old house simply as the wind or as a possible knife-wielding intruder determines whether we panic. People with anxiety disorder also tend to be hypervigilant. -A pounding heart becomes a sign of a heart attack. -A lone spider near the bed becomes a likely infestation. -Anxiety is especially common when people cannot switch off such intrusive thoughts and perceive a loss of control and sense of helplessness

How does cognition relate to the feelings of anxiety?

Automatic→Implicit Memories (w/o conscious recall)→processed in cerebellum & basal ganglia→(1) space, time, frequency, (2) motor & cognitive skills, (3) classical conditioning

How does memory processing work for automatic processing?

Effortful→Explicit memories (w/ conscious recall)→processed in hippocampus & frontal lobes→(1) facts & general knowledge, (2) personally experienced events

How does memory processing work for effortful processing?

-Our phobias focus on such specific fears: spiders, snakes, and other animals; enclosed spaces and heights; storms and darkness. (Those fearless about these occasional threats were less likely to survive and leave descendants.) -Our modern fears can also have an evolutionary explanation. ex: a fear of flying may come from our biological predisposition to fear confinement and heights. -as our phobias focus on dangers faced by our ancestors, our compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species' survival

How does natural selection(biological) contribute to anxiety disorders?

nature and nurture interact and together leave their marks on the brain.

How does nature and nurture interact with people who have antisocial behaviors?

Baby is scared from a stranger→primary caregiver says "come here baby"; comforts baby→which helps strengthen relationships(there bond). How we form attachments to our caregivers when were young. Which is also super critical to our self-confidence, self-esteem, self-assurance, etc.

How does stranger anxiety play a role in forming parent-infant attachment bonds?

-Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, PTSD, obsessions, and compulsions are manifested biologically as an overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors→when the disordered brain detects that something is amiss, it seems to generate a mental hiccup of repeating thoughts or actions -Fear-learning experiences that traumatize the brain also create fear circuits within the amygdala.

How does the brain act during these disorders?

Portland has used some of these strategies to control sprawl and reduce dependence on automobiles. Since 1975, its population has grown by about 50%, but its urban area has increased by only 2%. The city has built an efficient light-rail and bus system that carries 45% of all commuters to downtown jobs. By reducing traffic, Portland was able to convert a former expressway and huge parking lot into a waterfront park. The city encourages clustered, mixed-use neighborhood development, w/ stores, light industries, professional offices, high-density housing, and access to mass transit, which allows most people to meet their daily needs w/o a car. Portland has further reduced car use by developing an extensive network of bike lanes and walkways. Since 1975, the city's air pollution has decreased by 86%.

How has been using smart growth helped Portland?

-Gender identity: sense of being male/female; can sometimes match, sometimes doesn't→transgender. -Sexual orientation: what gender you're attracted; same/opposite, endless combinations

How is gender identity different from sexual orientation?

4 also separated by prominent fissures.

How many lobes is each hemisphere's cortex divided up into?

To find out, researchers asked people to remember three-consonant groups, such as CHJ. To prevent rehearsal, the researchers asked them, for example, to start at 100 and count aloud backward by threes. After 3 secs, people recalled the letters only about half the time; after 12 secs, they seldom recalled them at all. Without the active processing that we now understand to be a part of our working memory, short-term memories have a limited life.

How quickly do our short-term memories disappear?

1) Automatic, 2) implicit memories, 3) then processed in cerebellum & basal ganglia, 4) space, time, frequency; motor & cognitive skills; classical conditioning.

IMPLICIT

If you saw a spider on a desk a couple of weeks ago and couldn't find it again to kill it→but if you had a severe phobia you wouldn't be able to even come into the classroom.**

If you saw a spider on a desk a couple of weeks ago and couldn't find it again to kill it→but if you had a severe phobia you wouldn't be able to even come into the classroom.

Proactive interference

If you studied French in high school, you might have a hard time learning Spanish vocabulary words in college because....

basal ganglia

Implicit procedural memories for motor movement or skills is like riding a bike seem to be a function of the...

food production increased at an exponential rate

In 1798 Thomas Malthus hypothesized the collapse of the human population. what factor proved Malthus wrong and led to the continued increases in the human population?

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is EXPOSED to the (IV). (Group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable(cause)). Ex: amount of light.

neural stimuli

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response BEFORE CONDITIONING. (A stimulus that causes no response before conditioning). Pavolv: events the dog could see or hear but didn't associate with food. (tone of bell). Produces NO salivation response.

*In each case, we chunk information into a more familiar form by creating a word (called an acronym) from the first letters of the to-be-remembered items.*

In each case, we chunk information into a more familiar form by creating a word (called an acronym) from the first letters of the to-be-remembered items.

fixed-RATIO

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. "EVERY SO MANY." Ex: Coffee shops may reward us with a free drink after every 10 purchased. Ex: buy 1 coffees, get 1 free.

strange situation experiment

In this experiment she put a young child in a room w/ their mother. The child was playing, and the mother left the room. When the mother left the room the child would be distressed and usually cry. Those who had SECURE ATTACHMENT w/ their mother, when the mother returned, the child would seek to touch and cuddle with the mother, and then once the child was reassured that the mother was back to stay, would go and play independently. Other infants avoid attachment or show INSECURE ATTACHMENT, marked by anxiety/avoidance of trusting relationships. They are less likely to explore their surroundings; they may even cling to their mother. When she leaves, they either cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to her departure and return. (DUMBED-DOWN)1. The "Strange Situation" had a mother and child at about 12 months playing in a room. 2. Another unknown adult entered, then the mother left the room, the child became distraught, then the mother returned. 3. Some parents responded consolingly to the child, other parents not-so-much. The children of responsive parents showed a more "secure attachment" than children of less-responsive parents.

In this test of one type of verbal intelligence (inductive reasoning), the cross-sectional method produced declining scores with age. -The longitudinal method (in which the same people were retested over a period of years) produced a slight rise in scores well into adulthood.

In this test of one type of verbal intelligence (inductive reasoning), the cross-sectional method produced declining scores with age. -The longitudinal method (in which the same people were retested over a period of years) produced a slight rise in scores well into adulthood.**

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. STRENGTHENS behavior by TAKING stimulus away FROM environment. REMOVE an aversive stimulus. Ex: take painkillers to end pain; fasten seat belt to loud beeping. TAKING AWAY AN UNPLEASANT STIMULUS. Ex: taking an aspirin removes an headache.

instinct/evolutionary theory

Instinct: Proposed that behavior stemmed from INBORN drives. INNATE reflexes; UNLEARNED fixed patterns. Evolutionary: Genes predispose species-typical beh. that ads SURVIVAL. Helps explain behavioral similarities due to adaptions from our ancestral past (GENETICALLY PREDISPOSED BEH.) DARWIN'S ideas. Tried to explain human behavior in terms of instincts. There was, supposedly, an instinct for everything.

yes and research teams are sleuthing the culprit genes and abnormal neural pathways

Is ADHD heritable?

continuity and stages

It asks if human development is a gradual, continuous process (like riding up an escalator) or if it goes through a sequence of separate stages (like climbing up the rungs on a ladder).

reticular formation

It's inside the brainstem, between your ears. It travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal. (Relays incoming stimuli to other areas of the brain (also regulates autonomic functions, such as arousal.)) LOCATED IN THE BRAINSTEM.

priming

Jim has just memorized the following list of words for his 3rd grade spelling test: host, most, coast, boast, ghost. When asked by a classmate, "What do you put in a toaster?" Jim replies "Toast!" "No, silly!" said his friend. "You put bread in a toaster!" What psychological process caused Jim to reply incorrectly?

The hippocampus is damaged because he does not recall what has happened before his accident (explicit; location of loot, robbing bank). The cerebellum is not damaged because he is still able to drive and go his way home (implicit).

John robbed three banks, stashed the money in a secret place in the woods, then jumped into the getaway car and raced off. Due to his erratic state, he got into a car accident and has suffered trauma to his brain. After leaving the hospital, John still remembered how to drive a car and find his way home. He did not have memory of the bank robbery or the hiding spot of the loot. Discuss which brain structures may have been damaged and which remained undamaged in John's accident and the reasons for your answer.

Algorithm

Ken knows that the radius of a circle is 5 feet, but he needs to calculate the diameter. The most effective solution strategy he can use involves a(n)...

wavelength; hue

Light's _________ is the distance from one wave peak to the next. This dimension determines the ___________ we experience.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Like a CT scan, provides a detailed picture of the brain's soft tissue. Uses magnetic fields and radio waves.

negative punishment

Maddie gets a speeding ticket, and her parents take her car away for 2 weeks. This is an example of what reinforcement schedule?

experimental methods

Manipulate factors to discover their effects.

low

Martin is a brain share surgeon with an extremely successful track record for treating a wide variety of brain damage in his patients. Each difficult surgery he undertakes requires painstaking precision, patience, and skills. According to a new research into optimal arousal which would Martin's optimal arousal level be prior to beginning a new operation?

Maslow's work with college students led him to speculate that those likely to become self-actualizing adults were likable, caring, "privately affectionate to those of their elders who deserve it," and "secretly uneasy about the cruelty, meanness, and mob spirit so often found in young people."**

Maslow's work with college students led him to speculate that those likely to become self-actualizing adults were likable, caring, "privately affectionate to those of their elders who deserve it," and "secretly uneasy about the cruelty, meanness, and mob spirit so often found in young people."

-High in Extraversion

Meghan is a high school student who participates on 3 athletic teams. She has tons of friends and has parties at her house at least once a month so she can see them all. Her parents are drawn to her vibrant spirit, great big bear hugs and infectious smile. Meghan is well-adjusted and really enjoys her life.

-In national surveys, most business executives say they are more ethical than their average counterpart. -In several studies, 90% of business managers and more than 90% of college professors rated their performance as superior to that of their average peer. -In the National Survey of Families and Households, 49% of men said they provided half or more of the child care, though only 31% of their wives or partners saw things that way -In Australia, 86% of people rate their job performance as above average, and only 1% as below average.

Most people see themselves as better than average.

moral intuitions (Haidt)

Much of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions—"quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions." Quick get feelings that we make automatically. Ex: we feel disgusted when we people treated unfairly. Ex: we feel elated when we see acts of kindness.

*NO LIMIT ON LONG-TERM MEMORY!!*

NO LIMIT ON LONG-TERM MEMORY!!

convergent thinking

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. (ONE SINGLE ANSWER). Ex: math problem, only one answer, no matter the way you get there. But still requires creativity. Injury to the left parietal lobe damages this ability.

A teacher in your school tells you boys are evolutionarily build for hunting and girls are evolutionarily build for gathering. What evidence is shown to support and refute?

Nature & Nurture -ancestral fathers track prey and make their way home. -ancestral mothers may have benefited more from a keen memory for the location of edible plants(wow so helpful...not)—legacy that lives today in women's superior memory for objects and their location. -evidence that refutes→ -experience matters. ex: experiment found that playing action video games boosts spatial abilities -Pinker argues that biological as well as social influences appear to affect gender differences in life priorities -e.g. women's greater interest in people vs. men's in money and things), in risk-taking (with men more reckless), and in math reasoning and spatial abilities; among entering American collegians, 6 times as many men (23%) as women (4%) report playing video/computer games six or more hours a week -Other urge us to remember that social expectations and divergent opportunities shape boys' and girls' interests and abilities

neural networks

Neurons group themselves together into neural networks. This helps them communicate even faster.

Neurotransmitters affect people in many ways such as: depression, happiness, hunger, thinking, addictions, and therapy.*

Neurotransmitters affect people in many ways such as: depression, happiness, hunger, thinking, addictions, and therapy.

infant mortality rate

Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year who die before their first birthday.

inferential statistics

Numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population. It provides ways of testing the reliability of the findings of a study and "inferring" characteristics from a small group of participants or people (your sample) onto much larger groups of people (the population). Ex: you might stand in a mall and ask a sample of 100 people if they like shopping at Sears.

classical conditioning (from video)

Occurs when we associate two stimuli and thus expect a result. (type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.) Ex: we salivate when we smell good food, have a startle response when we hear a loud noise. (NATURAL RESPONSES WE DON'T HAVE TO LEARN). (but we can also can that startle response to something that isn't naturally occurring stimulus to something that we learn, Ex: I have a fear of roaches, roaches in and of themselves are not something that people are naturally scared of but bc roaches have always been associated for me with a startle like a surprise response, I have been able to transfer that startle response surprise response from what would originally cause me fear to a roach. So I have learned that to associate roaches with that startle response and now I have that startle response anytime I see a roach.

James-Lange Theory

One night Samar became frightened when she was startled by a noise while walking down the street alone. Which theory of emotion would say that her fear resulted from the startle response alone?

Empower and educate women

One of the most important factors in helping to stabilize a developing country's population and reducing environmental degradation is to:

Our biology influences our personality in other ways as well. Our genes have much to say about the behavioral style that helps define our personality.**

Our biology influences our personality in other ways as well. Our genes have much to say about the behavioral style that helps define our personality.

linguistic determinism

Our language strongly influence the way we think. This is most apparent in very different languages, like English and Japanese. Bilingual people reveal typical western or eastern traits when describing themselves in those languages. Ex: Hopi Indians' language has no verbs in past tense—they struggle thinking about the past. Ex: A Brazilian tribe has no numbers above 2—they struggle replicating a pile of 7 nuts.

Our parents and upbringing shape who we are and our future. Genetics forms our physical makeup, but the environment (nutrition, love, interaction) fills in the spaces.**

Our parents and upbringing shape who we are and our future. Genetics forms our physical makeup, but the environment (nutrition, love, interaction) fills in the spaces.

identity

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. A person's stable sense of who they are.

dopamine

PLEASURE and reward. Influences movement, learning, attention, & emotion. Ex: meth, coke, heroin, marijuana.

sensitive period

People don't have the critical period imprinting. We have this "sensitive period" that's less written-in-stone. Children like what's familiar- same faces, same stories, same routines. These things mean safety and comfort. Ex: Children like to reread the same books, rewatch the same movies, reenact family traditions. They prefer to eat familiar foods, live in the same familiar neighborhood, attend school with the same old friends. You may even have noticed your own preference for familiar music, familiar daily routines, and familiar class seating locations. Familiarity breeds content.

sleep

Periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Physiological condition producing a natural loss of consciousness)

-His theory was based on an unrepresentative sample of children -Not all people reach the formal operational stage -His theory underestimates children's abilities

Piaget's stages have been criticized because...

Number of sound waves that reach the ear in a given time

Pitch depends on which of the following?

industrial stage

Population growth slows as both birth and death rates drop bc of improved food production, health, and education

Population size increases because of births and immigration and decreases through deaths and emigration.**

Population size increases because of births and immigration and decreases through deaths and emigration.

prosocial behavior

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Proposed a model to explain our memory forming process: Sensory=>Short Term=>Long Term memory

Role models can have a very real positive impact on young people. Observational learning of morality starts at a very young age and is real. Parents who live by the "Do as I say, not as I do" mentality tend to raise kids that wind up doing what they do. Then they in turn tell their kids, "Do as I say, not as I do." Hypocrites beget hypocrites. This shows, in a not-so-good way, the power of parental role models.

Prosocial effects of observational learning...

Robert Rescorla

Researched classical conditioning; found subjects learn the predictability of an event through trials (cognitive element). THE IMPORTANCE OF COGNITIVE FACTORS IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.

Edward Tolman

Researched rats' use of "cognitive maps." (Did an experiment with rats in a maze showed latent learning). There were two groups of rats- one was given a reward at each correct decision. They got to the end quickly. Another group was given no reward until they finished the maze. They floundered around and it took them a long time. After each group learned the maze, however, the 2nd group was able to run the maze even quicker than the first group. They'd developed a "mental maze." This learning didn't become apparent until later.

Income and sleep levels are positively correlated

Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore...

Rogers believed that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies.**

Rogers believed that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies.

nicotine

STIMULANT. (highly addictive drug in tobacco.) Quickly addictive bc you get an INSTANT affect. Withdrawal symptoms: craving, insomnia, anxiety, irritability, and distractibility. Neurotransmitters involved: EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE. Its addictive as heroin and cocaine.

-Windshield, windows go down, or steering wheel; that's the child's schema for a car. So any vehicle that they see that fits into that existing schema we call that something that assimilates. -Fits into an existing schema of a car it's assimilation, even if it's a slightly different type of car but still kind of like a Sudan car and it'll fit into their schema. -But if this kid sees a truck, it has some of the same features as what their schema as a car is but has a long flat truck bed, bigger, bigger tires, and at that point if they need to adjust their schema then we have to accommodate -accommodation is were updating our schemas maybe even creating a new schema to fit that example, so basically were either modifying, updating, or creating a new schema based on new info./ new learning -doesn't often happen for adults because we have more schemas/better understanding

Schema, assimilation, and accommodation (Picard lecture)

Rorschach inkblot test

Scott Lilienfeld, James Wood, and Howard Garb wrote, "When a substantial body of research demonstrates that old intuitions are wrong, it is time to adopt new ways of thinking." What were they talking about?

Kinesthetic

Sensing the position and movement of individual body parts is an example of which sense?

Margaret Floy Washburn

She was an American psychologist in the early 20th century. She also earned the first Ph.D. for a woman and was the 2nd female APA president. Bc of her gender, she was not allowed to join the organization of experimental psychologists.

Anxious/Ambivalent

Shelly is constantly seeking reassurance from her husband, Jack, concerning the stability of their relationship. Shelly likely formed what kind of attachment to her mother as a child?

Simply put, both our genes and the environment in which we're raised both make us who we are.*

Simply put, both our genes and the environment in which we're raised both make us who we are.

Depression

Sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain, reduced muscle strength, suppression of the cells that fight common colds, and most likely which of the following?

Freudian slip

Slip of the tongue by which it is thought a person unintentionally reveals his or her true feelings.

Heather Sellers

Suffers from prosopagnosia and is unable to recognize her own face in a mirror/family members/friends. Her SENSATION is normal: her senses detect the same info. yours would, & they transmit that info. to her brain. Her PERCEPTION: processes by which her brain organizes and interprets sensory input, is almost normal. She may recognize people from their hair, voice, or physique, just not their face. Her experience is much like the struggle you or I would have trying to recognize a specific penguin in a group of waddling penguins.

social learning theory

Suggests that we learn boyish/girlish traits through observation & imitation. ex: a girl watches a mother with a baby & mimics her with a baby doll. And imitating others' gender-linked behaviors & by being rewarded/punished for acting in certain ways themselves.

Supporters also note that some of Freud's ideas are enduring. It was Freud who drew our attention to the unconscious and the irrational, to our self-protective defenses, to the importance of human sexuality, and to the tension between our biological impulses and our social well-being. It was Freud who challenged our self-righteousness, punctured our pretensions, and reminded us of our potential for evil.**

Supporters also note that some of Freud's ideas are enduring. It was Freud who drew our attention to the unconscious and the irrational, to our self-protective defenses, to the importance of human sexuality, and to the tension between our biological impulses and our social well-being. It was Freud who challenged our self-righteousness, punctured our pretensions, and reminded us of our potential for evil.

serial position effect

Tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list. (when trying to remember a list of something, you're more likely to remember the FIRST and LAST ones). Ex: ur 1st day in a new job, and your manager is introducing co-workers. As you meet each person, you silently repeat everyone's name, starting from the beginning. As the last person smiles and turns away, you feel confident you'll be able to greet your new co-workers by name the next day. Don't count on it. Because you have spent more time rehearsing the earlier names than the later ones, those are the names you'll probably recall more easily the next day. retrieval clue. (Smiley face graph). suggests that, when trying to remember a list of something, you're more likely to remember the first and last ones.

*Tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate that we remember more than we can recall.*

Tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate that we remember more than we can recall.

glial cells

The 20 to 23 billion nerve cells linked together by 300 trillion synaptic connections, supporting these nerve cells are ...

physiological response and emotion occur indepentdly and simutaneously

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that.....

lens

The TRANSPARENT structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the RETINA. Helps image focus on retina.

blindsight

The ability to respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them. This condition can occur after certain types of brain damage. (ability to respond to visual information without consciously seeing it). Ex: as you correctly guess the color or orientation of an object that you cannot consciously see.

gender typing

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. (process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own).

cognitive learning

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

confidentiality

The act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals.

genes (nature)

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. They can either be active (expressed) or inactive.

7 ± 2 CHUNKS

The capacity of working memory, according to Miller's Law, is quantified as.....

*The duration of SHORT TERM MEMORY seems to be between 15 and 30 seconds, and the capacity about 7 items.*

The duration of SHORT TERM MEMORY seems to be between 15 and 30 seconds, and the capacity about 7 items.

reality principle

The ego operates on this to seek to gratify the id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure.

"as persons are accepted and prized, they tend to develop a more caring attitude toward themselves."**

"as persons are accepted and prized, they tend to develop a more caring attitude toward themselves."

psychoanalysis

(1) Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts & actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. (2) His therapeutic technique. He believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—& the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

drive-reduction theory

(After the instinct and evolutionary theory fell out of fashion, this theory replaced it). PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS(;HOMEOSTASIS) creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy that need. (Physical drives make an aroused state and thus moves us to satisfy that drive). Ex: low hydration (physiological need)→thirst (drive)→drinking water (drive reduction beh.) Ex: you have a NEED for food so therefore you have a psychological dry that→DRIVE will be to hunger to get food and →therefore the DRIVE REDUCING behaviors will be eating once you've actually gotten something to eat for lunch that reduces your dry. Explains our motivation to reduce arousal by meeting basic needs, such as hunger or thrist.

Lazarus

(Agrees w/ schachter-singer. He also thinks cognitive appraisal is perhaps more important than physical response). COGNITIVE appraisal ("Is it dangerous or not?")-sometimes w/o our awareness-defines emotion. Ex: the sound is "just the wind."

conservation (Before about age 6)

(Children in this stage don't have have a grasp of this). The principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape. Ex: Children were shown 2 identical glasses filled with a liquid. They had equal volumes. Then 1 glass was poured into a tall, skinny glass. The liquid naturally filled up higher in the skinnier glass. Asked, "Which as more?" the children usually say the tall, skinny glass has more bc it's higher. (preoperational stage)

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

(Develop from separate fertilized eggs (zygote)). They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

dissociative identity disorder

(Formerly called multiple personality disorder) -person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. -said to alternately control the person's behavior -Each personality has its own voice and mannerisms→ thus the person may be prim and proper one moment, loud and flirtatious the next. Typically, the original personality denies any awareness of the other(s)

divided consciousness theory

(Hilgard believed in this) hypnosis has caused a split in awareness. They could be under hypnosis and not aware of the pain of the ice bath, but be aware that it was painful, and that it hurt.

crude death rate

(Instead of using the total numbers of births and deaths per year, population experts (demographers) use this). Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

crude birth rate

(Instead of using the total numbers of births and deaths per year, population experts (demographers) use this). Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

liner perspective

(LINES). Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance. Ex: railroad tracks, when ur looking down a railroad track, the lines appear to touch and converge at a distance even though we know they don't.

bottom-up processing

(Occurs when we are unfamiliar with an environment/situation). Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. Starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing. Sensation is part of this where our SENSES send information to our brain. Sensation→Perception. (EX: if you see an image of an individual letter on your screen, your eyes transmit the information to your brain, and your brain puts all of this information together.) Ex: 1st day of high school, processing sensory info., unfamiliar with the environment, you were processing the tastes, the sounds, the feels, smells.

John Garcia

(Research was part of classical conditioning). Researched taste aversion. Did research with rats. us: radiation, ur: sickness, ns: flavor, sight, or sound. Flavor became a CS and produced the CR of sickness. He discovered that only the flavored water became a CS, when he presented the water only w/o radiation the rat became sick, didn't occur with the sights or sounds for sickness. Aversions develop from taste. He demonstrated that biology is important.

social anxiety disorder

(Social Phobia) -intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such -extreme shynesses -intense fear of being scrutinized by others, avoid potentially embarrassing social situations, such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties—or will sweat or tremble when doing so.

acquisition

(The INITIAL LEARNING of a stimulus-response relationship). In classical conditioning where the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. Ex: This is where the dogs learned to associate the bell and food.

correlation coefficient

(The way we express correlations). A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.0 to +1.0). It shows the direction and the strength of that variable relationship. Negative and positive number does not matter, look at the NUMBER only. So negative (doesn't mean bad) means that the relationship inverse and positive (doesn't mean good) means that relationship is direct.

Jean Piaget

(Theory of COGNITIVE development) Stages: 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational.

Lawrence Kohlberg

(Theory of MORAL Development) How people come to judge situations as right or wrong using three stages of development. 1: Preconventional level of moral development. 2: Conventional level of moral development. 3: Postconventional level of moral development.

Erik Erikson

(Theory of psychosocial development) Stages: 1. basic trust 2. autonomy 3. initiative 4. competence 5. identity 6. intimacy 7. generativity 8. integrity

schemas

(When we experience something, we build this). Concepts/frameworks that organize and interpret info. They're "how things fit together." Ex: a child forms a schema for "dog" early on- a furry, 4-legged animal. (By adulthood we have built countless schemas, ranging from cats and dogs to our concept of love). (They help us solve problems and adjust to new problems, also referred to as mental sets). Ex: Windshield, windows go down, or steering wheel; that's the child's schema for a car.

total fertility rate

(ages 15-44) conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year. Estimate of the average number of children that women in a given population will have during their childbearing yrs. 2008, the average global TFR was 2.6 children per woman: 1.6 in developed countries and 2.8 in developing countries . Although the decline in TFR in developing countries is impressive, the TFR remains far above the replacement level of 2.1, not low enough to stabilize the world's population in the near future.

Blindsight

(damage to brain's visual cortex). A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

amygdala

(glucose) stress hormones provoke the amygdala (two limbic system, emotion-processing clusters) to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia. STRENGTHS MEMORIES, releases adrenaline. Stress hormones evoke embrassing moments. (EXPLICIT)

bipolar disorder

(manic-depressive disorder) -person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania -going between mania & depression -Before long, the elated mood either returns to normal or plunges into a depression. *critical to stay on medication

top-down processing

(occurs when we bring our expectations & prior knowledge to an environment/situation). Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our EXPERIENCE and EXPECTATIONS. (Perception is part this processing where our brain assembles the info. to make sense of the impulses being sent to it). Perception→Sensation. (EX: you are driving down an unfamiliar street and you see a sign for a convenience store. The sign has several missing letters, but you're still able to read it). Ex: 2nd yr of high school, able to navigate around, relying on expectations

early adulthood

(roughly twenties and thirties)

autonomic nervous system

(runs on its own, like your heartbeat). controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs such functions as heartbeat, digestion.

antisocial personality disorder

(sometimes called a sociopath or a psychopath) -personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends & family members. -May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist -typically a male whose lack of conscience becomes plain before age 15, as he begins to lie, steal, fight, or display unrestrained sexual behavior -about half of such children become antisocial adults—unable to keep a job, irresponsible as a spouse and parent, and assaultive or otherwise criminal -When the personality combines a keen intelligence with amorality, the result may be a charming & clever con artist, a ruthless corporate executive or worse. -behave impulsively, and then feel and fear little

night terrors

(targets mostly children, who may sit up/walk around, talk incoherently, experience doubled heart and breathing rates, and appear terrified). A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stave NREM-3 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are AREN'T remembered. Ex: think about Picard's story she told during class.

late adulthood

(the years after 65)

middle adulthood

(to age 65)

unconditional positive regard

(when people are accepting)A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. -true acceptance of another person flaws and all

Interposition

(when things are "stacked", the one that's covered up is farthest, the one that's not covered is closest.) If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer. Ex: 2 deer, the deer in the front is blocking the view of the deer behind it. So therefore we perceive the one that's doing the blocking (front deer) to be closer to us.

Ways to control pain

*Placebos can help reduce pain. Being given a placebo that the person thinks is real causes the body to release its natural pain-killers. *Distraction is a very effective way to reduce pain. Examples of this include chatting to a person while giving them a shot or MRI scans during a "virtual reality" session that reveal lower activation of pain in the brain.

social-cultural influences

- parental influences - peer influences - cultural attitudes and norms - cultural gender norms

superego

-'the good guy'. the little angel on your shoulder saying, "You know that's not right. Do what's right and don't do what's wrong." -standards for judgments, understanding future plans, your ideals & ideals -This is our moral compass that details right from wrong. -JUSTICE PRINCIPLE -helps you think of right moral choice, ex: voice of mom saying "cross in the cross walk" -Freud thought this kicked in starting around age 4-5. -conspicuousness is a little above -ideal thoughts -in the middle (conscious & unconscious) -floats half-way in and out of water

Big Five

-(CANOE) openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. -Work shows that where we fall on these five dimensions, reveals much of what there is to say about our personality. -Modern personality tests focus on the _______ -This has been the most active personality research topic since the early 1990s and is currently our best approximation of the basic trait dimensions.

Perceiving emotions

-A person can pick up emotions from others -recognizing emotions in others ex: on people's faces, tonality (within music, stories)-being able to pick up emotion from that

terror-management theory

-A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death. -A person's terror ______________tries to deal with death. In it, a person offers up defenses when thinking of their own death. -ex: death anxiety increases contempt for others and esteem for oneself

-Adolescents simultaneously grow in their sense of identity and drift away from parents. In return for parents losing influence, a teen's peers gain influence. -Teens become very concerned with what "everybody else is doing" & influence of peer pressure. -Teens who withdraw from others see negative effects- loneliness, low self-esteem, & depression. -Parents still have influence in terms "big decisions" like religion and career choices. **

-Adolescents simultaneously grow in their sense of identity and drift away from parents. In return for parents losing influence, a teen's peers gain influence. -Teens become very concerned with what "everybody else is doing" & influence of peer pressure. -Teens who withdraw from others see negative effects- loneliness, low self-esteem, & depression. -Parents still have influence in terms "big decisions" like religion and career choices.

persistent depressive disorder(dysthymia)

-Adults diagnosed with this experience a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least 2 yrs -also display two symptoms -symptoms: problems regulating appetite, problems regulating sleep, low energy, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating and making decisions, feelings of hopelessness

self-concept

-All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" -"Who am I?"-the answer for this question (all the thoughts & feelings) is your _____________________ -This crucial for a humanist -This is our sense of knowing who we are.

Interpersonal

-BETWEEN -strong intelligence between yourself and others -somebody who has strong social skills and can communicate well, gets along well w/ others and understands how to communicate well w/ others

biopsychosocial model

-Biological influence: evolution, individual genes, brain structure & chemistry -Psychological influences: stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories -Social-cultural influences: roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder→all lead to PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSF

-But w/ more optimistic views, myth that intelligence sharply declines with age was laid to rest. -ex: 70, John Rock developed the birth control pill**

-But w/ more optimistic views, myth that intelligence sharply declines with age was laid to rest. -ex: 70, John Rock developed the birth control pill

preoperational stage

-Children here are too young to do mental operations. -representing things w/o words; using intuitive rather than logic reasoning. Ex: drawing of their family but looks like a random line -pretend play -don't understand conservation -can't use logic -symbolic thinking -*developmental phenomena: pretend play, egocentrism. -Takes place from age 2 to 4/7. -but children at this stage can develop theory of mind. KEY TERMS: egocentrism

concrete operational stage

-Children in this stage can think with concrete events(experience), physical objects and conservation. -analogies, arthimetic -CANNOT think in the abstract, however. Ex: When my daughter, was 6, I was astonished at her inability to reverse simple arithmetic. Asked, "What is 8+4?" she required 5 sec to compute "12," and another 5 seconds to then compute 12-4. By 8, she could answer a reversed question instantly. -This takes place from about age 6 or 7 to about 11. -*developmental phenomena: conservation, mathematical transformations. -KEY TERMS: logic, conservation

collectivist

-Culture whose members focus more on the needs of the group and less on individual desires -gives priority to one's group. The group defines values, gives a sense of belonging and care. -This is typical of Asian cultures. -People here value being a part of the group rather than showcasing themselves. -Think of a school of fish massed together, no one is any different from any other. The value is in the group (the school), not an individual fish. -defined by GROUPS -beh. is reflection of social norms and roles -fewer relationships but close and enduring -values the group

projection

-Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others -This hides those bad desires by projecting them onto other people -projecting our own insecurities/own anxieities onto other people -instead of admitting it to ourselves we recognize it more in other people and critize them for it Ex: a girl who thinks a guy ignores her might say, "He's such a jerk, he cares about no one." -Ex: "The thief thinks everyone else is a thief." Ex: Mrs. Brown often accuses other women of talking too much and spreading rumors. It's rather obvious that she is revealing her own inclinations in that area.

Rationalization

-EXCUSE MAKING 101!!(student life ahaha) -This occurs when we make up a justification for doing something that we know is wrong Ex: A smoker might say, "I smoke because it helps me relax and that makes me more productive." -Ex: Margaret is convinced that she received a "C" in her chem class instead of an "A" b/c of widespread cheating by her fellow students. She is sure that she must be as capable in the chem course as in her other subjects. Ex: After John was rejected by Yale, he claimed that he wouldn't enjoy attending such a large school anyway. Besides, he might receive higher grades at a smaller local college. Ex: A habitual drinker says she drinks w/ her friends "just to be sociable." Ex: Joan has discovered an amazing coincidence in relation to her attendance in school. Every time a test in Spanish is scheduled, she oversleeps and arrives at school too late for the class.

-Even people who put themselves down might actually do it for the purpose of getting attention. It's like they're saying, "Nobody cares about me," but they're thinking, "Hey, look at me!" -Sometimes, we all put ourselves down. But, more often, we pump ourselves up.**

-Even people who put themselves down might actually do it for the purpose of getting attention. It's like they're saying, "Nobody cares about me," but they're thinking, "Hey, look at me!" -Sometimes, we all put ourselves down. But, more often, we pump ourselves up.

Philippe Pinel

-French physician who worked to reform the treatment of people with mental disorders -"moral treatment" included boosting patients' morale by unchaining them and talking with them, and by replacing brutality with gentleness, isolation with activity, and filth with clean air and sunshine. While such measures did not often cure patients, they were certainly more humane.

-Freud's view: human personality—including its emotions and strivings—arises from a conflict between impulse & restraint—between our aggressive, pleasure-seeking biological urges and our internalized social controls over these urges. -He believed personality arises from our efforts to resolve this basic conflict—to express these impulses in ways that bring satisfaction without also bringing guilt or punishment....SO HE PROPOSED ID, EGO, SUPEREGO.

-Freud's view: human personality—including its emotions and strivings—arises from a conflict between impulse & restraint—between our aggressive, pleasure-seeking biological urges and our internalized social controls over these urges. -He believed personality arises from our efforts to resolve this basic conflict—to express these impulses in ways that bring satisfaction without also bringing guilt or punishment....SO HE PROPOSED ID, EGO, SUPEREGO.

Schacter-Singer experiment

-Groups of male participants was injected with epinephrine, a hormone that produces arousal ex: increased heartbeat, rapid breathing. All were told that they were being injected with a new drug to test their eyesight. However, one group of participants was informed of the possible side-effects that the injection might cause while the other group of participants was not. -Participants were then placed in a room with another participant who was actually a confederate in the experiment. The confederate either acted euphoric or angry. Participants who had not been informed about the effects of the injection were more likely to feel either happier or angrier than those who had been informed. Those who were in a room with the euphoric confederate were more likely to interpret the side effects of the drug as happiness, while those exposed to the angry confederate were more likely to interpret their feelings as anger.

Conscientiousness

-High levels: careful, organized and disciplined -Low levels: careless, disorganized, and impulsive -how much you care about things that you do. -increases the most during people's 20's, as people mature and learn to manage their jobs and relationships.

Openness

-High levels: imaginative, prefers variety, and independent -Low levels: practical, prefers routine, and comforming -do you prefer newness and variety or the usual and routine?

Extraversion

-High levels: sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate -Low levels: retiring, sober, and reserved -are you outgoing or reserved?

Agreeableness

-High levels: soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful -Low levels: ruthless, suspicious, and uncooperative -how you get along with others. -increases the most during people's 30's and continues to increase through their 60's

agoraphobic

-If the fear is intense enough it becomes this... -fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes. -ex: people may avoid being outside the home, in a crowd, on a bus, or on an elevator. -fear of being out of control

-In N. America, today's young adults are 3 times more likely than their grandparents to report having recently—or ever—suffered depression -The increase appears partly authentic, but it may also reflect today's young adults' greater willingness to disclose depression. -With each new generation, depression is striking earlier (now often in the late teens) and affecting more people, with the highest rates in developed countries among young adults.**

-In N. America, today's young adults are 3 times more likely than their grandparents to report having recently—or ever—suffered depression -The increase appears partly authentic, but it may also reflect today's young adults' greater willingness to disclose depression. -With each new generation, depression is striking earlier (now often in the late teens) and affecting more people, with the highest rates in developed countries among young adults.

What are intelligence tests considered biased?

-In a way yes (ON A CULTURAL LEVEL) b/c they measure your developed abilities, which reflect, in part, your education and experiences. -ex: if you don't know what a cup-in-saucer is then obviously you'll get the answer wrong←not an actual reflection of your intelligence

sensorimotor stage

-In this stage, babies "take in" the world through their senses and interactions(looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, & grasping). -Object permanence is apart of this.(which they lack in early stages; younger than 6 months seldom understand that things continue to exist when they are out of sight.) BUT IT SHOWS UP AT 8 MONTHS of age. -*developmental phenomena: object permanence, stranger anxiety -Takes place from birth to age 2. -KEY TERMS: senses, motor(moving), and object permanence, stranger anxiety.

why might more intelligent people live longer?

-Intelligence facilitates more education, better jobs, and a healthier environment. -Intelligence encourages healthy living: less smoking, better diet, more exercise. -Prenatal events or early childhood illnesses might have influenced both intelligence and health. -A "well-wired body," as evidenced by fast reaction speeds, perhaps fosters both intelligence and longevity.

collective unconscious

-Jung, we have this common reservoir for memories as a species, that we all tap into. -explanantion for us having all these things that are in common -ex: a lot of symbols/images of the mother are common throughout all different cultures/all different periods of time, how do we explain that→he says it's b/c we have this___________________, that as a species we all share these common memories and there very DEEPLY ROOTED. -again in the unconscious so were not rlly aware of them. -explains why, for many people, spiritual concerns are deeply rooted & why people in different cultures share certain myths & images

ecocity

-People-oriented city, not a car-oriented city. Residents are able to walk, bike, or use low-polluting mass transit for most of their travel. -buildings, vehicles, and appliances meet high energy efficiency standards. Trees & plants adapted to the local climate and soils are planted throughout the city to provide shade, beauty, and wildlife habitats, and reduce air pollution, noise, & soil erosion. -abandoned lots, industrial sites, and polluted creeks and rivers are cleaned up and restored. Nearby forests, grasslands, wetlands, and farms are preserved. Parks are easily available to everyone. -Much of food comes from nearby organic farms, solar greenhouses, community gardens, and small gardens on rooftops, in yards, and in window boxes. Increased food transportation costs because of rising oil prices could cause a shift from globalized to more localized food production in urban area. It provides plenty of educational opportunities for its residents to inform them of environmental problems and solutions.

denial

-Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities -This is where a person rejects that a problem is real or that it's actually serious. -ex: a partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair -"You did this," "No I didn't" -unwilling to expect reality Ex: a partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair. Ex: Joan has discovered an amazing coincidence in relation to her attendance in school. Every time a test in Spanish is scheduled, she oversleeps and arrives at school too late for the class.Researchers find little support for Freud's idea that defense mechanisms disguise sexual and aggressive impulses

-Research, using factor analysis, has confirmed that there is a general intelligence factor: g matters. -It predicts performance on various complex tasks & in various jobs. --Much as jumping ability is not a predictor of jumping performance when the bar is set a foot off the ground—but becomes a predictor when the bar is set higher—so extremely high cognitive ability scores predict exceptional attainments, such as doctoral degrees.**

-Research, using factor analysis, has confirmed that there is a general intelligence factor: g matters. -It predicts performance on various complex tasks & in various jobs. --Much as jumping ability is not a predictor of jumping performance when the bar is set a foot off the ground—but becomes a predictor when the bar is set higher—so extremely high cognitive ability scores predict exceptional attainments, such as doctoral degrees.

Why do some people say intelligence tests aren't biased?

-SCIENTIFIC meaning—is different. -talking about a test's (predictive)validity—in this sense not biased -there measuring what there trying to ex: SAT←

displacement

-Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person -where you shift your emotion towards a more acceptable target -This directs the unwanted desire (sex or aggression) toward something more acceptable than the root of the desire -Shift my anger towards something else Ex: a child who gets in trouble at school might want to lash out at the teacher, but instead goes home and takes it out on his brother Ex: child who gets in trouble at school might want to lash out at the teacher, but instead goes home and takes it out on his little brother. Ex: Even a top baseball player will sometimes strike out an easy pitch. When this happens, his next action may me to throw his back or kick the water cooler with all of his and might. -Ex: you want to punch your sister, you can't so you punch the air.

-Some humanistic psychologists believed that any standardized assessment of personality, even a questionnaire, is depersonalizing. --Rather than forcing the person to respond to narrow categories, these psychologists presumed that interviews & intimate conversation would provide a better understanding of each person's unique experiences. -Some humanists thought surveys were too impersonal and rather used 1-on-1 interviews.**

-Some humanistic psychologists believed that any standardized assessment of personality, even a questionnaire, is depersonalizing. -Rather than forcing the person to respond to narrow categories, these psychologists presumed that interviews & intimate conversation would provide a better understanding of each person's unique experiences. -Some humanists thought surveys were too impersonal and rather used 1-on-1 interviews.

reaction formation

-Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites -when you kind of do the opposite -like your were angry but instead your actually nice -Ex: repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness. -Ex: the bully may really be very insecure inside -Ex: Mary has secretly disliked her mother since she was a young child. As these feelings arouse anxiety, Mary usually tells her friends that she loves her mother very much. That feeling of not loving your mother is not socially acceptable that gives you a lot of anxiety.

-The Rorschach test has supporters who say it's right-on, or at least it's useful in getting a sense of the person's personality before moving on. -Others say it's nonsense. They say these tests are not valid - they don't measure what they're supposed to (except for hostility and anxiety). They say these tests are not reliable - they do not give the same results when given over and over.**

-The Rorschach test has supporters who say it's right-on, or at least it's useful in getting a sense of the person's personality before moving on. -Others say it's nonsense. They say these tests are not valid - they don't measure what they're supposed to (except for hostility and anxiety). They say these tests are not reliable - they do not give the same results when given over and over.

selective attention

-The ability to screen out sensory information and focus on only a small portion. (The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus). -those with schizophrenia cannot do this→irrelevant, minute stimuli, such as the grooves on a brick or the inflections of a voice, may distract their attention from a bigger event or a speaker's meaning

conception

-The female is born with all her eggs that she will have for the rest of her life. Men continuously produce sperm throughout their lives. -*Conception where the sperm fertilizes the outer coating of the egg.* -Gender is determined by the 23rd chromosomal pair. XX is female and XY is male. This is determined by the father.

-The intelligence test scores of identical twins raised together are virtually as similar as those of the same person taking the same test twice. -The scores of fraternal twins, who share only about half their genes, are much less similar.**

-The intelligence test scores of identical twins raised together are virtually as similar as those of the same person taking the same test twice. -The scores of fraternal twins, who share only about half their genes, are much less similar.

-The mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface. -*Note* that the id is totally unconscious, but ego & superego operate both consciously & unconsciously. Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg, however, the id, ego, and superego interact.

-The mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface. -*Note* that the id is totally unconscious, but ego & superego operate both consciously & unconsciously. Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg, however, the id, ego, and superego interact.

grief and coping

-The most challenging thing a person faces is the death of a spouse or a child. An unexpected death is even more traumatic. -There are no set-in-stone stages of grief, like denial, anger, yearning for the lost person. But, anger peaks around a month later, yearning about 4 months later. -Talking to family and friends helps the grieving. Helping others also helps heal the grieving.

Amplitude

The height of the wave, which determines the loudness of the sound, measured in decibels. (Sound pitch)

projective tests

-These tests can be interpreted in different ways and supposedly, the person will project their unconscious in their response. -aim to provide this "psychological X-ray" by asking test-takers to describe an ambiguous stimulus or tell a story about it. -used by psychologists to try to assess people's inner thoughts & feelings -a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck

-They believed that we can reduce many of our normal individual variations to two or three dimensions, including extraversion-introversion & emotional stability-instability

formal operational stage

-Thinking changes from being confined to the concrete to including the abstract(have not experienced). -hypothotical thinking: mental stimulation(acting out situations in your head instead of in real life to think about the consequences to your actions -deducing consequences(frontal lobe) -This begins at about age 12 until adulthood -*developmental phenomena: abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning. 5. Full-scale logical abilities won't kick in until the teen years, but they start here. KEY TERMS: abstract

-To criticize Freudian theory for not making testable predictions is, they say, like criticizing baseball for not being an aerobic exercise, something it was never intended to be. He never claimed that psychoanalysis was predictive science. He merely claimed that, looking back, psychoanalysts could find meaning in their clients' state of mind.**

-To criticize Freudian theory for not making testable predictions is, they say, like criticizing baseball for not being an aerobic exercise, something it was never intended to be. He never claimed that psychoanalysis was predictive science. He merely claimed that, looking back, psychoanalysts could find meaning in their clients' state of mind.

bulimia nervosa

-a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting. -may also be triggered by a weight-loss diet, broken by gorging on forbidden foods. -Binge-purge eaters—mostly women in their late teens or early 20s—eat in spurts, sometimes influenced by friends who are bingeing. -In a cycle of repeating episodes, overeating is followed by compensatory purging (through vomiting or laxative use), fasting, or excessive exercise. -Preoccupied with food (craving sweet and high-fat foods), and fearful of becoming overweight, binge-purge eaters experience bouts of depression and anxiety during and following binges. -marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges, making the condition easy to hide.

factor analysis

-a statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence (such as spatial ability or verbal skill) -groups together similar traits together -ex: so if you call yourself positive and happy (not that much of a difference between these two) so factor analysis groups these together -this helps us to determine whether questions on a test go together in ways that form a pattern. -people tend to answer similar questions on tests in similar ways→ex: if you had a question on a survey that asked "do you like baseball?" and another said "do you like sports that involve running?" you would probably answer those questions in similar ways -statistical process used to organize questions on a test into categorizes→so that people who answer the baseball and the sports that involve running questions similarity these questions will be highly correlated to each other so we can group these together into perhaps a baseball category or an active sport category,→ -researchers then look at these topics that the questions are grouped in to see if they fit into a category that can be easily described

masking image

-another image that overrides the lingering afterimage of the incomplete stimulus -Experiment: A stimulus is flashed before being overridden by a masking image. How long would you need to glimpse the stimulus at the left to answer the question? People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests.

general intelligence (g)

-basic/general intelligence -he says it predicts our abilities in varied areas -he says if you have a high level of _______ your going to be good at everything -people who are like excellent in school, as musicians, good at their job← he would say they have a high level of _____________ -Ex: Justina adeptly drives a car, passes all of her exams, and delivers passionate, compelling speeches. (she's good at everything)

Using emotions

-being able to channel your emotions for adaptive/creative thinking -ex: getting ready for sports game; being able to channel like being angry

normal curve

-bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. -line in the middle aka our average/mean: 100 -two-thirds of scores fall within the first standard deviation from the mean -standard deviation: 15→deviation on both sides, 15 up from 100 and 15 down from 100 -we've moved to using this for interpreting IQ→b/c it can constantly be re-standardized -allows to re-standardize the mean so that we accurately assess a population -shows us the -100 is the mean→which allows us to look at a population individually and see what were comparing people to -shows the distribution of IQ

empathy

-beyond sympathy -ex: "I've been there," your not turning it on yourself but instead your sympathizing. -were hard-wired for _________

Bispsychosocial model

-biology:- genetically predisposed to have depression -psychological factors: no interest in being out w/ her friends, stress -social cultural: expectations from her parents to get into college and get good grades

boys and girls, men and women, are the same species.

-boys and girls, men and women, are the same species. -ex: Scottish 11-yr-olds, girls' average intelligence score was 100.6 and boys' was 100.5

anterior cingulate cortex

-brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with OCD

Howard Gardner

-came up with the theory of multiple intelligences -says we can break our different areas of intelligence down, except -first one that expands more of a traditional understanding of intelligence

What is the "self"?

-center of personality, the organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions -One example of thinking about self is the concept of possible selves. Your possible selves include your visions of the self you dream of becoming—the rich self, the successful self, the loved and admired self. They also include the self you fear becoming—the unemployed self, the lonely self, the academically failed self. -Such possible selves motivate us by laying out specific goals and calling forth the energy to work toward them. University of Michigan students in a combined undergraduate/medical school program earn higher grades if they undergo the program with a clear vision of themselves as successful doctors. Dreams do often give birth to achievements.

biological predispositions

-classical conditioning: natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated -operant conditioning: organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones -Meaning we're naturally good at some things and bad at others. Animals easily learn to associate things that help them to survive. Ex: in one experiment, pigs were being taught to pick up wooden "dollars" then put them in a piggy bank as fast as possible. The natural urge of the pigs to root with their noses slowed down their time.

spontaneous recovery

-classical conditioning: the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR -operant: the reapperance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response.

Extinction

-classical: CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone -operant: responding decreases when reinforcement stops.

acquisition

-classical: associating events; NS is paired w/ US and becomes CS -operant: associating response w/ consequence (reinforcer or punisher)

cognitive processes

-classical: organisms develop expectation that CS signals the arrival of US -operant: organisms develop expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished; they also exhibit latent learning, w/o reinforcement

dicrimination

-classical: the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that don't signal a US. -operant: organism learns that certain responses, but not others, will be reinforced.

rumination

-compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes→produces negative moood -staying focused on a problem excessive (thanks to the continuous firing of a frontal lobe area that sustains attention) -maladaptive -domino effect

The second criterion is a comparable limitation in adaptive behavior as expressed in...

-conceptual skills, such as language, literacy, and concepts of money, time, and number, -social skills, such as interpersonal skills, social responsibility, and the ability to follow basic rules and laws and avoid being victimized, and -practical skills, such as daily personal care, occupational skill, and travel and health care.

savant syndrome

-condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing -makes sense under Gardner's ideas -mix of ability and disability combined -extremely gifted in one area and then social disability(can't communicate w/ others) -somebody to score low in IQ test overall but very specific skill e.g. math, drawing -limited language abiity

intellectual disability

-condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life. -two standard deviations below average -difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living -formerly referred to as mental retardation.

factor analysis

-created by Charles Spearman -statistical process used to organize questions on a test into categorizes -a statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence -groups together similar traits together-ex: so if you call yourself positive and happy (not that much of a difference between these two) so factor analysis groups these together-this helps us to determine whether questions on a test go together in ways that form a pattern→researchers then look at these topics that the questions are grouped in to see if they fit into a category that can be easily described

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

-created by Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers -inspired by Carl Jung -been taken by more than 2 million people a year, mostly for counseling, leadership training, and work-team development -It asks either-or questions, like "Do like routines or spontaneity?" -The results are tabulated and given back to the taker in positive terms. ex: liking a set routine or spontaneity could both be good. -Critics point out that the science behind the survey is lacking. -test remains mostly a counseling and coaching tool, not a research instrument.

learned helplessness

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. Ex: A child who performs poorly on math tests and assignments will quickly begin to feel that nothing he or she does will have any effect on math performance. (Animals, and people, who are trapped or just feel that they're trapped become depressed and passive). -more common in women than in men

pleasure principle

The id operates on this for demanding immediate gratification.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

-creator: Starke Hathaway. -most widely used and researched standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology. -The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. -Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. -This test can be computer-given and graded, so it's rather objective in its analysis. -it tries to pinpoint abnormalities in personality. -it breaks things down into 10 clinical scales, like depressive tendencies, masculinity-femininity, and introversion-extraversion. -It also offers a "lie scale" which tries to pinpoint when a person is faking answers. -From a large pool of items, Hathaway selected those on which particular diagnostic groups differed. They grouped the questions into 10 clinical scales, including scales that assess depressive tendencies, masculinity-femininity, and introversion-extraversion. -Hathaway gave hundreds of true-false statements ("No one seems to understand me"; "I get all the sympathy I should"; "I like poetry") to groups of psychologically disordered patients and to "normal" people. They retained any statement—no matter how silly it sounded—on which the patient group's answer differed from that of the normal group. "Nothing in the newspaper interests me except the comics" may seem senseless, but it just so happened that depressed people were more likely to answer True.

Rorschach inkblot test

-designed by Hermann Rorschach -the most widely used test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. -He and his friends would drip ink on a paper, fold it, and then say what they saw in the resulting blot . Do you see predatory animals or weapons? Perhaps you have aggressive tendencies. -respondents would simply talking about what they might see -the responses are categorized, "did they look at the whole picture?" or maybe part? these can be rated on more than 100 characterizes & variables

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th)

-diagnostic manual; what doctors clinicians use to diagnosis something→so they'll go through, there's a description of the disorder, bunch of symptoms listed→if you exhibit enough of these symptoms then they are able to make that diagnosis. -helps for us to be able to label, helps us for us to be able to predict its future course(some disorders get a lot worse if untreated), and helps stimulant research -Physicians and mental health workers use the detailed "diagnostic criteria and codes" in the book to guide medical diagnoses and define who is eligible for treatments, including medication -outlines the symptoms and conditions under which mental illness is diagnosed -helps classify people who come to them with mental illness -used by health care professionals and insurance companies to categorize and know how to pay for the services that treat mental illness

chronic/process schizophrenia

-difference in brain activity in frontal lobe(lacking) -slow developing process, recovery is doubtful -exhibit the persistent and incapacitating negative symptom of social withdrawal -men, whose schizophrenia develops on average 4 yrs earlier than women's, more often exhibit negative symptoms and chronic schizophrenia

*The idea of a biologically pre-established set point has been questioned recently. Now the movement is toward a "settling point" where the body settles. This is because environmental factors, like all-you-can-eat buffets tend to see us over-eat.

The idea of a biologically pre-established set point has been questioned recently. Now the movement is toward a "settling point" where the body settles. This is because environmental factors, like all-you-can-eat buffets tend to see us over-eat.

Explain why heredity may contribute to individual differences in intelligence but not necessarily contribute to group differences.

-difference is within a different group, within the same environment/soil that's going to be due to genetics -if were all raised in a similar env. and there's differences we know it's due to genetics but if we look at group differences we cannot discount the effect of the environment of the soil -so when we're comparing one group to the other we cannot say that it's due to genetics(differences within that group might be due to genetics but there are different env. -analogy: we're all humans→you take the same seeds/genetic blueprint

nonsuicidal self-injury

-direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die -ex: cutting or burning the skin, hitting oneself, pulling hair out, inserting objects under the nails or skin, and self-administered tattooing

dissociative disorders

-disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings -person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation

personality disorders

-disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair one's social functioning

medical model

-doctor; usually going to require some type of hospitalization depending on how acute the disorder is, your going to need a period of hospitalization and doctors treating you

narcissism

-excessive self-love and self-absorption. -Twenge found that what she calls Generation Me (born in the 80s & 90s) is expressing more narcissism by agreeing more often with statements such as, "If I ruled the world, it would be a better place," or "I think I am a special person." -shows that younger people have it like our generation→social media

Validity

-extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to -how accurately were measuring what were trying to measure -ex: like if you were taking psych test but Spanish vocab comes up→doesn't accurately measure your content mastery of psych -ex: If you use an inaccurate tape measure to measure people's heights, your height report would have high reliability (consistency) but low validity -how accurately were measuring what were trying to measure

content validity

-extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest -ex: The road test for a driver's license has content validity because it samples the tasks a driver routinely faces. -extent that the test measures a behavior of interest -ex: if your going to take a test on driving your not going to have you run the mile

reliability

-extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting. -two different methods(test-retest & split-half) but if the two scores generally agree, or correlate, the test is reliable. -consistency of scores on an assessment -if I take an IQ test 3 times, "will I get the same score?"→if I do that test has reliability, if scores are all over the place then it doesn't have reliability

hallucinations

-false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. -false sensory perceptions -may see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not there -most often they're auditory, frequently voices making insulting remarks or giving orders. -truly seeing something that doesn't exist

Defensive self-esteem

-focuses on defending yourself from "attacks" and correlates with aggression and antisocial behavior. It's like saying, "Nobody's gonna say I'm unfriendly! Are you calling me unfriendly punk?!" -It focuses on sustaining itself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening

heritability

-for a particular trait, the percentage of variation among members of a group that is caused by genetics -about differences in groups not individual people -can be different for different groups, even for the same group -ex: let's say we took 20 newborns boys and put them in the same kind of barrel(same env.) when we let them out 20yrs later-wouldn't have same iq score, difference in their scores would be due to heredity b/c raised in the same env.→therefore they would have high heritability(all of the variation would be due to genetics) -ex: if a scientist where clone a dozen genetically-identicial infant boys, and they all grew up in different families→wouldn't have same iq score→difference would be due to environment→therefore they would have a low heredity 0 -when variation is due to genetics→the number is closer to 100

empirically derived

-from experiments/scientifically based -when we are making a personality test we want it to be ____________________ so not horoscope where it applies to anyone -lots of tests aren't empirically derived like buzzfeed -but MMPI IS scientifically derived used to assess abnormal personality

L. L. Thurstone

-gave 56 different tests to people and mathematically identified 7 clusters of primary mental abilities -he didn't rank people on a single scale of general aptitude. But when investigators studied these profiles, they detected a persistent tendency: Those who excelled in one of the seven clusters generally scored well on the others. -So, the investigators concluded, there was still some evidence of a g factor.

psychological influences

-gene-environment interaction -neurological effect of early experiences -responses evoked by our own personality, gender, etc. -beliefs, feelings, and expectations.

individualism

-giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. -a person doing their own thing. -typical of Western cultures like the U.S. and Western Europe. -People here value setting, pursuing, and achieving personal goals. -SOLO -behavior is beh. of own personality -Think of a shark prowling the seas on his own. The value is in the individual shark, master of his domain. -would allow others to fail and fall behind in order to succeed -values themselves

Robert Sternberg

-he agrees that there is more to success than traditional intelligence and agrees with Gardner's idea of multiple intelligences. -our intelligence is best classified into areas that predict real-world success -his theory shows traditional smarts but also includes street smarts as opposed to regular academic smarts

Alfred Binet

-he began by assuming that all children follow the same course of intellectual development but that some develop more rapidly→if one student is slow, he/she is at a younger stage of development. -measured children's mental age along w/Théodore Simon -believed intelligence is environmental -believed his intelligence test did not measure inborn intelligence rather, it had a single purpose: to identify French schoolchildren needing special attention. -hoped his test would be used to improve children's education, but he also feared it would be used to label children and limit their opportunities

Lewis Terman

-he decided Binet's Paris-made questions were not good in California, so he made changes -he extended the upper end of the test's range from teenagers to "superior adults"→renamed it to Stanford-Binet -he envisioned that the use of intelligence tests would "ultimately result in curtailing the reproduction of feeblemindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime, pauperism, and industrial inefficiency -believed intelligence is inborn -said intelligence tests revealed the intelligence with which a person was born -envisioned that the use of intelligence tests would "ultimately result in curtailing the reproduction of feeblemindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime, pauperism, and industrial inefficiency"-agreeing w/ Galton's eugenics

Thomas Gilovich

-he demonstrated this spotlight effect by having individual Cornell University students don Barry Manilow T-shirts before entering a room with other students. Feeling self-conscious, the T-shirt wearers guessed that nearly half their peers would take note of the shirt as they walked in. In reality, only 23% did. This absence of attention applies not only to our dorky clothes and bad hair but also to our nervousness, irritation, or attraction: Fewer people notice than we presume.

primary abilities

-he says our intelligence may be broken down into 7 factors -word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory(all overlap but more specific) -a single g score is not as informative as scores for the 7 mental abilities -But, the fact remained- when a person scored high on one of the clusters, they tended to score well on the others. -Thus, there appeared to be a bit more evidence to some level of a g score. -ex: you might have soon who does have a high level of g but is terrible at math←he then would say they are highs in those other six areas but there numerical ability is low→we can assess from that they overall do have a higher level of g -Ex: Adelle has strong verbal comprehension, word fluency, and scores high on her SAT test

Francis Galton

-he tried to measure intelligence -more than 10,000 visitors received his assessment of their "intellectual strengths" based on such things as reaction time, sensory acuity, muscular power, and body proportions. -But on these measures, well-regarded adults and students did not outscore others. Nor did the measures correlate with one another -his quest for a simple intelligence measure failed, he gave us some statistical techniques that we still use (as well as the phrase "nature and nurture"). -believed that many human attributes, including criminality and intelligence, were inherited

reinforcement

-helps maintain our phobias and compulsions after they arise. -Avoiding/escaping the feared situation reduces anxiety, thus reinforcing the phobic behavior. Feeling anxious or fearing a panic attack, a person may go inside and be reinforced by feeling calmer. -Compulsive behaviors operate similarly. If washing your hands relieves your feelings of anxiety, you may wash your hands again when those feelings return.

Neuroticism (emotionally stability/instability)

-high levels(instability): anxious, insecure, and self-pitying -Low levels(emotionally stability): calm, secure, and self-satisfied -are you secure in yourself or flighty.

mania

-hyperactive, wildly optimistic state, euphoria, wildly optimistic, hyperactive, impulsive decision making→finically -overtalkative, overactive, and elated (though easily irritated); have little need for sleep; and show fewer sexual inhibitions. -Speech is loud, flighty, and hard to interrupt. They find advice irritating. -fuels creativity -doesn't last long→then drop to a low point

flat affect

-lack of emotional responsiveness -diminished emotions/inappropriate -no facial expression(no reaction)

behavior

-lack of normal functioning (not able to go to school/work, not be able to hangout with friends -disorder behaviors ex: OCD→hard time leaving house b/c you have rituals before leaving the house. MANIC→doing way too much→making impulsive decisions that might later have consequences, spending a ton of money, going on drugs/alcohol binges -effect our normal functioning→has to be going on for a period of time to the point where it does consistently happen and disrupt our normal functioning

Carl Jung

-less emphasised on social factors Agreed: unconscious had a very powerful influence on our behavior -collective unconcious

mental age

-level of performance that's typical associated w/ a chronological age -Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

Creative intelligence

-measure how a person responds to a novel situation and how they create fresh ideas -not necessarily artistic -you can come up w/ new ideas very easily -ex: when you have a group project and your brain storming and there's that one person who dominates the brain storming←somebody who has creative intelligence -they do well in novel(new) situations -can come up w/ new ideas/adaptive -can translate to the art worls

-most current IQ tests don't use that formula anymore instead they use the normal curve**

-most current IQ tests don't use that formula anymore instead they use the normal curve

pituitary gland

-most influential gland in the endocrine glandular system. It releases hormones for human growth and hormones that direct other endocrine glands to release their hormones. One is a growth hormone that stimulates physical development. Also releases oxytocin, enables contractions associated with birthing, milk flow during nursery. pea-sized structure. MASTER GLAND. (takes messages from the brain (via the hypothalamus) and uses these messages to produce hormones that affect many parts of the body)

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

-most widely used intelligence test -consists of 15 subtests some including: Similarities, Vocabulary, Block design, Letter-number sequencing -aptitude test -has separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed. -ex: a low verbal comprehension score combined with high scores on other subtests could indicate a reading or language disability. -similar to Thurstone's 7 primary abilities→supposed to show your competence in different areas

split-half

-one group takes half the test and another group takes the other half -ex: odd and given -given to group or same person -dividing up the test→giving half the q's to one group and the other half of the q's to the other group and comparing -ex: give Ben the odd numbered q's on a test and then next class give Ben the even number q's on test and compare his results -to make sure our tests are reliable

major depressive disorder

-one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure -occurs when at least 5 signs of depression lasting 2 or more weeks -symptoms: depressed mood most of the day, diminished interest/pleasure in activities that you typically like, significant weight loss/gain also appetite(not hungry at all or over eating), insomnia or oversleeping, unmotivated, fatigue or loss of energy, -cog. symptoms: feeling worthless, excessive or inappropriate guilt, difficulty thinking/concentrating/making decisions recurrent thoughts of death and suicide

self-efficacy

-one's sense of competence and effectiveness. -People who feel good about themselves (who strongly agree with self-affirming questionnaire statements such as, "I am fun to be with") have fewer sleepless nights. They succumb less easily to pressures to conform. They are more persistent at difficult tasks; they are less shy, anxious, and lonely. And they are just plain happier. If feeling bad, they think they deserve better and thus make more effort to repair their mood.

theory of multiple intelligences

-our abilities are best classified into 8 INDEPENDENT(not a cross over) intelligences -unrelated skills; says you can be strong in 7/8 areas or 8/8 but there independent of each other -ex: having recently been elected class president, Chandler has strong interpersonal skills and is well liked by his peers

crystallized intelligence

-our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. -increases as we get older -ex: one's vocab→with all the new words you learned over life -reflected in vocabulary and analogies tests ex: why grandma is good at crossword puzzles -going to increase

spotlight effect

-overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). -we tend to overestimate how much others will certainly notice us. -ex: if you got a haircut and it was bad but nobody noticed -ex: if we feel that we're having a "bad hair day", we tend to think everyone will notice. In truth, few do.

false consensus effect(modern term for projection pretty much)

-people see there mistakes, insecurities, attitudes in others (like projection) -the tendency to overestimate how much others share our beliefs. -Roy Baumeister found that people tend to see their foibles and attitudes in others, the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. -ex: People who cheat on their taxes or break speed limits tend to think many others do likewise. -ex: People who are happy, kind, and trustworthy tend to see others as the same

an anxiety disorder is maladaptive

-persistence of symtpoms -maladaptive beh. -not leaving ur house, oversleeping(not healthy but relieving our anxiety to a certain extent

phobia

-persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation -phobia of animals, insects, heights, blood, or enclosed spaces(most common)

generalized anxiety disorder

-person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. -symptoms: continuous worry, jitteriness, agitation, & sleep-deprived, difficulty concentrating, perspiration →free-floating anxiety: anxiety where the cause can't be identified(having anxiety about something but you can't put your finger on exactly what it is), clearly makes it difficult to treat and deal with -persistent for 6 months or more -not just one thing, it's everything -presence of anxiety(vague feeling of nervousnes) -if it anxiety intensifies it becomes a panic disorder

psychosis

-person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions -irrationality and lost contact with reality

somatic symptom disorder

-person may have a variety of complaints—vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision, difficulty in swallowing. -also may experience severe and prolonged pain. -a psychological disorder (all in your head)in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. -chronic pain -reaction to generalized stress

post-traumatic growth

-positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises -ex: facing cancer, leads people later to report an increased appreciation for life, more meaningful relationships, increased personal strength, changed priorities, & a richer spiritual life.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

-psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

mood disorders

-psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

defense mechanisms

-reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality -our way of protecting our ego(reality principle) -These are methods to reduce anxiety by distorting reality. It's like lying to ourselves. -ego is part of the personality that is responsible for this. -protecting our ego by creating these mechanisms -they protect our self understanding and self-concept -in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality -they're here to protect our self image, when were out of line with our self concept instead of facing reality throw up defense mechanism to protect my self-concept that I'm a good person -For Freud, all defense mechanisms function indirectly and unconsciously

OCD

-related to anxiety disorders but isn't classified as one anymore -unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) -ex: washing so often that your skin becomes raw, checking to see you locked the door 10 times -the person knows them to be irrational, the anxiety-fueled obsessive thoughts become so haunting, the compulsive rituals so senselessly time-consuming, that effective functioning becomes impossible. -obsessive(thoughts) compulsive(behavior) -constant worry about a thing -common form revolves over cleaning or germs→constant worry about germs being on everything, that constant anxiety in their mind about their germs on this and this,→leads to compulsions: constant hand washing, constant cleaning, (often times excessive) -many people end up doing ritualistic behaviors where there doing something a certain amount of times b/c it alleviates their anxiety←if I wash my hands 10 times that's going to take away my obsessive thoughts -compulsive behaviors and obsessive thoughts go hand and hand

PTSD

-relating to anxiety disorders -haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience -symptoms have also been reported by survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults -also shown through witnessing violence, witnessing addiction -the greater one's emotional distress during a trauma, the higher the risk for post-traumatic symptoms -can be genetically predisposed -originated in the military "shell shock" -you experience a trauma after that trauma (whatever it was) anything similar to it can trigger anxiety, panic attack -not all people develop PTSD, more likely- 1) more sensitive limbic system(hypothalamus(stress hormone), 2) state of emotional distress during the trauma→take you from there

cross-sectional study

-researchers test and compare people of various ages. -they have found that older adults give fewer correct answers on intelligence tests than do younger adults. -giving the same tests to different age groups -going to take a cross-section of a bunch of different age groups and compare them to each other e.g. 50-yr-olds, 60, 70, 30, 40; give them the same IQ test and see how the results differ -ex: intellectual decline; found as we get older(part of the natural aging process) is the decline of mental ability

regression

-revert back to a child like way of being -This is going back to our comfortable childhood days when we face a stressful situation -Ex: Mike is always trying to impress his pals w/ how strong and independent he has become. However when Mike has social or emotional problems, he still wants his dad to figure out the solution. -Ex: A little boy reverts back to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his 1st day of school.

stereotype threat

-self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype -ex: gave a difficult math test to equally capable men and women, women did not do as well—except when they had been led to expect that women usually do as well as men on the test -when reminded of their race just before taking verbal aptitude tests, they performed worse. -this explains the Obama effect

Carol Dweck

-she reports: -believing intelligence is biologically set and unchanging can lead to a "fixed mindset." -believing intelligence is changeable, a "growth mindset" results in a focus on learning and growing. As collegians, these believers also tend to happily flourish -she has developed interventions that effectively teach young teens that the brain is like a muscle that grows stronger with use as neuron connections grow.

binge-eating disorder

-significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

schizophrenia

-split from reality that shows itself in disturbed perceptions -delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression -paranoid tendencies→delusions of persecution -word salad(jumbled ideas) -emotions are inappropriate→laughing when everyone is crying -difficulty perceiving facial emotions and reading others' states of mind -emotionless state -senseless, compulsive acts→continually rocking/ rubbing an arm -those who exhibit catatonia, may remain motionless for hours and then become agitated -people lose touch by reality

Practical intelligence

-street smarts -required for everyday tasks, which may be ill-defined, with multiple solutions. -ex: like dropping somebody into a new city, they've never been b4, they'd be able to figure it out -can do well outside of traditional school setting -ex: able to learn a new job quickly -ex: Kate has never been in this part of the city before, but she draws upon her skills in map reading to navigate the streets

psychological disorder

-syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior -patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional→Disturbed, or dysfunctional, behaviors are maladaptive-interfere with normal day-to-day life

test-retest method

-take test once and then again like a month later to check if scores match up to each other -take a test then a month later take the same test→testing for reliability

Garcia sheep experiment

-taste-aversion study, coyotes & wolves were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced w/ a POISON. Thereafter, they developed an aversion to sheep meat; two wolves later penned with a LIVE sheep seemed actually to fear it. These studies not only saved the sheep from their predators, but saved the sheep-shunning coyotes and wolves from angry ranchers and farmers who had wanted to destroy them.

Barnum effect

-tendency to accept certain information as true, such as character assessments or horoscopes, even -when the information is so vague as to be worthless. -tendency for people to accept generalized personality descriptions as accurate descriptions of their own unique personality -ex statements: "You have a tendency to be critical of yourself."-all generalized statements

achievement test

-test designed to assess what a person has learned -measure how much you've learned thus far -what we already know -accumulated knowledge -ex: Unit exam, AP exam

aptitude test

-test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn -predicting how well we'll do at something -we use normal curve -ex: SAT→supposed to predict your success in college

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

-test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. -People were shown a picture that could be interpreted differently. -The clinician may presume that any hopes, desires, and fears that people see in the ambiguous image are projections of their own inner feelings or conflicts. -ex: boy will describe what is happening before, during, and after this particular photo.

ego

-the "smart guy" who figures out some way for the id to get what he wants, but in a manner that superego is okay with. -operating on the REALITY PRINCIPLE, seeks to gratify the id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure than pain. -it contains our partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgments, and memories. -negotiator who keeps the id & superego both happy. -the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. -try to meditate between id and superego -mostly conscious -trying to statsfiy the desires of the id in a non-harmful way (trying to find compromise) -It's the personality "executive," mediating among the impulsive demands of the id, the restraining demands of the superego, and the real-life demands of the external world. ex: If chaste Jane feels sexually attracted to John, she may satisfy both id and superego by joining a volunteer organization that John attends regularly. -floats half-way in and out of water

id

-the 'bad guy'. the little devil on your shoulder saying, "Do it! You know you want to, do it!" -completely unconscious -These are unconscious desires. The id goes for whatever feels good, right now. Ex: sex & drugs. -reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. -It operates on the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE demanding immediate gratification. -wants immediate gratification; rlly impulsive (wants what it wants immediately -in our unconscious; under the surfaces -Ex: if you were to have an outbrust; id bubbling to the surface. -Ex: little kids b/c their all emotion; throw a tanturm b/c you don't give them the shoe that they wanna wear -Ex: think of a newborn infant crying out for satisfaction, caring nothing for the outside world's conditions and demands.

intelligence

-the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. -mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. -nature & nurture topic

repression

-the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. -Freud's theory that we push things into our unconsciousness (so we push things below the surface of the water) -According to him, it underlies all the other defense mechanisms. However, b/c repression is often incomplete, repressed urges may appear as symbols in dreams or as slips of the tongue in casual conversation. -we ___________, or forcibly block from our consciousness b/c they would be too unsettling to acknowledge. -Ex: soldiers exposed to traumatic experiences in concentration camps during wartime sometimes has amnesia and were unable to recall any part of their ordeal.

Flynn effect

-the higher IQ scores today -assumption were getting smarter -as to why the higher IQs today, they simply don't know -asking us "if human beings are getting smarter?" -some explanations: better education systems, nutrition, better medical care, smaller family sizes -shows causation vs. correlation→might see a raise in IQ tests but we need to consider all the other variables as well

reciprocal determinism

-the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. -our personalities are the product of an interaction of factors -proposed by Bandura, believed there are 3 factors given to any behavior -our personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits (our thoughts and feelings), our environment, and our behaviors. -ex: children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. The influences are mutual. -ex: BEHAVIOR OF LEARNING TO ROCK CLIMB behavior (learning to rock climb), internal personal factors (thoughts & feelings about risky activities), environmental factors (rock-climbing friends) -personalities are a product of an interaction of factors -personal factors are going to determine whether we engage in that learning to rock climb behavior -also environmental factors that contribute to whether we rock climb(we may have friends who love to rock climb, or friends who never would rock climb -the example shows that it's not a relationship where the beh. is influenced by personal factors and personal factors are influenced by the env. and that influences beh. IT'S AN INTERACTION OF BEHAVIORS→simply going to learn to rock climb is a influence on your personality -they influence each other in both directions -

social intelligence

-the know-how involved in successfully comprehending social situations -they can read social situations the way a skilled football player reads the defense or a seafarer reads the weather. -concept was proposed in 1920 by Edward Thorndike, noted, "The best mechanic in a factory may fail as a foreman for lack of social intelligence." -psychologists have marveled that high--aptitude people are "not, by a wide margin, more effective...in achieving better marriages, in successfully raising their children, and in achieving better mental and physical well-being." -Others have explored the difficulty that some smart people have processing and managing social information

identification

-the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos -from the Oedipus complex where the son realizes that realistically he probably can't eliminate his father so his goal is to become as much like his father as he possibly can "If you can't beat ′em [the parent of the same sex], join ′em." -Freud believed that _______________ with the same-sex parent provides what psychologists now call our gender identity—our sense of being male/female.

heritability

-the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. -the extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation -tries to measure the variation of difference in a trait that's inherited genetically -the extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation—range from 50 to 80 percent

positive psychology

-the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. -study of optimal human functioning -settling in is positive contributor -focuses efforts on decreasing negative states(like anxiety & depression) while exploring positive well being, positive health, and positive education

predictive validity

-the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior -test is predicting what it's trying to predict -ex: students do well on sat→should mean that they should do well in college, if sat has predictive validity those kids all are doing well

Stanford-Binet

-the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test. -achievement test -gives you one score→your IQ

Genuineness

-they're open w/ feelings, self-disclosing, being honest, transparent, open with their own feelings. A person must be honest with him/herself and not put up fronts.

standardization

-to enable meaningful comparisons, test-makers first give the test to a representative sample of people. -when you later take the test following the same procedures, your score can be compared with the sample's scores to determine your position relative to others. -defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group -when we standardize a test, were giving it to a sample population→but to meaningfully compare the results we ask what level of knowledge are we trying to compare it to -ex: AP PSYCH were trying to teach college leveled curriculum→ so we would give the AP exam to a sample of college freshmen in a intro to psych class→then we can meaningfully compare our results to them

negative symptoms

-toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies, lack of emotion, loss of pleasure/movement, speech or social withdrawal -absence of appropriate behaviors -removal of normal symptoms

anorexia nervosa

-typically begins as a weight-loss diet. People with anorexia—usually adolescents and 9 times out of 10 females—drop significantly below normal weight. -Yet they feel fat, fear being fat, and remain obsessed with losing weight, and sometimes exercise excessively. -About half of those with anorexia display a binge-purge-depression cycle. -maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight

emotinal regulation

-unable to keep it at a normal range→sometimes you don't have any control over it(neurotransmitters are off)→sometimes a result of trauma -having emotions at the wrong time→laughing when it's not appropriate, crying when it's not appropriate, having emotional outbursts that were not in control of

positive symptoms

-unwanted additional symptoms -auditory hallucination, disorganized speech and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage -presence of inappropriate behaviors -word salad

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC]

-version for school-age children (the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC]), and another for preschool children

Sublimation

-when you have what society would deem as unacceptable urges to shift those urges(usually aggressive) towards a socially acceptable target(socially valued) -something that is SOCIALLY ADMIRED(not emotion but urge) -changing those unwanted desires into something socially valued. -Ex: a man w/ aggressive urges becomes a surgeon. Ex: a filmmaker might take out his aggression by making a movie filled with violence; it might be accepted as a work of art. -Ex: Parents might be reassured to know that children who pull wings off flies and jab pins in the dog may eventually find their niche in the areas of dentistry of surgery

encoding failure

The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory. Most of what we sense, we don't notice. And, much of what we notice we don't encode (thus don't remember it). (If no significant event, we don't remember). Little details don't encode. Ex: the flag.

explanatory style

-who or what they blame for their failures (or credit for their successes). Think of how you might feel if you failed a test. If you can externalize the blame ("What an unfair test!"), you are more likely to feel angry. If you blame yourself, you probably will feel stupid and depressed←explains why some people become depressed and why others don't -depressed people, who tend to explain bad events in terms that are stable ("It's going to last forever"), global ("It's going to affect everything I do"), and internal ("It's all my fault")

-with Freud and with much support from today's psychological science, is that much of our mental life is unconscious. -With him, they also assume that we often struggle with inner conflicts among our wishes, fears, and values, and that childhood shapes our personality and ways of becoming attached to others.**

-with Freud and with much support from today's psychological science, is that much of our mental life is unconscious. -With him, they also assume that we often struggle with inner conflicts among our wishes, fears, and values, and that childhood shapes our personality and ways of becoming attached to others.

cultural carrying capacity

The limit on population growth that would allow most people in an area or the world to live in reasonable comfort and freedom without impairing the ability of the planet to sustain future generations.

fixed-ratio

The local pet store offers a discount for buying dog food by the case, and if you save ten UPC bar codes on each case, you can receive a free case from the supplier. how is your dog food buying behavior being reinforced.

median

The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.

dependent variable

The outcome factor/what is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. (variable that is affected by the changes made to the independent variable.) Or what is being measured. EFFECT or outcome.

sympathetic division

The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats. activates and exerts energy. ex: increases heartbeat, perspires skin, increases respiration, increases blood pressure, blood sugar, secretes stress hormones, reduced immune system functioning, pupils dilate and inhibits digestion. It gets you ready for action. Ex: taking an AP test, cools you with perspiration. AROUSING.

internal locus of control

The perception that you control your own fate. You MAKE things happen to you. Ex: "I can determine my future," "I make things happen."

baby boom

The period of high birth rates between 1946 and 1964, when 79 million people were added to the U.S. population. In 1957, the peak of the baby boom, the TFR reached 3.7 children per woman. Since then, it has generally declined, remaining at or below replacement level since 1972.

memory

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. (Learning that has remained over time, information that's stored and can be retrieved).

learning

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. (a relatively permanent behavior change due to experience). Ex: startle response to fear, natural.

Long-Term memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Info. moves for LATER retrieval. Ex: recollection of an important day in the distant past (early birthday, graduation, wedding) & work skills you learned in your first job out of school.

Epigenetics

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change. (meaning "in addition to" or "above and beyond" genetics). An epigenetic mark is an organic methyl molecule attached to part of a DNA strand. It instructs the cell to ignore any gene present in that DNA segment, preventing the DNA from producing the proteins coded by that gene.

Psychophysics

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

Psychonueroimmunology

The study of the connections between stress, the body's immune system, and illness. (The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health). Your thoughts and feelings (psycho) influence your brain (neuro), which influences the endocrine hormones that affect your disease-fighting immune system. (what's going on in our head impacts our nervous and endocrine systems and altogether affects our immune system).

humanistic

The study of the importance of satisfying love and acceptance needs best describes which school of psychology?

molecular genetics

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes. (tries to single out how specific genes influence the body or behavior). Ex: genes that govern body weight or how outgoing a person is.

REM rebound

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

confirmation basis

The tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief is called the...

mental set

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called..

mood congruent

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. (Your current mood usually cues memories that mirror that mood). Ex: if you're very sad, you tend to start thinking about depressing things that have happened in your life, or if you're happy, you start to recall other happy things. Ex: In a bad mood, we may read someone's look as a glare and feel even worse. In a good mood, we may encode the same look as interest and feel even better. retrieval clue

Generalization

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. (Tendency to respond to a SIMILAR CS.) Ex: Pavlov's dogs might feel that a buzzer is close enough to a bell and they might salivate to a buzzer. Or, if they're conditioned to respond to a white light, they might also respond to a red light. It can also be adaptive, as when toddlers taught to fear moving cars also become afraid of moving trucks & motorcycles.

middle ear

The three small bones of the ear are located in the...

menopause

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. (Women's period stops). =

Lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

attributional style.

The way we explain negative and positive events is called...

Authoritative

These parents are demanding and responsive. Rules are set & explained, the rules are enforced and punishment is given when rules are broken, and rules are eased when the child shows he/she can accept responsibility. And, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion when making the rules and allow exceptions. Children tend to have self-esteem, self-reliance, and social confidence. (Parents have rules an expect them to be followed, but use reason and explanations w/ their children. They encourage discussion.

Permissive

These parents believe children should make and learn from their own mistakes; th.ey provide few rules. They also submit to their children's desires and give in to the child. Children tend to be more aggressive and immature. Can either be like neglected or the parent is trying to much to be a "friend." (Parents want to be liked by their children and therefore make few demands on their children and don't use punishment frequently).

Competence vs. Inferiority (6yrs to puberty; Elementary School)

They learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

* This pattern of response (gas) occurs for both physical(involunitary wheel chair ride;from textbook) stressors and psychological stressors(taking a test).

This pattern of response (gas) occurs for both physical(involunitary wheel chair ride;from textbook) stressors and psychological stressors(taking a test).

-High in Neuroticism

Trevor is a fidgety, nervous bank teller. He frequently worries about a robbery and takes medication to control his anxiety. He sees himself as less capable than his fellow tellers and typically counts money multiple times before giving it to customers. Trevor often wonders if the bank cameras are watching him and if his manager thinks he is taking bank funds from the teller drawer.

Amygdala

Two lima bean-sized neural clusters; linked to aggression and fear. It also is involved with handling the emotions and memories involved here. Aggression

Understand that assimilation and a combination happen often in the pre operational stage but they can occur throughout our lifespan even those of us who are adults operating in the formal operational stage had never learned everything that we're always going to know*

Understand that assimilation and a combination happen often in the pre operational stage but they can occur throughout our lifespan even those of us who are adults operating in the formal operational stage had never learned everything that we're always going to know

WAIS-creator, David Wechsler concluded that "the decline of mental ability with age is part of the general [aging] process of the organism as a whole."**

WAIS-creator, David Wechsler concluded that "the decline of mental ability with age is part of the general [aging] process of the organism as a whole."

We do not know how long we can continue increasing the earth's carrying capacity for humans without seriously degrading the life-support system for humans and many other species.**

We do not know how long we can continue increasing the earth's carrying capacity for humans without seriously degrading the life-support system for humans and many other species.

self-reference effect

We have especially good recall for information we can meaningfully RELATE TO OURSELVES. Asked how well certain adjectives describe someone else, we often forget them; asked how well the adjectives describe us, we remember the words well.

context dependent memory

We remember things in the context or setting in which they're normal. It's like knowing a person by name, then seeing them somewhere unexpected and not being able to recognize them. Ex: While taking notes from this book, you realize you need to sharpen your pencil. You get up and walk into another room, but then u can't remember why. After returning to your desk it hits you: "I wanted to sharpen this pencil!" What happens to create this frustrating experience? In one context, u realize ur pencil needs sharpening. When you go to the other room and are in a different context, you have few cues to lead you back to that thought. When you are once again at your desk, you are back in the context in which you encoded the thought. retrieval clue

1) Analytical intelligence 2) Creative intelligence 3) Practical intelligence

What are Sternberg's triarchic theory?

vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, body position (kinesthesia), and body movement (vestibular sense).

What are all the different senses?

fatigue, slow reactions, slow perceptual skills

What are behavioral effects of sleep loss?

-very unscientific and very subjective. -it is almost entirely me-focused. Rogers said that the only thing that mattered was whether a person lived in a way satisfying to himself. -Caring for others also gives great rewards, often even more than caring for one's self. The humanists say that to care for others, you must first care for yourself. -very naïve. Humanists ignore that people are very capable of doing terrible evil. To think "we're all good at heart" is to not truly live in reality.

What are critics about the humanistic perspective?

-Women: Compared with the average man, the average woman enters puberty 2 yrs sooner, life span is 5 yrs longer. Carries 70% more fat, has 40% less muscle, 5 in. shorter. Expresses emotions more freely, can smell fainter odors, & offered help more often. Doubly vulnerable to depression & anxiety, and risk of developing an eating disorder is 10x greater than the average man's. -Men: 4x more likely to commit suicide/develop alcohol use disorder. More likely to be diagnosed with asd, color-blindness, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a child, & antisocial personality disorder as an adult.

What are differences between men and women?

Between 1955 & 2008, the global life expectancy increased from 48 to 68 yrs (77 yrs in developed countries & 67 yrs in developing countries) & is projected to reach 74 by 2050. Between 1900 & 2008, life expectancy in the U.S. increased from 47 to 78 years and, by 2050, is projected to reach 82 years. In the world's poorest countries, however, life expectancy is 49 yrs or less.

What are global life expectancy throughout the world?

Ex: 1. Western cultures (U.S. and Europe) tend to value individual strength. 2. Asian & African cultures tend to be less individual-oriented and more group/family oriented. Anything that honors the individual honors the family; anything that shames the individual shames the family.

What are some cultural differences in raising children?

-Girls are better spellers, more verbally fluent, better at locating objects, better at detecting emotions, and more sensitive to touch, taste, and color -Boys outperform girls in tests of spatial ability and complex math problems, though in math computation and overall math performance ex: speedily rotating three-dimensional objects in one's mind, fitting suitcases into a car trunk, playing chess, or doing certain types of geometry problems. overall→boys and girls hardly differ

What are some differences between girls and boys?

In some developing countries are shortages of scientists and engineers, shortages of skilled workers, insufficient financial capital, large debts to developed countries, and a drop in economic assistance from developed countries since 1985.

What are some factors that hinder the demographic transition?

-Land and Biodiversity: loss of cropland, forests & grasslands, wetlands, and fragmentation of wildlife habitats -Water: increased use of surface water & groundwater, increased runoff & flooding, surface water & groundwater pollution, and decreased natural sewage treatment -energy, air, and climate: increased energy use & waste, increased air pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and enhanced global warming -economic effects: decline of downtown business districts, increased unemployment in central city, and loss of tax base in central city

What are some impacts/degradation of urban sprawl?

1) People who were pessimistic were at a greater risk for heart disease. 2) People who were depressed were at a greater risk for heart disease.

What are some other factors to heart disease?

substance abuse, depression, psychological disorders, hypersensitive, increased rick of health problems, end up showing that violence later in relationships

What are some outcomes to being neglected/abused by their parents?

-low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, and oxygen deprivation during delivery. -famine may also increase risks -midpregnancy viral infection(flu epidemic, populated areas, where viral diseases spread more readily) -maternal influenza infection during pregnancy -retrovirus (HERV)

What are some prenatal risk factors for developing schizophrenia?

It can lead to severe economic and social problems. 1) threaten economic growth 2) labor shortages 3) less gov. revenues w/ fewer workers 4) less entrepreneurship and new business formation 6) increasing public deficits to fund higher pension and health-care costs 7) pensions may be cut and retirement age increased

What are some problems with rapid population decline?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Rorschach inkblot test

What are some projective tests?

rooting, sucking reflexes→feeding, grasping reflex. Ex: they can also learn to discriminate their mothers smells and sounds.

What are some reflexes babies are born with?

hallucinations, orgasm, food/oxygen starvation

What are some states that are physiologically induced?

sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation

What are some states that are psychologically induced?

daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming

What are some states that occur spontaneously?

-noting, the proportion of American children being treated for ADHD quadrupled. How commonplace the diagnosis is depends in part on teacher referrals. Some teachers refer lots of kids for ADHD assessment, others none. ADHD rates have varied by a factor of 10 in different counties of NY State. Although African-American youth display more ADHD symptoms than do Caucasian youth, they less often receive an ADHD diagnosis -Depending on where they live, children who are "a persistent pain in the neck in school" are often diagnosed with ADHD and given powerful prescription drugs. But the problem resides less in the child, he argues, then in today's abnormal environment that forces children to do what evolution has not prepared them to do—to sit for long hours in chairs.

What are some viewpoints from skeptics of ADHD?

-those who argue that the more frequent diagnoses of ADHD today reflect increased awareness of the disorder, especially in those areas where rates are highest. -"there is strong agreement among the international scientific community that ADHD is a real neurobiological disorder whose existence should no longer be debated." -A consensus statement by researchers noted that in neuroimaging studies, ADHD has associations with abnormal brain activity patterns

What are some viewpoints of ADHD?

Sensory memory=>Short-Term memory=>Long-Term memory

What are steps the to explain our memory forming process according to Atkinson and Shiffrin?

1) humans developed the ability to expand into diverse new habitats and different climate zones. 2) the emergence of early and modern agriculture allowed more people to be fed for each unit of land area farmed. 3) the development of sanitation systems, antibiotics, and vaccines helped control infectious disease agents. As a result, death rates dropped sharply below birth rates and population size grew rapidly.

What are the 3 major factors account for the population increase?

Nature and nurture, Continuity and stages, Stability and change

What are the 3 major themes in human development research?

encoding, storage, & retrieval

What are the 3 parts of the information-processing model?

early adulthood, middle adulthood, & late adulthood

What are the 3 stages people go through in life?

prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive

What are the 3 types of age categories in the agestructure diagram?

proximity, continuity, closure. They help us construct reality and make sense of the world.

What are the 3 ways we group things?

1) positive reinforcement 2) negative reinforcement 3) positive punishment 4) negative punishment

What are the 4 elements of operant conditioning?

-the proportion of the global population living in urban areas is increasing: 1850-2008, the % of people living in urban areas increased from 2% to 50%. -urban areas are expanding rapidly in number and size -urban growth is much slower in developed countries than in developing countries: -poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, mostly in developing countries: 1 billion people in developing countries live in crowded, unsanitary slums & shantytowns within most cities or on their outskirts; within 30 yrs this number may double.

What are the 4 major trends in urban population dynamics?

1. Preindustrial 2. Transitional 3. Industrial 4. Postindustrial

What are the 4 stages of the demographic transition?

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment

What are the 5 components of creativity according to Robert Sternberg?

-ample land was available for most cities to spread outward -federal gov. loan guarantees for new single-family homes for WW II veterans stimulated the dev. of suburbs starting in 1950 -low-cost gasoline and federal and state funding of highways encouraged automobile use and the development of outlying tracts of land. -tax laws encouraged home ownership -most state and local zoning laws favored large residential lots and separation of residential and commercial areas. -most urban areas consist of multiple political jurisdictions, which rarely work together to develop an overall plan for managing urban growth.

What are the 6 major factors that promoted urban sprawl in the U.S.?

Wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, & transcendence

What are the 6 overall virtues of the DSM?

-Mimics serotonin -Binds to serotonin receptors -Can be inhibitory or excitatory

What are the actions of LSD?

-Increases the inhibitory effects of GABA -Binds to glutamate receptors -Preventing glutamate from binding to and exciting the cell

What are the actions of alcohol?

-Enters cell through serotonin transporters -Transporters move serotonin out of the cell into the synapse -Serotonin trapped in the synapse repeatedly binds receptors, exciting the cell

What are the actions of ectasy?

-Binds to opiate receptors -Shuts down the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters -Dopamine floods the synapse

What are the actions of herion?

-Binds to cannabinoid receptors -Transporters move serotonin out of the cell into the synapse -Serotonin trapped in the synapse repeatedly binds receptors, exciting the cell

What are the actions of marijuana?

-Dopamine transporters take it up -It pushes dopamine out of vesicles -Transporters pump dopamine into synapse -Trapped dopamine repeatedly binds receptors

What are the actions of meth?

-advantages: they can look at specific symptoms in order to diagnosis it -disadvantages: people could lie or exaggerate about their symptoms and there could be a misdiagnosis/unnecessary diagnosis also that we have excess to the DSM so some people will even go as far as to memorize the symptoms and misportray having the symptoms to get a diagnosis(can see with criminal cases). labels are at best arbitrary and at worst value judgments masquerading as science. Once we label a person, we view that person differently. Labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and our interpretations.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of DSM-5?

affordable, produces no pollution, quiet, requires little parking space, easy to maneuver in traffic, takes few resources to make

What are the advantages of biking?

Can be rerouted as needed, cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail system, & can greatly reduce car use and air pollution.

What are the advantages of buses?

They provide mobility and offer a convenient and comfortable way to get from one place to another. Also are symbols of power, sex appeal, social status, & success for many people.

What are the advantages of motor vehicles?

can reduce travel by car or plane, ideal for trips of 120-620 miles, much more energy efficient per rider than a car/plane.

What are the advantages of rapid rails?

-cities are centers of economic development, innovation, education, technological advances, & jobs. They serve as centers of industry, commerce, and transportation. -better access to medical care, family planning, education, and social services -Recycling is more economically. Concentrating people in cities helps to preserve biodiversity by reducing the stress on wildlife habitats. And central cities can save energy if residents rely more on efficient transportation, Ex: walking, bicycling

What are the advantages of urbanization?

-It can be used to control growth and protect areas from certain types of development.

What are the advantages of zoning?

-The positive effects are numerous and substantial, such as: better sleep, lower need to conform, persistence, less shy/anxious/lonely, and happier. They also predict higher salaries in the future. -low self esteem has its negative effects such as...Being more critical of others. Increased racial prejudice. More likely to disparage others

What are the aspects of either having to high or to low of a self-esteem?

-suppressing rather than changing unwanted behaviors -teaching aggression -creating fear -encouraging discrimination (so that the undesirable behavior appears when the punisher is not present) -fostering depression & low self-esteem.

What are the bad effects of punishments?

These can provide vital ecological services such as absorption of CO2 and other air pollutants, which can make urban air more breathable and help to cut a city's contribution to climate change.

What are the benefits of a greenbelt area?

-communicate about their cases, to comprehend the underlying causes, and to discern effective treatment programs. -informs patient self-understandings. And they are useful in research that explores the causes and treatments of disordered behavior.

What are the benefits of diagnostic labels?

-signal that warns us to stop and take appropriate measures. -Coughing, vomiting, swelling, and pain protect the body from dangerous toxins. -depression slows us down, defuses aggression, helps us let go of unattainable goals, and restrains risk taking. -mild sadness can improve people's recall, make them more discerning, and help them make complex decisions. There is sense to suffering.

What are the benefits of feeling sad/depressed?

1) anxiety→such as a fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder 2) eccentric or odd behaviors→such as the emotionless disengagement of the schizoid personality disorder 3)dramatic or impulsive behaviors→such as the attention-getting histrionic personality disorder and the self-focused and self-inflating narcissistic personality disorder

What are the clusters of personality disorders?

-IQ score: they need to have a score of 70 or below -inability to live independently -many people w/ intellectual disabilities are able to learn how to function in society independently in that case we wouldn't label them as intellectual distabilied

What are the components to labeling somebody with an intellectual disability?

-classial conditioning: events are associated, response is INVOLUNTARY, extinction occurs when CS is presented alone -operant: behavior associates w/ results, response is VOLUNTARY, extinction occurs when reinforcement stops. -similarities: generalization, association, spontaneous recovery, discrimination, acquisition.

What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder

What are the different kinds of eating disorders?

positive and negative symptoms

What are the different kinds of schizophrenia?

little protection in an accident, don't protect riders from bad weather, impractical for long trips, can be tiring, lack of secure bike parking

What are the disadvantages of biking?

Can lose money bc they need low fares to attract riders, can get caught in traffic & add to pollution, commits riders to transportation schedules, & noisy.

What are the disadvantages of buses?

-Automobile accidents kill 1.2 million people a yr—average of nearly 3,300 deaths per day—and injure 15 million people. Also kills 50 million wild animals & family pets every yr. In the U.S., motor vehicle accidents kill 40,000 people per year and injure another 5 million, at least 300,000 of them severely. -They're also the world's largest source of outdoor air pollution. -Congestion: If current trends continue, U.S. motorists will spend an average of 2 years of their lives in traffic jams

What are the disadvantages of motor vehicles?

Expensive to run and maintain, must operate along heavily used routes to be profitable, causes noise & vibration for nearby residents.

What are the disadvantages of rapid rails?

hypothesis

A TESTABLE prediction, often implied by a theory. Educated guess.

Convergence

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. (when looking at a close-up object, your eyes angle inwards towards each other you become slightly cross-eyed).

operational definition

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study (to cut down on bias). Should be detailed enough to enable other scientists to replicate the experiment if they wished. cor

causation

A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. (means that the researchers found that changes in one variable they measured directly caused changes in the other.) Ex: research showing that jumping off a cliff directly causes great physical damage.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

standard deviation

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. (A measurement of how much the numbers vary from the mean. Just realize that if the numbers are all pretty close, the standard deviation will be low. It the numbers have a wide range, the standard deviation will be high).

intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. (desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. Ex: reading a book just for the joy of reading it). (Excessive rewards can destroy this). It's as if the thinking becomes, "If they have to bribe me to do this, it must not really be worth doing."

extrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. (Desire to perform a behavior in order to get some type of reward). Ex: reading a book in order to get an "A" in class or to win a prize.

sampling bias

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample. Errors that can occur in research studies by not properly selecting participants for the study.

Duchenne smile

A genuine & authentic smile that involves contraction of a particular set of facial muscles(cheeks lift & eyes crinkle.

representative sample

A group that closely matches the characteristics of its population as a whole. Ex: a classroom of 30 students with 15 males and 15 females, could generate a representative sample that might include six students: three males and three females.

Cerebellum

A gymnast falls and hits her head on the floor. She attempts to continue practicing, but has trouble maintaining balance. What part of her brain has probably been affected?

humanistic psychology

A historical significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people. Environmental influences, especially love and acceptance, determine if we become all we can in life.

How can we get them to reach their highest potential

A humanistic psychologist working with some poets might ask which of the following questions?

myelin sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage-like node to the next. (Axons are insulated by this. This insulation helps control the impulses and speeds their travel). -If this degenerates, multiple sclerosis results: communication to muscles slows, with eventual loss of muscle control. (That means your nerves won't be able to send and receive messages as they should)

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory, malfunctions: producing migraines/ seizures. excitatory - counters GABA to give "homeostasis" or balance. Memory.

recognition

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. (Identifying something already learned). (It's like pinpointing a correct definition on a multiple choice test.) Ex: 7 dwarfs activity, round 2: list of dwarfs names showed and we picked out the 7. Ex: multiple choice.

relearning

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. (A measurement of time saved when learning something a second time). Learning something a second time comes faster and easier. Ex: when you study for an exam.

free association

A method of exploring the unconscious (by Freud) in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind(when conscious), no matter how trivial or embarrassing/anxiety inducing. 1. The idea was that they'd be revealing clues to their unconscious. 2. He thought the clues would lead back to the person's painful childhood memories. -Traditional laying on a couch in ur therapists office and you say whatever comes to your mind. Even if it seems like it's not important/significant. Idea is that eventually after taking freely(from whatever comes to your mind) will eventually stumble towards the root of your problems. (Not under hypnosis→CONSCIOUS). IDEA: EVENTUALLY GET TO THE ROOT OF THE PROBLEM. Ex: people depress verbally (vent, talk things out) and get to what's really bothering you.

Algorithms

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. STEP-BY-STEP problem solving. Less error-prone. (The most reliable but time consuming). Ex: at a grocery store looking for salsa; you go down every aisle & row to find it, most reliable bc no matter what you will find it, but takes up time. Ex: Puzzle; try each piece with another until you found the piece that fits.

echoic memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. (Where sound is very briefly stored). Ex: hearing a patient's name called out in a waiting room and being unable to remember it a few seconds later.

iconic memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. (A brief moment the IMAGE remains "burnt" in our eye). In Sperling's experiment, all 9 letters were "visible" for a short time. That's why a row could be named. Ex: deer runs across the road while a man is driving. He only sees the deer very briefly before it bounds off. The memory left in his mind of the deer leaping across the roadway is stored for a short period of time.

Toes stretched outward and upward in response to a sole-of-the-foot touch

A newborn demonstrates the Babinski reflex. You would expect to see...

working memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information RETRIEVED from long-term memory. Where we focus on info. that is useful/needed right then. Ex: right now, you are using your working memory to link the information you're reading with your previously stored info. *UPDATE of short-term*

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness. Cuts down the pineal gland's production of melatonin, the sleep hormone. Does its job in part by causing the brain's pineal gland to DECREASE its production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin in the morning and to INCREASE it in the evening.

midlife transition

A period in middle adulthood when a person's perspective on his or her life may change significantly. A crisis, a time of great struggle, regret, or even feeling struck down by life. *The belief in a "mid-life crisis" seems to be a myth.*

Acceptance

A person must accept others and ourselves for who we are. When people are accepting, they offer unconditional positive regard

A person whose identical twin has Alzheimer's disease, for example, has a 60% risk of getting the disease; if the affected twin is fraternal, the risk is 30%*

A person whose identical twin has Alzheimer's disease, for example, has a 60% risk of getting the disease; if the affected twin is fraternal, the risk is 30%

cocktail party effect

A person's ability to single out one voice amidst many others, then to "change channels" to another voice. A person in a crowded, talking room can weed out other voices and converse with one person. Then the first person can single out another voice and "tune in" on that person if desired.

temperament

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. (A person's genetic tendency as to how they react and how intensely they react to a situation). From their first weeks of life, some infants are reactive, intense, and fidgety. Others are easygoing, quiet, & placid. Difficult babies are more irritable, intense, & unpredictable. Easy babies are cheerful, relaxed, & predictable in feeding and sleeping. Slow-to-warm-up infants tend to resist or withdraw from new people and situations. As children, our temperaments, like being shy or outgoing, tend to persist as we grow older. These findings are supported by twin and adoption studies that try to gauge the nature-nurture influence.

incentives

A positive or negative environmental STIMULUS that motivates behavior. Ex: A food-deprived person who smells baking bread feels a strong hunger drive. In the presence of that drive, the baking bread becomes a compelling incentive.

higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. Ex: animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. Ex: something makes us afraid (perhaps a guard dog associated w/ a previous dog bite). If something else, such as the sound of a barking dog, brings to mind that guard dog, the bark alone may make us feel a little afraid.

operant conditioning: negative reinforcement

A professor has a policy of exempting students from the final exam if they maintain perfect attendance during the quarter. His students' attendance increases dramatically.

personality inventory

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. It proves CAUSE and EFFECT.

Experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. Work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the processes that underlie it.

Naturalistic observation

A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year- olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting?

emotions

A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal (heart pounding), (2) expressive behaviors (quickened pace), and (3) conscious experience ("Is this kidnapping?") and feelings (panic, fear, joy).

random sample

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. Ex: you might number the names in the general student listening and then use a random number generator to pick your survey participants.

basic trust

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. They see life as a safe, predictable place and approach life with a more "go get 'em" attitude.

role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. (A cluster of prescribed actions, the behaviors we expect of those who occupy a particular social position.)

cross-sectional studies

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. (comparing people of different ages).

health psychology

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

insight

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. (learning that comes all-at-once. You may be stumped on something, but then, all-of-a-sudden, the problem is solved in a flash). FLASH OF INSPIRATION.

Insight

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. the answer comes ALL-AT-ONCE. When this "light bulb moment" occurs, fMRI or EEG brain scans show a spot in the right temporal bulb light up.

posthypnotic suggestions

A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. (Trying to get a person to respond after hypnosis, ex: saying, "You will NOT want to order dessert,") It has helped reduce headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders.

drive-reduction theory

A survivalist has been in the forest for over 2 weeks in his out of food and water in desperation she has begun eating leaves in various insects and can think of nothing more than satisfying her hunger which of the following theories would best explain her motivation to eat these items?

biofeedback

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Ex: if our body temp. cools, blood vessels constrict to conserve warmth, and we feel driven to put on more clothes or seek a warmer environment.

signal detection theory

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus. (Idea that predicting whether or not we detect a stimulus depends not only on the stimulus, but also on our experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness). (measured as our ratio of "hits" to "false alarms"). It predicts when we will see, hear, smell, taste. Factors influencing signal detection: Own experiences, or past & future experiences. Ex: people respond differently to the same stimuli (have you ever noticed that some teachers are much more likely than others to detect students texting during class?) and why the same person's reactions vary as circumstances change. Hit: stimulus present, it's identified, Ex: mother taking care of a baby, if it cries the mother might instantly hear it Miss: stimulus present, it's not identified. Ex: perhaps the child has siblings sleeping right next the door, who might sleep through the crying. Stimulus present is baby crying, but the siblings didn't hear. False alarm: no stimulus present, but its identified. Ex: sometimes the mother gets up in the middle of the night thinking she hears her baby crying, but when getting to babies room, everything's fine. Correct Rejection: no stimulus present. Ex: if mother sleeps through the night and the baby isn't crying -As a stimulus gets stronger, our ability to detect that stimulus increases. -As stimulus decreases, our ability to detect that stimulus decreases

ALL ILLNESSES ARE ROOTED OR CAUSED BY STRESS!!!!!!!!!!!!*

ALL ILLNESSES ARE ROOTED OR CAUSED BY STRESS!!!!!!!!!!!!

pons

Above the medulla is this. It helps to coordinate movements.

General intelligence (g)

According to Charles Spearman and others, which of the following underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test?

Identity versus role confusion

According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task for adolescents?

Generativity

According to Erikson, which of the following is a dominant goal of adulthood?

social identity

According to Erikson, you develop your __________, a part of who you are, from your group memberships.

repression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, and denial

According to Fred what are examples of defense mechanisms?

our ego

According to Freud what defines our personality the most/most important?

unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. Most of our mental activity happens here. Ex: we do stuff ever day we're not rlly conscious about. In the iceberg this is hidden underneath the water.

manifest content

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content). (What we experience in our dreams.) What you tell your friends that you dreamed.

manifest content

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (it was the censored version).

IQ (intelligence quotient)

According to Stern: -PAST: he used it as→person's mental age divided by chronological age and x by 100 -an average child, whose mental and chronological ages are the same, has an IQ of 100. -MODERN DAY: they represent the test-takers performance relative to the average performance of others the same age -average performance is arbitrarily assigned a score of 100, and about two-thirds of all test-takers fall between 85 and 115. -all about comparing to others -if somebody mental age is above their chronological age, their IQ is going to be above 100 -AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE: 100 -if mental age is lower than chronological age, their IQ is going to be looking at a number below 100

According to a study by U.N. Population Fund and the Alan Guttmacher Institute, meeting women's current unmet needs for family planning and contraception could each year prevent 52 million unwanted pregnancies, 22 million induced abortions, 1.4 million infant deaths, and 142,000 pregnancy-related deaths.**

According to a study by U.N. Population Fund and the Alan Guttmacher Institute, meeting women's current unmet needs for family planning and contraception could each year prevent 52 million unwanted pregnancies, 22 million induced abortions, 1.4 million infant deaths, and 142,000 pregnancy-related deaths.

Poor peer relations and solo play

According to research, which of the following has been identified as an early warning sign of schizophrenia?

According to the Pew Hispanic Center, 53% of the 100 million Americans that were added to the population between 1967 and 2007 were either immigrants or their children.**

According to the Pew Hispanic Center, 53% of the 100 million Americans that were added to the population between 1967 and 2007 were either immigrants or their children.

short-term memory

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Ex: when someone is given a phone number and is forced to memorize it because there is no way to write it down. We process information into ......... where we encode it through rehearsal. Research shows that this stage is not just a temporary shelf for holding incoming information. It's an active desktop where your brain processes information, making sense of new input and linking it with long-term memories. (Temporary holding place for information that we're using at the CURRENT time). The duration of STM seems to be between 15 and 30 seconds, and the capacity about 7 items.

accommodation

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info. (Our schemas meaning that we revise and refine them). Ex: the child soon learns that the original dog schema is too broad and accommodates by refining the category. (Helps us adapt our current understandings or schemas to incorporate NEW info. (has C's, representing change) Ex: when her father clarifies that a dog has 4 legs a tail, fur and barks and a cat meows the child can distinguish between a dog & a cat. (Were updating our schemas maybe even creating a new schema to fit that ex, so basically were either modifying, updating, or creating a new schema based on new info./ new learning).

postconventional

Adolescence and Beyond. Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles. Ex: "People have a right to live." People doing things out of respect for others rights or human dignity or basic ethical beliefs. A person here would explain that stealing is wrong because it violates another's right to property. Not necessarily the decision that's made, it's the person's reasoning→Why they did that. and that reasoning is really what is it. So you could be following the rule based on your own set of ethics. (doing what you think is right or what you think is best for humanity. Could be based on universal principles/respect/ethics rather than necessarily just following the rules. Ex: Rosa Parks; refusing to go to the back of the bus as driver requested, she knew she was breaking the law also knew she would be punished. but she was shooting for something bigger, and she was operating in what she believed to right or wrong.

formal operations stage (Piaget)

Adolescents now have abstract reasoing skills and can debate issues such as truth, good, and evil and justice. Their sense of what's fair changes from simple equality to equity. Reasoning hypothetically and deducing consequences also enables adolescents to detect inconsistencies and spot hypocrisy in others' reasoning. This can lead to heated debates with parents and silent vows never to lose sight of their own ideals

REM (stage 5 of sleep)

After an hour, you go into this stage. Rapid Eye Movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which VIVID dreams commonly occur. Known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. Where your brain is the most active. Wave: n/a. Wave characteristics: rapid + saw-toothed, similar to NREM-1. Behavior: heart rate/breathing increases, eyes dart around. Body is paralyzed in this stage, which keeps you from acting out your dreams. Your basically unconscious. Wave: n/a. About an hour and half into the night. After 10-15min you go into a deeper stage of sleep again. -high arousal: heart rate increases, breathing, blood level -paralysis -dreams

After colleges in the 1920s began giving intelligence tests to entering students, several psychologists saw their chance to study intelligence longitudinally. They retested the the same group of people—over a period of years (Schaie&Geiwitz). -found that until late in life, intelligence remained stable. On some tests, it even increased.

After colleges in the 1920s began giving intelligence tests to entering students, several psychologists saw their chance to study intelligence longitudinally. They retested the the same group of people—over a period of years (Schaie&Geiwitz). -found that until late in life, intelligence remained stable. On some tests, it even increased.**

In Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister's research, how did people with unrealistically high self-esteem react when they were criticized?

After criticism, those with inflated high self-esteem were "exceptionally aggressive." They delivered three times the auditory torture of those with normal self-esteem. "Encouraging people to feel good about themselves when they haven't earned it" poses problems, Baumeister concluded. "Conceited, self-important individuals turn nasty toward those who puncture their bubbles of self-love."

Alfred Adler

Agreed: childhood is important -same as Karen believed it was the social attention not the sexual attention(CRUCIAL for personality formation) ex: fitting in, "do people like me?", "am I wearing the right clothes?", "do I have friends on the playground" -famous for inferiority(less than) complex -he believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings that trigger our strivings for superiority and power. ex: like trying to measure up to our friends, we don't feel like we fit in, etc.→if this goes unchecked (if we don't get over the feeling of being inferiority in childhood) we end up seeking out positions of power so that we can feel socially power and superior. Ex: cops

placenta

Alcohol is a teratogen that can slip through the _________ and damage the fetus or embryo.

Chromosomes

All the cell in our bodies holds our master genetic code. A normal person has 46 ..., 23 from our mother and 23 from our father. (It holds our GENES which holds our DNA, our genetic coding).

self-concept

An 18-month-old typically recognizes herself in a mirror. This self-awareness contributes to..... a. self-assurance. b. self-concept. c. self-esteem. d. self-actualization. e. self-determination.

near-death experience

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. Relating to LSD.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An amplified recording of the waves of ELECTRICAL activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (a read-out of electrical brain activity.) (Shower cap thingy with cord placed on head).

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. They measure brain waves, eye movements, and muscle tension.

intuition

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. Fast, Automatic, unreasoned feelings, and thoughts. Ex: After interviewing policy makers in government, business, and education, Irving Janis concluded that they "often do not use a reflective problem-solving approach. How do they usually arrive at their decisions? If you ask, they are likely to tell you...they do it mostly by the seat of their pants."

attachment

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. It's aided early-on by physical contact. Ex: softness, rocking, feeding, and patting. Being social creatures, all through life we attach ourselves to others who will always "be there for us."

-They Have Huge Ecological Footprints: they consume 75% of its resources and produce 75% of all carbon dioxide emissions from human activities. Bc of this high resource input of food, water, & materials and the resulting high waste output. Most urban dwellers live in an artificial env. that isolates them from forests & other natural areas. Result: tend to have little passion for protecting biodiversity -They Lack Vegetation: most trees, shrubs, or other plants are destroyed to make way for buildings, roads, parking lots, & housing developments. Don't benefit from vegetation that absorbs air pollutants, give off oxygen, cool the air, provide shade, provide wildlife habitats. -They Have Water Problems: As water demands increase, expensive reservoirs and canals must be built and deeper wells must be drilled. This can deprive rural and wild areas of surface water & deplete groundwater. -They Concentrate Pollution and Health Problems: cities produce most of the world's air pollution, water pollution, and solid & hazardous wastes. Human-related sources are emitted, causes disruption of local and regional portions of the carbon cycle. It also disrupts the nitrogen cycle. -They Have Excessive Noise: Any unwanted/disturbing/harmful sound that interferes w/ hearing, causes stress, hampers concentration & work efficiency, or causes accidents. -They Have a Different Climate and Experience Light Pollution: enormous amount of heat generated by cars, factories, furnaces, lights, air conditioners, and heat-absorbing dark roofs and streets in cities creates an urban heat island.

What are the disadvantages of urbanization?

-some developers often influence or modify zoning decisions in ways that threaten or destroy wetlands, prime cropland, forested areas, and open space. -often favors high-priced housing, factories, hotels, and other businesses over protecting environmentally sensitive areas and providing low-cost housing

What are the disadvantages of zoning?

weight, health, job performances, student performance in school, immune system, slow reactions, increase errors on visual attention tasks, fatigue

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

came from family backgrounds marked by poverty and family instability

What are the environmental risk factors of antisocial behavior?

sociable, outgoing, talkative, responsive, easygoing, lively, carefree, and leadership

What are the extraverted personality characteristics?

genetic predispositions, child abuse, low self-esteem, marital problems

What are the factors that put women at risk for depression?

1) Perceiving emotions 2) Understanding emotions 3) Managing emotions 4) Using emotions

What are the four emotional intelligence components?

According to Piaget, they consist of senorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

What are the four major stages of cognitive dev.?

Instinct theory(evolutionary perspective), drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and hierarchy of needs

What are the four perspectives for viewing motivated behaviors?

heat, cold, pain, and pressure

What are the four types of touch sensation skin can detect?

-No single gene codes for a complex behavior such as crime, but twin and adoption studies reveal that biological relatives of those with antisocial and unemotional tendencies are at increased risk for antisocial behavior. -The genetic vulnerability of people with antisocial and unemotional tendencies appears as a fearless approach to life. -Awaiting aversive events, such as electric shocks or loud noises, they show little autonomic nervous system arousal. -3-yr-olds who are slow to develop conditioned fears are later more likely to commit a crime -Long-term studies have shown that their levels of stress hormones were lower than average when they were youngsters, before committing any crime.

What are the genetic factors of antisocial personality disorder?

-Build & redesign cities for people not cars -Use solar & other locally available, renewable energy resources & design buildings to be heated and cooled as much as possible by nature -Use solar-powered living machines & wetlands to treat sewage -Depend largely on recycled water that is purified and used again -Use energy and matter resources efficiently -Prevent pollution and reduce waste -Recycle, reuse, and compost at least 60% of all municipal solid waste -Protect and support biodiversity by preserving surrounding land & protecting & restoring natural systems & wetlands -Promote urban gardens & farmers markets -Use zoning and other tools to keep the human population at environmentally sustainable levels

What are the goals of the scientific principles of sustainability?

mood disorder, social anxiety, phobia, and any disorder

What are the most frequently reported disorders in America?

At conception, you received 23 chromosomes from your mother and 23 from your father. 45 of 46 chromosomes are identical.

What are the only similarities between men & women?

1) Two researchers studied people who could not remember beyond 20 minutes. Since they couldn't remember eating a full meal, say 30 minutes ago, they ate another, and then another. 2) We crave some foods depending on our mood or what we're doing. 3) We crave some foods naturally, like sweets and salty foods.

What are the other ways to eating than hunger?

-A mother whose schizophrenia was severe and long-lasting -Birth complications, often involving oxygen deprivation and low birth weight -Separation from parents -Short attention span and poor muscle coordination -Disruptive or withdrawn behavior -Emotional unpredictability -Poor peer relations and solo play

What are the possibly warning signs of schizophrenia?

-walkability, with most stores and recreational activities located within a 10-min walk of homes & apartments -mixed-use and diversity, which provides a mix of pedestrian-friendly shops, offices, apartments, and homes to encourage people of different ages, classes, cultures, and races to move in -quality urban design emphasizing beauty, aesthetics, and architectural diversity -environmental sustainability based on development with minimal environmental impact • smart transportation with well-designed train and bus systems connecting neighborhoods, towns, and cities.

What are the principles of new urbanism?

-AIDS can disrupt a country's social and economic structure by removing significant numbers of young adults from its age structure. -According to World Health Organization, it had killed 25 million people by 2008. -It kills many young adults. This change in the young-adult age structure of a country has a number of harmful effects: 1) sharp drop in average life expectancy. In 8 African countries, where 16-39% of the adult population is infected with HIV, life expectancy could drop to 34-40 yrs. 2) loss of a country's most productive young adult workers and trained personnel such as; scientists, farmers, engineers, teachers, & government, business, & health-care workers.

What are the problems with AIDS in a country/area?

Parents are turned to for the long-term- education, discipline, responsibility, orderliness, charitableness, and ways of interacting with authority figures.

What are the roles of parents?

Peers are turned to for the now- important for learning cooperation, for finding the road to popularity, for inventing styles of interaction among people of the same age.

What are the roles of peers?

passive, careful, thoughtful, peaceful, controlled, reliable, even-tempered, and calm

What are the stable traits/characteristics?

Jean Piaget on COGNITIVE development, Lawrence Kohlberg on MORAL development, and Erik Erikson on PSYCHOSOCIAL development propose that such stages do exist.

What are the stage of theories?

1. Babies start to gain "self awareness" at 6 months when babies begin to interact with themselves in a mirror. 2. 15-18 months, a baby with a spot on his/her nose in the mirror will reach for his/her own nose. 3. By grade-school, a child identifies him/herself in terms of gender, group membership, personal characteristics, and compare themselves to others. 4. 8-10, self-image is very stable

What are the steps of how children develop with there self?

1. Sound enters into the OUTER EAR 2. The waves then go through the AUDITORY CANAL 3. to then the EARDRUM, tight membrane, causing it to vibrate 4. then goes to the OSSICLES (consisting of hammer, anvil, and stirrup) which picks up the vibrations. 5. the incoming vibrations cause the cochlea's membrane (the OVAL WINDOW) to vibrate, jostling the fluid that fills the tube. 6. the motions then causes ripples in the BASILAR MEMBRANE (axons form the auditory nerve). 7. bending the HAIR CELLS lining the surface of the basilar membrane. 8. Axons of those cells converge to form the auditory nerve, which sends neural messages (via the THALAMUS). 9. auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

What are the steps of how hearing works?

1. Light first enters the eye through the CORNEA. 2. It then passes to the PUPIL (black part), which is controlled by the iris (eye color) 3. the light then hits the LENS the transparent structure inside the eye, which focuses light rays onto the retina. (Helps image focus on retina). 4. RODS & CONES (it reaches the retina, the light-sensitive nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, where the image appears inverted. 5. BIPOLAR CELLS (rods share) (eye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells.) 6. GANGLION CELLS, whose axons form the optic nerve (the bundle of axons of ganglion cells that carries neural messages from each EYE to the BRAIN) 7. BLINDSPOT, exit point at the back of the retina 8. THALAMUS (sensory router in brain) 9. visual cortex of the occipital lobe

What are the steps of how the eye works?

-generating electricity from solar cells, small wind turbines, and small hydropower systems; collecting rainwater; using composting toilets; using solar cookers, and rooftop solar collectors to provide hot water; cooperating in the development of organic farming plots; and using passive solar design, energy-efficient houses, and living roofs.

What are the strategies of ecovillages?

recall, recognition, relearning

What are the three measures of retention?

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

What are the three phases of stress?

representativeness and availability heuristics

What are the two heuristics?

retinal disparity and convergence

What are the two kinds of binocular cues?

1) we learn by associating one stimulus w/ another (classical) 2) we learn by associating a behavior w/ a consequence (operant)

What are the two main ways we learn by association?

extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability

What are the two personality dimensions ?

convergent and divergent thinking

What are the two types of thinking?

content validity and predictive validity

What are the two types of validity?

life expectancy and infant mortality rate

What are the two useful indicators of the overall health of people in a country/region?

natural increase and immigration

What are the two ways that urban areas grow?

priming, context dependent memory, state dependent memory (mood congruent), serial position effect

What are the types of retrieval clues?

Gender roles vary over time and place. In North America, men were traditionally expected to initiate dates, drive the car, and pick up the check. Women were expected to decorate the home, buy and care for the children's clothes, and select the wedding gifts. Up through the 1990s, Mom (about 90% of the time in two-parent U.S. families) stayed home with a sick child, arranged for the babysitter, & called the doctor. Even in recent yrs, compared with employed women, employed men in the U.S. have daily spent about an hour and a half more on the job & one hour less on household activities & caregiving.

What are the typical roles of women?

touch, restless, aggressive, excitable, changeable, impulsive, optimistic, and active→can turn to anti-social behaviors(unhealthy habits/behaviors) considered emotional unstable

What are the unstable traits/characteristics?

Mode, Mean, Median

What are three usual measurements of central tendency?

1) suddenly→reaction to stress 2) gradually→preceded by risk factors, poor school performance

What are ways that schizophrenia develops?

-self-aware -self-accepting (regard to urself; like being able to take compliment) -open & spontaneous; open to trying new things -loving & caring -compassion & gratitudude -not paralyzed by other people's opinions -have a mission in life(finding fulfillment)

What characteristics did Maslow find among those who had achieved self-actualization?

-an excess of receptors for dopamine(6 times receptors as normal) -hyper-responsive dopamine system may intensify brain signals in schizophrenia, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia -amphetamines and cocaine, sometimes intensify them

What chemical imbalance has an effect on developing schizophrenia?

He believed that w/o our awareness, these troublesome feelings and ideas powerfully influence us, sometimes gaining expression in disguised forms—the work we choose, the beliefs we hold, our daily habits, our troubling symptoms.

What did Freud believe would happen without our awareness?

Pessimism

What did a famous Harvard University public health study identify as a factor that doubles the risk of heart disease?

For many years, psychologists reasoned that infants became attached to those who satisfied their need for nourishment. It made sense. But an accidental finding overturned this explanation.

What did many psychologists believe about the nourishment?

Extrinsic motivation

What do we call a desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment?

Perceptual set

What do we call a mental predisposition that influences our interpretation of a stimulus?

The critical period

What do we call an optimal window of opportunity for proper development?

Consciousness

What do we call awareness of our environment and ourselves?

extinction

What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone?

phi phenomenon

What do we call the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary, adjacent lights blinking on and off in quick succession?

cornea

What do we call the transparent, protective layer that light passes through as it enters the eye?

That rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again.

What does Edward Thorndike's law of effect state?

At first, we forget very much very fast. Then, forgetting diminishes, then finally levels off

What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?

-reduced activity in the murderers' frontal lobes, an area of the cortex that helps control impulses -less frontal lobe tissue than normal. This helps explain why people with antisocial personality disorder exhibit marked deficits in frontal lobe cognitive functions, such as planning, organization, and inhibition

What does the brain show of with people who have antisocial personality disorder?

spatial questions

What does the frontal lobe(both sides) area become the most active in?

1) reduce the spread of HIV through a combination of improved education and health care. 2) provide financial assistance for education and health care as well as volunteer teachers and health-care and social workers to help compensate for the missing young-adult generation.

What does the international community program do for AIDS?

-verbal questions

What does the left part of the frontal lobe area become the most active in?

1) importance of children as a part of the labor force: proportions of children working tend to be higher in developing countries. 2) cost of raising and educating children 3) availability of private and public pension systems 4) Urbanization 5) educational and employment opportunities available for women 6) infant mortality rate 7) average age at marriage 8) availability of legal abortions 9) Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms

What factors affect a country's average birth rate and TFR?

It usually indicates insufficient food (undernutrition), poor nutrition (malnutrition), and a high incidence of infectious disease (usually from drinking contaminated water and having weakened disease resistance due to undernutrition and malnutrition).

What factors/indications contribute to high infant mortality rates?

Sexual orientation

What gender you're attracted; same/opposite, endless combinations. Ex: straight, gay, bi, or asexual

-If it is negative—if in our own eyes we fall far short of our ideal self. -we're falling short of our ideal self -if we fall short of our ideal self, everything else flows from their negative(we feel dissatisfied, unhappy) -if we have a negative mindset, then everything else is negative too.

What happens if our self-concept is negative?If it is negative—if in our own eyes we fall far short of our ideal self

If our self-concept is positive(act & perceive the world positively), we tend to act and perceive the world positively(positive outlook)

What happens if our self-concept is positive?

-When participants heard a voice/saw something, their brain became vigorously active in several core regions, including the thalamus, a structure deep in the brain that filters incoming sensory signals and transmits them to the cortex.

What happens in the brains of people while hallucinating?

Those with these parents tend to have less social skill & self-esteem.

What happens to people who have authoritarian parents?

Those with these parents tend to be more aggressive & immature.

What happens to people who have permissive parents?

Those people often find it hard to form strong bonds/attachments to others in later life. Ex: adult styles of romantic love tend to exhibit either secure, trusting attachment; insecure, anxious attachment; or the avoidance of attachment. These adult attachment styles in turn affect relationships with one's own children, as avoidant people find parenting more stressful and unsatisfying.

What happens to those who were deprived of attachment in early life?

-When you label someone who has something it can make a 1) self-fulfilling prophecy→where they think they have something and exacerbate problems, 2) if other people think someone has something then they can act a certain way and perceive the other person's actions to match what they think they have→changes how other people treat you.

What happens when you put labels on people with psychological disorders?

your muscular energy increases and sleep decreases

What happens when your stressed?

we learn & remember better with practice.

What happens with LTP?

They usually don't have any non-verbal clues to communication. We're judged only by our words and our meaning is sometimes misinterpreted. We may be "jk", but the person may not know that and take it seriously.

What happens with communicating with emails and text messages?

learning & memories don't stick.

What happens without LTP?

it can impair reading, writing, speaking, arithmetic reasoning and understanding.

What have researches found happens in the left hemisphere from accidents, strokes, tumors?

Coronary heart disease

What is North America's leading cause of death?

your first kiss

What is a typical example of a flashbulb memory?

money

What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

algorithm

What is another term for a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem?

Framing

What is another word for the way an issue is presented to you?

multiple sclerosis results: communication to muscles slows, with eventual loss of muscle control.

What is it called if the myelin sheath degenerates?

-when comparing 70-yr-olds and 30-yr-olds, they compared people not only of 2 different ages but of 2 different eras. They compared generally less-educated people (born, say, in the early 1900s) with better-educated people (born after 1950), people raised in large families with people raised in smaller families, people growing up in less affluent families with people raised in more affluent families.

What is one of the problems w/ cross-sectional studies?

Nearly 28% of the people on the planet were under 15 yrs old in 2008. These 1.9 billion young people are poised to move into their prime reproductive years. In developing countries, the % is even higher: 30% on average compared with 17% in developed countries. These differences in population age structure between developed and developing countries are dramatic.

What is one of the world's most important population statistics?

-positive well-being—assesses exercises and interventions aimed at increasing happiness -positive health—studies how positive emotions enhance and sustain physical well-being, -positive neuroscience—explores the biological foundations of -positive emotions, resilience, and social behavior, and -positive education—evaluates educational efforts to increase students' engagement, resilience, character strengths, optimism, and sense of meaning -study of positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions -positive character: focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality. -positive groups, communities, and cultures, seeks to foster a positive social ecology. includes healthy families, communal neighborhoods, effective schools, socially responsible media, & civil dialogue.

What is positive psychology exploring?

-enlarged, fluid-filled areas and a corresponding shrinkage and thinning of cerebral tissue -corpus callosum connection between the 2 hemispheres. -thalamus, which may explain why people with schizophrenia have difficulty filtering sensory input and focusing attention -schizophrenia involves not one isolated brain abnormality but problems with several brain regions and their interconnections

What is shown in people's brain's who have chronic schizophrenia?

(1) Negative, stressful events interpreted through (2) a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style create (3) a hopeless, depressed state that (4) hampers the way the person thinks and acts. This, in turn, fuels (1) negative, stressful experiences such as rejection.

What is the cycle of depression?

-with this people seem to notice their own mistakes

What is the defense mechanism of projection?

-anxiety disorder interferes w/ normal functioning, as well as lasting over time

What is the difference anxiety and anxiety disorder?

Discrimination is drawing the line between RESPONDING to some stimuli, but NOT OTHER. A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that an animal can DISTINGUISH from another.

What is the difference between discrimination and discriminative stimulus

Kinesthetic sense is all about how we can tell the POSITION of our limbs. This sense helps us to do things like raise an arm without looking at it. Vestibular sense has more to do with BALANCE. Our vestibular system is located primarily in our inner ear, and it's what helps us maintain balance.

What is the difference between kinesthesia and vestibular sense?

-psychodynamic(new): the modern version of psychoanalytic(old) -psychoanalytic: we don't rlly use this b/c as we know Freud's theories weren't always proven -psychoanalytic(Point is getting to the root of our problems) as a theory is still used today thou -when we hear psychoanalytic, we're referring to Freud. DIFFERENCES -psychodynamic: not referred to id, ego, superego. Doesn't believe sex is the basis of personality(but freud does) AGREED: much of our mental life is unconscious. AGREED: we often struggle w/ our inner conflicts(our wishes, fears, hopes, values) AGREED: childhood shapes our personality

What is the difference between psychodynamic and psychoanalytic?

An electric current or a jolt to the head won't affect long-term memories, but can wipe out short-term memories. A boxer who gets knocked out often doesn't remember the hit that brought him down.

What is the effect if an electric current/jolt to the head?

Anger is a male-dominated emotion. In a experiment, a computer-generated gender-neutral face was given either an angry and a smiling face. People usually saw the angry face as a male, the smiling face as female.

What is the exception to the "women are more emotional than men" rule?

The average number of children born to women in a population (total fertility rate)

What is the key factor that determines population size?

free association

What is the main technique that Freud used during psychoanalysis?

Zygote, embryo, fetus

What is the prenatal development sequence?

-ADHD often co-exits with a learning disorder or with defiant and temper-prone behavior. -It's important to differentiate so that you don't miss diagnosis kids with ADHD and put them on unnecessary medication

What key component needs to be present to differentiate ADHD from normal high energy or rambunctiousness?

ego

What part of the iceberg is responsible for defense mechanisms?

Gender that has power in our society: MALE (Mostly all male jobs); power roles: president, CEO, congress, politicians,

What shows that social power is inequitably distributed?

conduction

What type of hearing loss is due to damage to the mechanism that transmits sound waves to the cochlea?

state-dependent memory

What we learn in one state—be it drunk/sober—may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state. What people learn when drunk they don't recall well in any state (alcohol disrupts storage). But they recall it slightly better when again drunk. Ex: Someone who hides money when drunk may forget the location until drunk again. retrieval clue

(1)word fluency, (2)verbal comprehension, (3)spatial ability, (4)perceptual speed, (5)numerical ability, (6)inductive reasoning, and (7)memory

What were Thurstone's 7 clusters of primary mental abilities?

Children of authoritative parents have better self-esteem, self-reliance, and interact better with others.

What's the best method of parenting?

Needs can be objective and physical, such as food and water, or they can be subjective and psychological, such as the need for self-esteem. Drive is the force that goads the organism to satisfy the needs

Whats the difference between a need and a drive?

Misinformation effect

When Gwendolyn told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, Gwendolyn's memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates....

increases; decreases

When an overweight or obese person's body weight drops below its set point, the person's hunger....................and metabolism.................

When births+immigration exceed deaths+emigration, population increases; when the reverse is true, population declines.**

When births+immigration exceed deaths+emigration, population increases; when the reverse is true, population declines.

It occurs after a period with no exposure to either the conditioned response or unconditioned response.

When does spontaneous recovery occur?

When feeling depressed people tend to eat carbs like pasta, chips, or sweets which actually help boost serotonin, which has calming effects*

When feeling depressed people tend to eat carbs like pasta, chips, or sweets which actually help boost serotonin, which has calming effects

When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson

When is prosocial modeling most effective?

threshold

When the excitatory signals outweigh the inhibitory signals by a certain amount, the neuron fires, (triggering an action potential). Ex: think of it as a class vote -if the excitatory people with their hands up outvote the inhibitory people with their hands down, then the vote passes. (The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

secure attachment (strange situation experiment)

When the mother returned, the child would seek to touch and cuddle with the mother, and then once the child was reassured that the mother was back to stay, would go and play independently. (responsive mothers—those who noticed what their babies were doing and responded appropriately—had infants who exhibited this behavior). You drop ur kid off at daycare, kid cries for a little bit(normal). But then they go on their day bc their confident that their caregiver is going to come back.

glucose energy

When we are excited or stressed, these hormones make more glucose energy available to fuel brain activity, signaling the brain that something important has happened.

It takes place in already heavily populated parts of world most of which are the least equipped to deal w/ the pressures of such rapid growth.

Where does most of the world's population growth take place?

Whereas the older brain parts carry out survival functions and less voluntary things, the newer brain parts deal with more voluntary functions, like perception, thinking, and speaking.*

Whereas the older brain parts carry out survival functions and less voluntary things, the newer brain parts deal with more voluntary functions, like perception, thinking, and speaking.

Self-control

Which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success?

-eating disorders(anorexia nervosa & bulimia nervosa) -anxiety

Which disorders are considered more cultural bound?

cognitive neuroscience

Which field of psychology is most interested in studying the link between mental activity and brain activity?

ghrelin and orexin

Which hormones trigger hunger?

Its inhibitory effect is only short-range, and the general behavior tendency remains essentially unchanged; the effects of punishment are typically immediate and only short-range. Punishment alone will not exact a long term alteration of behavior.

Which is most true of punishment?

As teens distance themselves from parents, peer relationships become more important.

Which is true of social relations during the teen years?

Family planning and education

Which of the below has been utilized in both india and china to attempt to reduce population growth rates?

infant mortality rate

Which of the below is NOT used to calculate the population growth rate? a) death rate b) birth rate c) infant mortality rate d) immigration rate e) emigration rate

increased reliance on renewable energy resources

Which of the factors below is an example of a positive use of nature's natural capital? A) elimination of many of man's natural predators B) increasing use of earth's net primary productivity to feed humans C) increased reliance on renewable energy resources D) introduction of species into new communities to control pests E) modifying earth's geochemical cycles for energy uses

Children should be encouraged to develop harmonious relationships.

Which of the following beliefs would most likely be by an individual in a collectivist culture?

Something that causes a response after association with a reinforcer.

Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus?

Reliability

Which of the following best describes the extent to which a test yields consistent results upon retesting?

Psychophysiological illness

Which of the following best identifi es any stressrelated physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches?

normal curve

Which of the following can be used to demonstrate that only about 2 percent of the population scores are at least two standard deviations above the mean on an intelligence test?

The lens of the eye becomes more transparent

Which of the following changes does not occur with age? a. Visual sharpness diminishes. b. Distance perception is less acute. c. Adaptation to light-level changes is less rapid. d. The lens of the eye becomes more transparent. e. Senses of smell and hearing diminish

information travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala

Which of the following characterizes the "low-road" neural pathway to emotions?

Using hypothetical situations as the basis of moral reasoning

Which of the following cognitive abilities is possible only at the formal operational stage?

d) -8.5

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationships between two variables? a) +3.0 b) +.75 c) +1.3 d) -8.5 e) -1.2

telling time

Which of the following depends least on the maturation process? a) Riding a bike b) Writing c) Talking d) Bladder control e) Telling time

The DSM

Which of the following describes the idea that psychological disorders can be diagnosed and treated?

Information-processing

Which of the following dream theories states that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories?

heroin

Which of the following drugs is classified as an opiate?

LSD

Which of the following drugs produces effects similar to a near-death experience?

A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded.

Which of the following illustrates generalization?

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

Auditory hallucinations

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder?

Neuroticism

Which of the following is a "Big Five" personality factor? 1) Seriousness 2) Neuroticism 3) Dutifulness 4) Dominance 5) Abstractedness

Performance is best when arousal is moderate

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed.

Which of the following is a current belief of researchers that differs from Piaget's original theories?

A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball.

Which of the following is an application of shaping?

Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago.

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia? a) Halle has no memories of the first 10 years of her life. b) William has lost his memory of the 2 weeks before he had surgery to remove a benign brain tumor. c) Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago. d) Maddie can't remember the details of when she was mugged downtown 6 months ago. e) Kalund struggles in school because he consistently misremembers what his teachers said in class.

Rasheed believes he is a competent skater.

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Agreeableness

Which of the following is best described along a continuum ranging from ruthless and suspicious to helpful and trusting?

His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes.

Which of the following is most likely to be true of a person from an individualistic culture?

Thalamus

Which of the following is sometimes referred to as the brain's train hub, because it directs incoming sensory messages (with the exception of smell) to their proper places in the brain?

Awareness of the position of your arms when swimming the backstroke.

Which of the following is the best example of kinesthesia?

Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold

Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction?

observational learning

Which of the following is the best synonym for social learning?

Trait

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act?

Delusion

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for a false belief, often of persecution, that may accompany psychotic disorders?

Basal metabolic rate

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for the body's resting rate of energy expenditure?

Confirmation bias

Which of the following is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence?

Dissociation

Which of the following is the term most closely associated with the split in consciousness that allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others?

It occurs spontaneously.

Which of the following is true about daydreaming?

Shy introverts are more likely to prefer communicating through e-mail instead of in person.

Which of the following is true based on "Big Five" personality traits research?

Compared with men, nearly twice as many women have been diagnosed with depression.

Which of the following is true of depression?

Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause.

Which of the following is true of menopause? a. Both men and women experience menopause around the age of 50. b. Men experience menopause around 50 years of age, but women experience menopause around 65 years of age. c. Women experience menopause around 50 years of age, but men experience menopause around 65 years of age. d. Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause. e. Men experience menopause around the age of 65, but women don't experience menopause.

In the United States, suicide is more common among whites than blacks

Which of the following is true of suicide?

They are overproduced early in the prenatal period, and then the rare decreases and stabilizes.

Which of the following is true of the early formation of brain cells?

Motor development

Which of the following kinds of development would be least affected by early life experiences?

motor development

Which of the following kinds of development would be least affected by early life experiences?

Punishment can be effective at stopping specific behaviors quickly.

Which of the following most accurately describes an impact of punishment?

cognitive

Which of the following perspectives is most likely to address how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts?

Are students more likely to be politically liberal or conservative.

Which of the following question is best investigated by means of survey?

Frequency theory

Which of the following reflects the notion that pitch is related to the number of impulses traveling up the auditory nerve in a unit of time?

Alcohol is a depressant because it calms neural activity and slows body function.

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?

We eat more when we're around others

Which of the following statements is true?

Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and seeking contact on return

Which of the following would be considered a sign of secure attachment in a 1-year-old?

A 40-year-old takes pride in her work and how she has raised her children.

Which of the following would be considered an example of Erikson's concept of generativity?

She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it.

Which of the following would indicate that a child understood conservation?

To what extent do certain traits persist through the life span?

Which question expresses the developmental issue of stability and change?....

-After age 70, our senses of sight, smell and hearing take a dramatic nosedive. -After age 65 or 70, fatal accidents tend to go up sharply. -After about 65, our immune system weakens, but we've also built up many antibodies that ward off short-term things like colds. -Older people take more time to process things mentally. Our reaction times decline which gives rise to automobile accidents. -Our brains physically grow smaller, by about 5% by age 80. The frontal lobe atrophies and makes us less inhibited. -Physical activity helps with brain growth and neurogenesis. So, staying active physically is important for older folks mentally.

Which senses decline with age?

space (implicit memories)

While studying, you often encode the place on a page or in your notebook where certain material appears; later, when you want to retrieve information about automatic processing, for example, you may visualize the location of that information on this page. (WHERE YOU ARE). Ex: during the test, you automatically remember the location of the notes, e.g. left side of your notebook.

human factors psychologist

Who among the following would most likely study the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments?

Teens are more influenced by our peers, not a bad thing but my mindful of who you surround yourself with bc it does have a big influence on our development.

Who are teens more influenced by?

Gardner

Who came up with the idea of multiple intelligences?

L. L. Thurstone

Who came up with the idea of primary abilities?

Mary Ainsworth

Who came up with the strange situation experiment?

Sterberg

Who came up with the triarchic theory?

-individualist culture: encouraged to differentiate from others; even if that means owing up to what you're struggling with -collectivist have less diagnosis (might be more disruptive to the group to admit you're struggling with something→seen as disruptive to a group -not necessarily that those rates aren't higher in collectivist cultures, it's just that people are unwilling to admit their struggling

Why might the U.S. have the most disorders?

With age, personality traits become more stable.**

With age, personality traits become more stable.

Liver: will increase, pours glucose into bloodstream, provides additional energy. Lungs: increase Digestion: slows down Pupils: dilate, let in more light so you have clear vision Sweat glands: increase (homeostasis; to cool body temp. down)

You are hoping to ask a girl in your next class if she will accompany you to the school dance. You are very nervous and excited. Address the impact of the autonomic nervous system will have on each of the bodily processes described below as you entered the room to pop your question.

Frequency (implicit memories)

You effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen, as when you suddenly realize, This is the fifth time I've run into him today. (HOW OFTEN SOMETHING HAPPENS). Ex: when u watch tv and the same ad comes on 4 times.

Short wavelength; large amplitude

Your best friend decides to paint her room an extremely bright electric blue. Which of the following best fits the physical properties of the color's light waves?

gender schema & steps

Your framework for organizing boy-girl characteristics . This schema then became a lens through which you viewed your experiences. Gender schemas form early in life, and social learning helps form them. Before 1, you began to discriminate male & female voices and faces. After 2, lang. forced you to begin organizing your world on the basis of gender. English, for ex, uses the pronouns he and she; other languages classify objects as masculine or feminine. Ex: If the new neighbor is a boy, a 6yr girl may assume he just cannot share her interests. For young children (5 or 6), gender looms large.

assimilation

Your friend's baby brother, Matt, loves to play with his pet cat. When he sees a puppy, he points and calls it "Mi Mi," which is what he calls his cat. Matt is demonstrating Piaget's process of.........

cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses. (Part of the inner ear containing fluid that vibrates which in turn causes the basilar membrane to vibrate. This is where sound waves are converted into neural impulses) (snail-shaped tube in the inner ear)

cochlear implant

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

action potential (neural impulse)

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon (IN the axon) How it works: you have in a neuron, the sending of neurotransmitters which are chemicals released in the (synapse) space between neurons and those neurotransmitter chemicals then bind to the membrane at the dendrites once you reach a threshold of neurotransmitters. Say you need 20 molecules of neurotransmitters in order to get a reaction and you then get 20 molecules of neurotransmitters which opens up channels along the membrane and starts a mechanism called the sodium potassium pump. This pump since these charged particles in-and-out of the neuron because the neuron is negatively charged on the inside and outside the neuron it maintains a positive charge, molecules want to move from crowded areas to less crowded areas so in a bunch of negative neurons are packed in here into the neuron and there's a bunch of positive ions out here outside when the doors on this membrane open up the negative ions rush out the positive ions rush in and you have ions rubbing together in a tight space you're going to get an electrical charge so that electrical charge causes the next set of doors in the membrane to open up the sodium potassium pump activates and then it travels down the membrane they create this electrical charge all the way down, very tedious process until it reaches the axon. (Neurons "fire" when stimulated by a sense or other chemicals from another neuron. When it fires, it's called this. This is a slight electrical charge).

dendrite

a neuron's bushy fibers that receive info. and conduct it toward the cell body. (they bring info into the cell). They listen. (gummy worms)

iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening (eye color). Dilates in response to light intensity and inner emotions.

Semantic encoding

a specific type of encoding in which the MEANING OF SOMETHING (a word, phrase, picture, event, whatever). Ex: you might remember a particular phone number based on a person's name or a particular food by its color.

human factors psychology

an I/O (Industrial and organizational psychology) psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

disturbance

an event→something that's disruptive to your life -could be something that's traumatic -disruptive to your normal functioning

undeveloped pre-frontal lobe for teens/adolsecences

area of brain that controls judgment, impulse control, long-term planning←areas that are truly unformed right now

association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. Found in all 4 lobes.

-If a young child has only ever been exposed to a bathtub or pool in terms of bodies of water and then all of a sudden sees the ocean they might refer to the ocean as a pool this is assimilation -If their parent corrects them and indicates that this is not a pool but the ocean and the child starts to refer to the ocean as such they've accommodated they've changed and incorporated this new concept into a new idea.

assimilation and accommodation example

correlational methods

associate different factors. (You'll see the word factor often in descriptions of research. It refers to anything that contributes to a result.) Form of research that include "quasi-experimental" designs such as survey research or naturalistic observations, in which different groups are compared, but cause and effect between variables cannot be determined.

closure

blank space, brain can close the gap in a shape. (we like to complete things that are not complete. We'll finish a circle only 90% complete.)

Bodily-kinesthetic

body smart ex: dancing

When are brain areas the most active?

brain areas are most active when people feel pain or rejection, listen to angry voices, think about scary things, feel happy, or become sexually excited.

taste

chemical molecules in the mouth

smell (olfaction)

chemical sense. We smell something when molecules of a substance carried in the air reach a tiny cluster of 20 million receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity. Depends on learned associations. Ex: As good experiences are linked with a particular scent, people come to like that scent, which helps explain why people in the United States tend to like the smell of wintergreen (which they associate with candy and gum) more than do those in Great Britain (where it often is associated with medicine).

information processing

dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories. (This theory thinks of the brain like a computer - it needs to file away memories and experiences into their proper spots for future reference.)

agonist molecules

drugs that act like neurotransmitters and bridge the synaptic gap. Molecule similar to a neurotransmitter that triggers a response. MIMICS. Opiate drugs produce a "high." produce some reaction that is typical for that substance. (opposite of antagonists)

structuralism

early school of thought promoted by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward B. Titchener; used introspection (observation of one's mental & emotional processes to reveal the structure of the human mind)

functionalism

early school of thought promoted by William James and influenced by Charles Darwin; explored how mental & behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

diminish appetite and boost alertness and mental efficiency.

effects of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE

self-actualization needs (5)

ex: being the very best version of urself, live to full potential

belongingness and love needs (3)

ex: family, need to love & be loved

self-transcendence needs (6)

ex: need to find meaning and identify beyond the self, mother nature to help others. ex: people have starved themselves to make a statement

safety needs (2)

ex: shelter, need to feel safe

pain reflex

ex: when your finger touches a flame, neural activity (excited by the heat) travels via sensory neurons to interneurons in your spinal cord. These interneurons respond by activating motor neurons leading to the muscles in your arm. Bc the simple pain-reflex pathway runs through the spinal cord and right back out, your hand jerks away from the candle's flame before your brain receives and responds to the information that causes you to feel pain. That's why it feels as if your hand jerks away not by your choice, but on its own.

People have ideas about how people act while drinking (even if they only think they've been drinking). This expectation shapes their behavior.

expectany effects of alcohol:

change blindness (form of inattentional blindness)

failing to notice changes in the ENVIRONMENT. (people won't notice a change in "scenery" after a brief interruption). EX: While a man provides directions to a construction worker, two experimenters pass between them. During this interruption, the original worker switches places with another person wearing different-colored clothing. Most people, focused on their direction giving, do not notice the switch.

agoraphobic

fear or avodiance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavaible -coexists w/ panic disorder→fear is having panic attack in situation that is public(where you can't have help) large crowd, leads people to stay in their home or another phobia -somebody doesn't leave their house WHY THEY DON'T LEAVE THEIR HOUSE?-bc they are in extreme avoidance of their phobia -and they are so irrational afraid of encountering that thing or of having a panic attack in a public space/not being able to escape that situation that they don't leave the house

quantitative psychologists

field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human or animal psychological processes

Hermann Ebbinghaus

first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well. After learning lists of nonsense syllables, such as YOX, he studied how much he retained up to 30 days later. He found that memory for novel information fades quickly, then levels out.

genetic-environmental interaction: People genetically predisposed to depression more often experience depressing events.) The losses and stress only serve to compound the original depression. Rejection and depression feed each other.

genetic-environmental interaction: People genetically predisposed to depression more often experience depressing events.) The losses and stress only serve to compound the original depression. Rejection and depression feed each other.

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness. (usually permanent damage). Damage to auditory receptor cells-basicular membrame →hair cells move w/ cochlea, if no hair cells cannot pick pick auditory cells →deaf. (Occasionally, disease causes this hearing loss, but more often the culprits are biological changes linked with heredity, aging, and prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise or music.)

Norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal, malfunctions: depress mood. CONCENTRATION

identical twins raised together show high correlation of similar intelligence scores→0.85**

identical twins raised together show high correlation of similar intelligence scores→0.85

adrenal glands

in a moment of danger, it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (called adrenaline and noradrenaline), which increases the pulse, blood pressure, and blood sugar. After the crisis is over, it takes a while to calm down and return back to normal.

perceptual adaptation

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. (our ability to adjust to changes in our sensations.) Ex: we eventually get used to new glasses that make the world look funky. Ex: new pair of glasses—one that shifts the apparent location of objects 40 degrees to the left. When you first put them on and toss a ball to a friend, it sails off to the left. Walking forward to shake hands with the person, you veer to the left. But we humans adapt to distorting lenses quickly. Within a few minutes your throws would again be accurate, your stride on target. Remove the lenses and you would experience an aftereffect: At first your throws would err in the opposite direction, sailing off to the right; but again, within minutes you would re adapt.

individuals taking the MMPI for employment purposes can give socially desirable answers to create a good impression. But in so doing they may also score high on a lie scale that assesses faking (as when people respond false to a universally true statement such as "I get angry sometimes").

individuals taking the MMPI for employment purposes can give socially desirable answers to create a good impression. But in so doing they may also score high on a lie scale that assesses faking (as when people respond false to a universally true statement such as "I get angry sometimes").

info. from the RIGHT half of your vision goes to your LEFT hemisphere, which usually controls speech. NOTE: Each eye receives sensory info. from both the right and left visual fields.*

info. from the RIGHT half of your vision goes to your LEFT hemisphere, which usually controls speech. NOTE: Each eye receives sensory info. from both the right and left visual fields.

biopsychosocial

interaction of nature/nurture - mind/body. This concept believes we do the things we do because of our bodies, our minds /thinking, and the culture that we live in.

Touch

is essential to our development. Ex: Infant monkeys allowed to see, hear, and smell—but not touch—their mother become desperately unhappy. Ex: premature human babies gain weight faster and go home sooner if they are stimulated by hand massage. Four types of touch sensation: pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. Stimulating these spots produces these results... 1) Adjacent pressure spots yield tickling. 2) Stroking pressure spots yield itching. 3) Touching cold and pressure spots yields a wet sensation. 4) Touching warm and cold together yields a hot sensation.

hypercities

more than 20 million people

body movement -vestibular sense

movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement

temporal lobe

near the temples, on the side; includes the auditory areas, each RECEIVING information primarily from the opposite ear. Also enables us to recognize faces. All info. that we hear is understood and processed. And help us to understand speech as well in Wernicke's and Broca's areas.

Human genome (DNA) researchers have discovered that...nearly every other human is your genetically identical twin.

nearly every other human is your genetically identical twin.

Neurons

nerve cells; the basic building block of the nervous system. They differ but they consist of a cell body and its branching fibers.

neurons transmit messages when stimulated by signals from our senses or when triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons. (Neurons "fire" when stimulated by a sense or other chemicals from another neuron. When it fires, it's called the action potential. This is a slight electrical charge.)*

neurons transmit messages when stimulated by signals from our senses or when triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons. (Neurons "fire" when stimulated by a sense or other chemicals from another neuron. When it fires, it's called the action potential. This is a slight electrical charge.)

false alarm

no stimulus present, but it's identified. Ex: sometimes the mother gets up in the middle of the night thinking she hears her baby crying, but when getting to babies room, everything's fine. (Part of signal detection theory).

Correct Rejection

no stimulus present. Ex: if mother sleeps through the night and the baby isn't crying. (Part of signal detection theory).

Secure self-esteem

not as dependent on outside factors, but more on internal factors like being secure with yourself for who you are. It's like saying, "I know who I am, and I'm okay."

nociceptors

pain receptors that detect harmful temperature, pressure, and chemicals.

color constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. (our tendency to expect things to retain their color.)

Transduction

process of converting one form of energy into another that your brain can use. Ex: process where our eyes sense light energy and change it into neural messages that our brain can handle. Ex: your ears receive energy (sound waves) and convert this energy into neural messages that make their way to your brain and are processed as sounds.

insulin

regulates blood sugar level. Unclear weather you need to eat more when insulin is higher, or eat more when insulin is low.

rods

retinal receptors that detect BLACK, WHITE, and GREY VISION; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. They have no such hotline; they share bipolar cells with other rods, sending combined messages. To experience this rod-cone difference in sensitivity to details, pick a word in this sentence and stare directly at it, focusing its image on the cones in your fovea. Notice that words a few inches off to the side appear blurred? Their image strikes the outer regions of your retina, where rods predominate. Thus, when driving or biking, you can detect a car in your peripheral vision well before perceiving its details. (120 million, periphery in retina, high in dim light, low in color sensitivity, and low in detail sensitivity).

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

schedule for rehearsal

Skepticism (component of scientific attitude)

scientists don't take people merely at their claims, scientists seek factual proof

light & shadow

shading produces a sense of depth consistent with our assumption that light comes from above. Ex: given 2 identical objects, the dimmer one might also seem farther away, so it depends on the light & the shadow.

morphemes

smallest units of MEANING. Ex: ch-ee-r or ch-ee-r-s, by adding the s we have cheers. There are now 2, one for the notion of cheer and one for the notion that we have more than one. They are usually made up of two or more phonemes. e.g. the personal pronoun "I" and "s' that indicates the plural

Miss

stimulus present, it's not identified. Ex: perhaps the child has siblings sleeping right next the door, who might sleep through the crying. Stimulus present is baby crying, but the siblings didn't hear. (Part of signal detection theory).

what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

Cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. (It's at the back of the brain. It's baseball size, is split into two parts, is wrinkled in appearance, and means "little brain" which is what it looks like.) (It coordinates movement, manages emotions, and figures out sounds and textures.) Without it, your movements would be jerky and exaggerated.

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. Ex: the word NURSE is recognized more quickly following the word DOCTOR.

relative luminance

the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings

the body is composed of cells, nerve cells conduct electricity and "talk" to one another by sending chemical messages, we integrate info. processed in these different different brain systems to construct our experience of sights, memories, etc., our adaptive brain is wired by our experience*

the body is composed of cells, nerve cells conduct electricity and "talk" to one another by sending chemical messages, we integrate info. processed in these different different brain systems to construct our experience of sights, memories, etc., our adaptive brain is wired by our experience

Plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. (its ability to change itself after being damaged). Whereas something like skin can grow back or heal, neurons don't regenerate themselves. A severed spinal cord stays severed. But the brain seems able to reorganize or reassign jobs and functions.

middle ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.

extrasensory perception (ESP)

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. Belief that some people can sense things beyond our normal senses (sight, sound, etc.). believers feel people some are "psychic" or they can "feel it", read minds, are clairvoyant and the like.

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. (may feel physical pain and strong cravings.)

wavelength

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission. (Distance from one wave peak to the next).

absoulte threshold

the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50% of the time. Ex: people lose the ability to hear high-pitched as they grow older. beginning of flip-it video, ringing noise was played, if you could hear it you have a low absolute threshold, those who didn't would have a high absolute threshold. (BARELY noticeable)

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. Emerges even after extinction. This is when, after a time lapse, the association between the US and the CS reappears. Ex: A dog immediately runs to the food bowl after taking her morning walk. One day she starts to just go back to her dog bed. Then, weeks later, she begins to resume her normal response of running to the food bowl. (Association can come back). Ex: started spraying at the word "can" again and olivia starts to flinch at the word again.

taste

the sensation of flavor perceived in the mouth and throat on contact with a substance. Taste buds on our tongue that sense the chemicals in our foods and drinks. Pleasureful tastes attracted our ancestors to energy or protein-rich foods that enabled their survival. CHEMICAL SENSE. As you grow older, the number of taste buds decreases, as does taste sensitivity. Those who lose their sense of taste report that food tastes like "straw" and is hard to swallow. EXPECTATIONS also play a huge role in taste. Before you bite into a lemon, your brain and body begin to prep you for what you expect to taste. Just thinking about biting into a lemon can make your mouth pucker.

experimental psychology

the study of behavior & thinking using the experimental method (1. Experiment starts with an observation 2. Based on their observations, psychologists develop a SCIENTIFIC & TESTABLE hypothesis. Ex: drinking alcohol negatively affects memory)

shape constancy

the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina. (our tendency to expect things to retain their shape.) Ex: A door viewed from different angles actually looks like a trapezoid, but our expectations are that it's a rectangle

neuroadaptation

the user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect.

easy temperament

they readily approach and easily adapt to new situations, they react mildly to things, they are regular in their sleep/wake and eating routines, and they have a positive overall mood.

proximity

things close to one another are grouped together. Ex: different friend groups. (We group nearby figures)

semicircular canals

three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance.

antagonists

to block a neurotransmitter's functioning. Ex: Botox blocks a muscle from contracting. Molecule that binds to a receptor and inhibits a response. BLOCK. (opposite of agonist)

zygote

two days after conception→

uncontrollable events → perceived lack of control → generalized helpless behavior

uncontrollable events → perceived lack of control → generalized helpless behavior

pruning

use-it-or-lose-it. Shuts down unused links after puberty, so its very important for children to learn/be exposed to many things.

size constancy

we perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies. (our tendency to expect things to retain their size). Ex: a bus view from miles away looks small, but we expect it to be big enough for lots of people to fit inside. Ex: a funky-shaped room with angular dimensions. Since we expect a room to be at 90° right angles, the room fools us. Two people of equal height seem very different in height depending on where in the room they stand.

delusions of grandeur

you think you're Poseidon, president

kinesthesia

your sense of the position and movement of your body parts. The system for sensing the position & movement of INDIVIDUAL body parts. Ex: walking, dancing, sports. (person's ability to know the position and movement of your body parts. This why you're able to touch your nose with your eyes closed.)

-abnormal activity in multiple brain areas -some have abnormally low brain activity in the frontal lobes, which are critical for reasoning, planning, and problem solving

What do brain scans show with people who have chronic schizophrenia?

Respondent behavior

What do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus?

Transduction

What do we call the conversion of stimulus energies, like sights and sounds, into neural impulses?

Self-actualization

What do we call the process of fulfilling our potential?

phonemes

What do we call the smallest distinctive sound units in language?

Feature detectors

What do we call the specialized neurons in the occipital lobe's visual cortex that respond to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements?

Overconfidence

What do we call the tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions prior to testing?

*Injury to certain areas of the frontal lobes can leave reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact but destroy imagination.*

Injury to certain areas of the frontal lobes can leave reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact but destroy imagination

Explicit memories (declarative memories)

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Consciously recalled memories). Ex: ur name, age, date of birth, childhood memories, and family relationships.

Mirror neurons improve our empathy for others. It helps us to feel others' pain. More concrete examples are how we imitate others when they yawn or how it's difficult to smile when looking at a frown, or vice versa.

Mirror neurons improve our empathy for others. It helps us to feel others' pain. More concrete examples are how we imitate others when they yawn or how it's difficult to smile when looking at a frown, or vice versa.

hierarchy of needs

Mohandas Gandhi and Alice Paul are to historical figures who often fasted or used hunger strikes as a means of getting attention to their cause. Their motivations refute which of the following theories and motivation?

Most cities are unsustainable because of high levels of resource use, waste, pollution, and poverty.**

Most cities are unsustainable because of high levels of resource use, waste, pollution, and poverty.

integrity vs Despair (late 60s and up; Late adulthood)

Reflecting on his/her life, they may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

They are more likely to commit suicide.

Which of the following is generally true of males? a) They have a longer life span. b) They are more likely to have a democratic leadership style. c) They are more likely to commit suicide. d) They are more likely to be diagnosed with depression. e) They are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety.

personal achievement

Which of the following is more likely to be emphasized in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures?

Body position

Which of the following is most closely associated with hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals?

Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population

Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research?

Giving birth to a first child

Which of the following is most likely to be influenced by a culture's social clock?

Thinking about how the words relate to your own life

Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?

Lack of conscience

Which of the following is the defining characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

Physiological needs

Which of the following is the lowest priority motive in Abraham Maslow's heresy of needs?

glucose

Which of the following is the major source of energy in your body?

Can handle about a half dozen items total

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the capacity of short-term and working memory?

the risk of misremembering our own actions

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe?

Diagnosis of mental disorders

Which of the following is the primary purpose of the DSM?

basicular membrane

Vibrating membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; it contains sense receptors for sound. (Hair cells line the surface). (axons from the auditory nerve).

humanistic theorists

View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. They focused on the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization.

zone of proximal development

Vygotsky called the space between what a child could learn with and without help the........

hearing

sound waves striking the outer ear

*"men prefer working with things and women prefer working with people"*

"men prefer working with things and women prefer working with people"

Behaviorism

(Founded be John B. Watson). The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

embryo

(The zygote becomes a embryo after 2 weeks). The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. Time spand: week 2→week 8. Processes occuring: organs begin to form + function, closer to 8 week, heart begins to beat.

biological influences

- shared human genome - individual genetic variations - prenatal environment - sex-related genes, hormones, and physiology

psychosexual stages

-the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. -Freud thought people went through these developments

panic disorder

-unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations, inability to breathe(potentially like your dying) -anxiety suddenly escalates into a terrifying panic attack -heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, or dizziness typically -you have PANIC ATTACKS *frq-mention of agaraphobia -smokers at greater risk -wave of intense fear

Harmful physical aggression

According to research, which type of aggression is more common among males than females?

the unconscious

According to the text, many research psychologists think of _____________ as an information processor that works without our awareness.

theory

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. Explanation that organizes observations and tries to predict outcomes (can't test it).

conditioned stimulus (CS)

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR). This is what's associated to the US- bell. (LEARNED STIMULUS(sound)). (After pairing tone & food over & over & over they salivate).

thalamus

Atop the brainstem. It's the hub that sends incoming sensory impulses (except for smell) to the higher brain areas, which it then directs to the medulla and to the cerebellum.

emotion-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction. Ex: If, despite our best efforts, we cannot get along with that family member, we may search for stress relief by reaching out to friends for support and comfort.

-Given a supportive environment and medication, over 40% patients will have periods of a year or more of normal life experience. -Many others remain socially withdrawn and isolated or rejected throughout much of their lives.

Can people with schizophrenia ever live a normal life?

-Low in Conscientiousness

Cecilia is having a hard time in school. The work she produces for her courses is often riddled with errors and eraser marks but she rarely takes the time to rewrite her papers. Cecilia loses so many important assignments b/c her backpack is filled to overflowing w/ individual papers crammed in sideways and backwards. Most agree...Cecilia is a mess.

Summarize data; determine if data can be generalized to other populations.

Descriptive statistics ______ while, inferential statistics_____.

Europe has reduced the average driver's carbon dioxide emissions by 40-50%.**

Europe has reduced the average driver's carbon dioxide emissions by 40-50%.

-Classicial conditioning -us: hot water -ur: jumping back -ns: toilet flush ? -cs: toilet flush -cr: jumping back

Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.

Psychology in court

Forensic psychologists apply psychology's principles and methods in the criminal justice system. They may assess witness credibility, or testify in court on a defendant's state of mind and future risk.

a method of exploring the unconscious.

Free association is...

urban growth boundary

Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.

Sight, smell and hearing usually begin a steep decline around age 65.

Grandma Edith knows you are studying psychology and asks you what physical changes she can expect to experience as she grows older. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

LSD

HALLUCINOGEN. known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide). Behavioral impact: near-death experience. Neurotransmitters involved: SEROTONIN. Users sense extraordinary shapes, colors. It acts in the same way a subtype of serotonin acts. Typical experiences are: geometric images, a tunnel or funnel image, past emotional experiences, and a feeling of mind-body separation. These same "symptoms" are typical of people who experienced "near-death".

Aphasia

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's are or to Wernicke's area. Ex: some people with this can speak fluently but cannot read (despite good vision).

cluster development

Industry and homes grouped together. Leaves part of land undeveloped.

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

Inside the box, the rat presses a bar for a food reward. Outside, a measuring device records the animal's accumulated responses. (Contraptions in which an animal could manipulate things and/or respond to stimuli. The responses were measured). (Chamber where he had animals when pushed bar, they got food, so animals continue to press it).

urban heat island

Is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas.

limbic system

It's located below the cerebral hemispheres (the two large halves of the brain); associated with EMOTIONS and drives.

shaping

Leah is interested in helping her daughter learn manners. Each time her daughter says something that is close to appropriate, she rewards her. Eventually, her daughter should learn good manners. What term is explained by this process?

obervational learning (form of cognitive learning)

Learning by observing others. Ex: Chimpanzees sometimes learn behaviors by watching others perform them. If one animal sees another solve a puzzle and gain a food reward, the observer may perform the trick more quickly. So, too, in humans: We look and we learn.

Neo-Freudians

Literally "New Freudians"; refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psychodynamic aspect, especially a focus on motivation as the source of energy for the personality.

psychophysiological illness

Literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness. This implies that what's in our head can actually cause physical symptoms, like hypertension and headaches.

migration

Movement of people into (immigration) and out (emigration) of specific geographic areas.

Pruning eliminates unused neural pathways.

Neurologically, what is the function of pruning?

identity foreclosure

Person may or may not have gone through a crisis, but has chosen as identity someone else (i.e. parents) wants or chooses. Ex: someone may have parents who wants them to be a doctor, whether they like it or not, there becoming a doctor bc that's the identity that they feel like their parents want.

family planning

Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

stress

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. Ex: level of arousal towards topic. (Our pattern of response to threats & challenges). THE WAY WE RESPOND.

neural activiation

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories DREAM THEORY. (This theory holds that we have neural activity originating in the brain stem while sleeping. Thoughts come into our brains in a rather random fashion. Our brain doesn't like things that don't make sense, so, our brains assemble the thoughts into a dream.) (Dreams are pretty much random.) take memories and emotions and try to kit them together into a dream. which always isn't successful, which accounts for the bizarre dreams people have.

semantics

Rules governing WORD ORDER. The rules that give us meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. Ex: "The president lives in the white house," not "the house white." Good semantic: Lunch disturbs eaten hastily digestion, poor syntax

*Spaced study and self-assessment beat cramming and rereading. Practice may not make perfect, but smart practice—occasional rehearsal with self-testing—makes for lasting memories.*

Spaced study and self-assessment beat cramming and rereading. Practice may not make perfect, but smart practice—occasional rehearsal with self-testing—makes for lasting memories.

Gustav Fechner

Studied our awareness of faint stimuli and called them our absolute thresholds.

*Studies on rats showed they still had hunger even without stomachs.

Studies on rats showed they still had hunger even without stomachs.

interval

TIME. Time must pass before reinforcement will occur.

anxiety and depression

What are emotional effects of sleep loss?

If a task is difficult, you perform better if arousal is low. Ex: taking the SAT is difficult. Being in a low state of arousal (being calm) leads to better performance but being in a high state of arousal (being nervous) leads to poor performance.

What happens when a task is difficult?

Tokyo, Japan

Which city is the only one that's a hypercity?

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Who are the two important humanistic psychologists?

Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Who came up with linguistic determinism?

Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers

Who came up with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

Spearman

Who came up with the idea of general intelligence?

glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking. They are like worker bee's. They provide nutrients and insulating mylein, guide neural connections and mop up ions and neurotransmitters. They may also play a role in learning and thinking.

intersex

combination of these 3 categories(genitalia, chromosomes, & hormones); might have both female and male genitalia; vary combinations of chromosomes; can have XYY; differing levels of hormones.

What does the right hemisphere control?

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial, perceptual tasks, excels in making inferences, modulating speech., and helps orchestrate our selves (ex: People who suffer partial paralysis will sometimes deny their impairment—claiming they can move a paralyzed limb—if the damage is to the right hemisphere) Ex: Think of Mrs. Right, a flaky, unpredictable art teacher who can instantly tell when you're having a down day.

depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and SLOW body functions. Ex: heroin, marijuana, alcohol, cocaine.

visual perception track

enables us "to think about the world"—to recognize things and to plan future actions

somatic nervous system

enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles. ex: can be voluntarily controlled, like moving your legs. (Think: skeletal muscles, are needed for movement. With help of the sensory & motor

physiological needs (1)

ex: food, hydration

biological influences in pain

genetics can determine how much pain, gates in the spinal cord

frontal lobes

in the front, behind your forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. Also personality, ex: Phineas Gage. Responsible for JUDGMENTS and DECISION making. Decisions on how to behave and what to say.

*language is "the jewel in the crown of cognition"*

language is "the jewel in the crown of cognition"

cornea

light enters through here, it PROTECTS the eye and bends light to focus. (transparent to the front, main function is light enters here first)

Excitatory

like pushing a neuron's accelerator (signals tell it to fire)

motor cortex

located in the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements. (It handles our movements and motions by sending impulses from the brain to the body. Tests where electrical stimulation to this part of the brain would make animals or people move in various ways.)

stereophonic hearing

locating where sound is coming from using the comparison of intensity and speed of sound between both ears.

central nervous system (CNS)

made up of the brain and spinal cord, the body's decision makers

visual-spatial info.

mentally rearranging furniture in a room

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Vogel and Bogen experiment

patients with severe epileptic seizures had their corpus callosum cut. The seizures stopped and the patients (with the split brains) were very normal afterwards. Because the split-brain surgery had cut the communication lines between the hemispheres, the researchers could, with these patients, quiz each hemisphere separately.

precognition

perceiving future events, such as a political leader's death or a sporting event's outcome.

bitter

potential poisons

social-cultural influences

presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context, role-playing "good subject"

touch

pressure, warmth, cold, pain on the skin

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

researches found out that the brain does produce its own naturally occurring opiates.*

researches found out that the brain does produce its own naturally occurring opiates.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

responsible for gathering info. and for transmitting CNS decisions to other body parts. Consists of our sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.

longitudinally method

retesting the same people over a period of years

Visual Information Processing

scene, retinal processing, feature detection, parallel processing, recognition

siblings raised together shows a low correlation→0.46**

siblings raised together show a low correlation→0.46

What is a simple spinal reflex pathway composed of?single sensory neuron and single motor neuron

single sensory neuron and single motor neuron

what are 2 components of our peripheral nervous system?somatic and autonomic nervous system

somatic and autonomic nervous system

Which of the following is most likely to be a function of the left hemisphere?

speech

Confucius

stressed the power of ideas and of an educated mind

sport psychologists

study the psychological factors that influence, and are influenced by, participation in sports and other physical activities

Slow-to-warm-up infants

tend to resist or withdraw from new people and situations

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance. (the ability to see things in 3D which helps us gauge distance.) We can estimate the distance of an oncoming car or the height of a house. It's innate (born within us).

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. (the black part). (IRIS CONTROLLING THIS).

parapsychology

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.

NREM-1 (stage 2 of sleep)

the transition into sleep, marked by slowed breathing and irregular brain waves; hypnagogic sensations/hallucinations, and myclonic jerks may occur. You may experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations. Wave: theta: slower frequency, slower than alpha. Behavior: fantastic images, sensations from env. filter in. hypnagogic sensations (like the jerky movement of falling asleep but jerky head movement wakes you, kinda).

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

orexin

triggers conscious hunger-located in hypothalamus (hunger hormone). (secreted by HYPOTHALAMUS)

unrelated individuals raised together shows very low correlation→0.31**

unrelated individuals raised together shows very low correlation→0.31

Spatial

visualization of objects from different angles and space, faces or scenes recognition, or to notice fine details -having to do with the arts ex: painting

It has reduced the number of legal and illegal abortions performed each year and decreased the number of deaths of mothers and fetuses during pregnancy.

what are some benefits of family planning?

Fetuses exposed to flu virus are more likely to develop schizophrenia later in life.

Which of the following is true?

nature and nurture

It asks how human development is influenced by genetics(nature)vs. our experiences(nurture).

prenatal

before birth

strong stimulus

can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but doesn't affect the action potential's strength/speed. Ex: squeezing a trigger harden won't make the bullet go faster.

savant syndrome

Of the following, which term best describes the condition in which a person with limited mental ability excels at a specific skill such as computation?

Semantic memory

"French toast, pancakes, and eggs are all common breakfast foods" is an example of what type of memory?

evolutionary psychologists

(focus mostly on what makes us so much alike). The study of the evolution behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. They use Charles Darwin's principle of natural selection to understand the roots of behavior and mental processes.

cognition

(mental processes→thinking) thoughts & beliefs→paranoid thoughts, irrational beliefs, overthinking to the extent, thinking of a problem over & over

basic idea

-Classical conditioning: Organism associates events -Operant conditioning: Organism associates behavior and resulting events

response

-classical: involuntary, automatic -operant: voluntary, operates on env.

stimulus generalization

-occurs, for ex, when a person attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs

IQ of 125.

8-yr-old who answers questions as a 10-yr-old

flashblub memory

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Ex: such as the events of 9/11, 95% of American adults said they could recall exactly where they were or what they were doing when they first heard the news.

A combination of plentiful land, inexpensive fuel, and expanding networks of highways in some countries has resulted in dispersed cities whose residents depend on motor vehicles for most transportation.**

A combination of plentiful land, inexpensive fuel, and expanding networks of highways in some countries has resulted in dispersed cities whose residents depend on motor vehicles for most transportation.

operant conditioning: positive reinforcement

A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.

recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

.....

A perceived lack of control provokes an outpouring of hormones that put people's health at risk.

self-serving bias

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably. -ex: playing game w/ friends and you have a dispute over the rules and you go towards yours -ex: after doing poorly on a test, I blame the test itself or the teacher for their poor score. But, when receiving a good grade, I say that I earned it.

dreams

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. They are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. "Hallucinations of the Sleeping Mind."

gender role

A set of expected behaviors for males/females. Expectations play a huge role in shaping who we are.

survey

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

mental set

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. Approaching a problem that we have in the PAST. Ex: Teachers; when asking Picard to sign AP sheet, signed it nicely, (me expecting teachers to have the same reaction), goes to Rose (expects same reaction), instead when asking him to sign it, he acts like a complete jerk, and closes the door on me. Ex: Asking different teachers about late homework. (NOT going to work all the time for similar situation).

Reliability testing

A test-developer defines uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. Which of the following best describes this process?

pruning

A use-it-or-lose-it process that shuts down unused links and strengthens others.

ganglion cells

AXONS twine together like the strands of a rope to form the optic nerve. (back of retina)

About 97% of this growth is projected to take place in developing countries, where acute poverty is a way of life for about 1.4 billion people.**

About 97% of this growth is projected to take place in developing countries, where acute poverty is a way of life for about 1.4 billion people.

repression

According to Freud all defense mechanisms are a form of what?

latent content

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream(which was not remembered).

It operates under the reality principle.

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?

serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal (in stomach). malfunction: depression. MOOD. Ex: ecstasy, LSD.

cope

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

primary reinforcer

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. (natural, they are UNLEARNED, such as food or getting rid of pain). INNATE. To acquire instant SATISFACTION.

biopsychosocial approach

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

decreases; increases

As body weight rises, hunger..............and energy expenditure......................

decreases; decreases

As food intake decreases, basal metabolic rate...................and energy expenditure................

habituation

As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's responsiveness is called......

As myelin is laid down up to about age 25, neural efficiently, judgement, and self-control grow (so until someone is 25, their neural efficiency, judgement, and self-control grow. Basically, it;s not my fault I do stupid things.)*

As myelin is laid down up to about age 25, neural efficiently, judgement, and self-control grow (so until someone is 25, their neural efficiency, judgement, and self-control grow. Basically, it's not my fault I do stupid things.)

pruning

As the infant's brain develops, some neural pathways will decay if not used. This use-it-or-lose-it process is known as....

Athletes often privately credit their victories to their own prowess, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance. After receiving poor grades on a test, most students in a half-dozen studies criticized the test, not themselves. On insurance forms, drivers have explained accidents in such words as: "An invisible car came out of nowhere, struck my car, and vanished." "As I reached an intersection, a hedge sprang up, obscuring my vision, and I did not see the other car." "A pedestrian hit me and went under my car."

Athletes often privately credit their victories to their own prowess, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance. After receiving poor grades on a test, most students in a half-dozen studies criticized the test, not themselves. On insurance forms, drivers have explained accidents in such words as: "An invisible car came out of nowhere, struck my car, and vanished." "As I reached an intersection, a hedge sprang up, obscuring my vision, and I did not see the other car." "A pedestrian hit me and went under my car."

Most people can to some degree, it depends on their openness to suggestion. About 20% are highly suggestible. They can be led to smell things, or ignore a smell, like a bottle of ammonia.

Can anyone experience hypnosis?

egocentrism

Children view the world through their own viewpoints and are unable to view a situation from another person's point-of-view. Ex: asking a 5 year old, "Do you have a brother?" He answers, "Yes, his name's Billy." Then asking, "Does Billy have a brother?" The child answers, "No," because he can't see back to himself as being Billy's brother. This still even happens in teen/adulthood, we assume that something will be clear to others if it's clear to us, or that text message recipients will "hear" our "just kidding" intent. (selfish, kids don't understand experience is different for everyone. Ex: when playing hide and seek some kids hide behind a piece of paper, thinking bc they can't see you thinking that the adult can't seem them either. (preoperational)

anticipates events

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and....

Classical conditioning principles are constrained by biological predispositions, so that learning some associations is easier than learning others.

Classical conditioning principles are constrained by biological predispositions, so that learning some associations is easier than learning others.

belief perseverance

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. (Even when proven wrong). (Stubborn person). Ex: "I believe the sky is green," science proves that it's green, you don't really care and say "ehhhhh," and you still believe the sky is green, even with scientific proof.

Their brain cortex is less developed

Compared with rats raised in an enriched environment, which of the following is true of rats raised in isolation?

It starts earlier and is completed later.

Compared with the late nineteenth century, what is true about the transition from childhood to adulthood in Western cultures?

Martin Seligman

Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness." Experiment: dogs were strapped in a harness & given repeated shocks with no opportunity to avoid them. Later, when placed in another situation where they could escape the punishment by simply leaping a hurdle, the dogs cowered as if without hope. Discovered learn helplessness.

Broca's area

Controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. A person would struggle to SPEAK words while still being able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech.

Broca's area

Controls language expression. Damage to this disrupts speaking.

Urbinization

Creation/growth of urban areas, or cities and their surrounding developed land.

Hippocampus (Damage to the hippocampus can result in an inability to learn new information, which is also known as anterograde amnesia).

Damage to or removal of what part of the brain can cause anterograde amnesia?

frontal lobes

Damage to which of the following could interfere with the ability to plan for the future?

Schachter-Singer Theory (context: strange neighborhood)

Daneen was out walking in a strange neighborhood at night when a man turned the corner and began walking toward her. Daneen recognized that her breathing and heart rate were accelerating and DECIDED she must be afraid. Fearfully she cross over to the other side of the street. Which theory of emotion is this?

brightness constancy (lightness constancy)

Depends on context, and we perceive objects as having this constant even when its illumination varies. (our tendency to expect things to retain their lightness.) This depends on relative luminance. Ex: something white will appear to be the same shade of white no matter how much light it is being exposed to - noontime sunlight or a soft lamplight at night.

Depression is widespread. Its commonality suggests that its causes, too, must be common.**

Depression is widespread. Its commonality suggests that its causes, too, must be common.

descriptive methds

Describe behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations.

context effects

Describes how the context in which a stimulus occurs can contribute to how people perceive that stimulus. Ex: The "little guy" shown here is actually a 6'9" who would tower over most of us. But he seemed like a short player when matched in a semi-pro game against the world's tallest basketball player at that time, 7′9″

zoning

Designating parcels of land for particular types of use. Ex: Portland and Curitiba, Brazil, have used this to encourage high-density development along major mass transit corridors to reduce automobile use and air pollution

*Despite the brain's vast storage capacity, we do not store information as libraries store their books, in discrete, precise locations. Instead, many parts of the brain interact as we encode, store, and retrieve the information that forms our memories.*

Despite the brain's vast storage capacity, we do not store information as libraries store their books, in discrete, precise locations. Instead, many parts of the brain interact as we encode, store, and retrieve the information that forms our memories.

Harry Harlow

Did experiment with monkeys. -He separated baby monkeys from their mothers. He provided the monkey's with 2 surrogate mothers. One mother who had wire, provided bottle & nourishment for the young monkey, another mother had cloth. (contact comfort). -He was challenging the idea that infants form a strong bond with their mother provides nourishment for the child. Instead he believed that it was far more important that the mother provide contact comfort in forms of cuddles, hugs, and protection for the child. -found that contact comfort is more important that satisfying bodily needs -found that the monkeys spend more time with the cloth mother they would only periodically to get nourishment from the wire mother but never formed a strong bond. -when the monkey was frightened they would run to the cloth mother -Believing that this demonstrated the contact comfort is far more comfortable. The nourishment in creating those strong attachments. **TAKE AWAY**: we prefer the comfort over the food.

gender typing

Diego likes to play sports and video games whereas Sara likes to sing, dance, and play "house." This example best depicts which of the following?

-Different cultures yield different cravings too. People across the world eat some crazy, and gross, things when viewed from a different culture. -Hotter cultures use more spices because food spoils easier there but spices help preserve it. -People naturally are slow to try unusual foods, perhaps as a biological defense mechanism.

Different cultures of eating?

Stress compromises your immune system.

Discuss the link between stress & illness in general...

-risk of major depression and bipolar disorder increases if you have a parent or sibling with the disorder -bipolar, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, major depressive, generalized anxiety

Do mood disorders run in families?

stimulant

Drugs that excite neural activity and SPEED up body functions. Ex: ecstasy, meth, cocaine, nicotine, & caffeine. It causes the pupils to dilate, pulse and breathing rates to increase, energy and confidence to increase, and appetite to drop.

amphetamines

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. (mood-altering drug, used illegally as a stimulant and legally as a prescription drug to treat children with ADD and adults with narcolepsy.)

Common cold viruses

Elderly people are not increasingly susceptible to....

negative skew

Elongated tail at the left. More data in the left tail than would be expected in a normal distribution.

positive skew

Elongated tail at the right. More data in the right tail than would be expected in a normal distribution.

independent & dependent variables example

Experiment: are test scores impacted by the amount of time spent sleeping the night before a test? IV: amount of sleep (kid sleeping on desk) DV: test score

placebo effect ("I shall please")

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. (The impact on an individual of having received a placebo). Ex: Ron's experience with liquid luck. He severely doubts his skills as a keeper and had thought Cormac would have been a better fit. He thought he had "gotten lucky" as he was the team captain's bf & therefore, on the team. Soon after, he faces a panic attack on the day of his 1st match. He sees Harry slips of what looks to be "liquid luck" into Ron's juice and he drinks it, thinking it will help him win the match, it did. It helped ease his nerves & gave him a higher level of confidence. Only later Harry reveals to Hermione that he didn't actual pour liquid luck into Ron's drink and proves his point by showing her that his vial of liquid luck is still full.

The human face

Experiments show that infants register the strongest preference for which one of the following visual stimuli?

emerging adulthood

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-20s, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence & full independence & responsible adulthood. Usually at about age 18 to mid-20s. These younger adults are often "on their own," but also often rely on parents financially and "return home" for the holidays. But they may be doing so from their parents' home unable to afford their own place and perhaps still emotionally dependent as well.

eugenics

Francis Galton -movement that proposed measuring human traits and using the results to encourage only smart and fit people to reproduce -only smart and strong people should be encouraged (allowed) to reproduce. The idea was to stamp out the poorer human traits and continue the strong ones.

*Freud's ideas on repression are rich throughout psychology. But, modern psychologists tend to think that he was wrong. Sadly, painful memories usually last.*

Freud's ideas on repression are rich throughout psychology. But, modern psychologists tend to think that he was wrong. Sadly, painful memories usually last.

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, anger-prone, time conscious, motivated, verbally aggressive, easily angered, reactive, super motivated people. Link between stress & illness (MORE prone). There seemed to be a link between stress of this personality and heart attacks. Keep in mind: a drive, competitive person w/o being angry it's likely that you don't have a particularly elevated risk for heart attacks.

Each involves a crisis or dilemma.

From the perspective of Erik Erikson, why are life stages important?

mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. We have mirror neurons that "fire" in the brain when we watch someone else doing an action. It's as though we're actually doing it, but we're just observing it. When the monkey observes another doing so. When one monkey sees, its neurons mirror what another monkey does.

roles; identity

Gender ______ are the social expectations that guide men and women's behavior. Gender _______ is a person's sense of being male or female.

Which of the following is most closely associated with the idea of epigenetics?

Gene display based on environmental factors

motor cortex; frontal

George can move his hand to sign a document because the_______________, located in the_______________lobe of the brain, allows him to activate the proper muscles.

preconventional morality

Happens before age 9, found during elementary school level. They do what there told; obedience. Were doing something b/c of fear of punishment or for award. Self-interest(we're doing something to benefit us); obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. Ex: "If you save your wife, you'll be a hero. Ex: "I'm I going to get in trouble"?

conventional morality

Happens during early adolescence(10yrs to adolescence;teengers). Trying to do something for the approval for others→little bit more influenced by our peers. Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order. Ex: "If you steal the drug, everyone will think you're a criminal. Good boy/girl attitude but then also develop an understanding of rules and law. Not also rules & law→ often times we'll follow social rules(what my peers are doing in class, I'm going to do what there doing) cuz we want that approval of others, but we do get to understand that there are rules we have to abide by in a community/society. Ex: "What are people going to think?"

René Descartes

He agreed with Socrates' and Plato's ideas. He was interested in how the physical body and non-physical mind work together. Trying to figure out the body-mind connection, he dissected animals to view their brains and nerves. He also proposed that nerve pathways allowed for reflexes.

Carl Rogers

He was an American psychologist and among the founders of the ` approach to psychology. Him and Abraham Maslow were humanistic psychologists and found Freudian psychology behaviorism too limiting. (Humanistic- Environmental influences, especially love and acceptance, determine if we become all we can in life.)

Sigmund Freud

He was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis (idea that childhood and the unconscious drives a person's behavior).

Elizabeth Loftus

Her research on memory construction and the misinformation. Experiment: She showed participants a video of a car crash participants were asked if they saw the car smash into one another or if they saw the cars hit one another those who were asked the question about the cars smashing believed that the cars were traveling at a faster rate of speed than those who were asked to they see the cars hit the follow up question (part that is misinformation effect) is that the participants were asked if they saw broken glass at the accident those who were asked the question if they saw the car smash were more likely to have reported seen broken glass at the accident, though there was none in this case she inserted new memories into her participants using the misinformation effect they really believed that they had seen the broken glass.

-low self-evaluations -set perfectionist standards -fret about falling short of expectations -intensely concerned with how others perceive them

How do people with eating disorders feel?

Among industrialized countries, gender roles and attitudes vary widely. Australia and the Scandinavian countries offer the greatest gender equity, Middle Eastern and North African countries the least Ex: Would you agree that "when jobs are scarce, men should have more rights to a job?" In the U.S., Britain, & Spain, about 1 in 8 adults agree. In Nigeria, Pakistan, and India, about 4 in 5 do. We are one species, but my, how we differ.

How do the roles of gender differ in the world?

-by observing others' fears -if parents have a phobia, kids will develop the same phobia→genetics, observational(kids are most vulnerable to this)

How do we learn anxiety disorders(fears) through observational learning?

It can make you fatter, it increases ghrelin, hunger-arousing hormone and decreases its hunger-suppressing partner, leptin.

How do you become fatter when you have sleep deprivation?

Raises the eyebrows and widens the eyes

How do your facial expression express surprise?

Light pollution

Human-made light that hinders astronomical observations. Ex: endangered sea turtles lay their eggs on beaches at night and require darkness. Each yr, large numbers of migrating birds, lured off course by the lights of high-rise buildings, fatally collide with the buildings.

sitting down and talking to a person.

Humanistic psychologists often prefer to assess personality by...

cerebellum

IMPLICIT. Important for storing implicit memories from CLASSICAL conditioning(associations), learned memories. With a damaged cerebellum, people cannot develop certain conditioned reflexes, such as associating a tone with an impending puff of air—and thus do not blink in anticipation of the puff. Implicit memory formation needs the cerebellum. Ex: association would be wouldn't be able to remember bell & then food coming out.

id, superego, ego example

Id: "I want chocolate." Ego: "Eat a small square. Superego: "you're on a diet."

id, superego, ego example

Id: "I want it now." Ego: "Maybe I can find a compromise. Superego: "nice people don't do that."

connectionism

Idea that memories are made up of interconnected neural networks. Every time you learn something new, your brain's neural connections change, forming and strengthening pathways that allow you to interact with and learn from your constantly changing environment.

Plasticity

If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex that normally helps people see. Also explains why some studies find that deaf people have enhanced peripheral vision

Hypothesis: If a person takes Drug X, then he will become less depressed. IV: whether or not Drug X is taken DV: amount of depression Experimental Group(EXPOSED to IV): received Drug X Control Group(NOT exposed to IV): did NOT receive treatment

If a person takes Drug X, then he will become less depressed. Determine iv, dv, experimental group and control group.

Trust v. Mistrust (0-1 yr; Infancy)

If needs are dependably met, they develop a sense of basic trust.

symbolic thinking

If you showed a 2-year-old that you'd hidden a toy behind the bed in a model of her bedroom, she would not be able to find the toy in her real bedroom because she lacks.......

If you've noticed how outgoing you are in some situations and how reserved you are in others, perhaps you're not surprised either. This inconsistency in behaviors also makes personality test scores weak predictors of behaviors.**

If you've noticed how outgoing you are in some situations and how reserved you are in others, perhaps you're not surprised either. This inconsistency in behaviors also makes personality test scores weak predictors of behaviors.

Taijin-kyofusho

In Japan; social anxiety about one's appearance combined with a readiness to blush and a fear of eye contact, as does the extreme withdrawal of hikikomori

amok

In Malaysia; sudden outburst of violent behavior

naturally triggers a response.

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus.....

emerging adulthood

In many Western societies, it is common for adolescents to graduate high school, go to college, and still live at home with their parents. They have not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence. Psychologists have identified this period of time as...

discriminative stimulus

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement). Stimulus that an animal can DISTINGUISH from another). Like a green traffic light, discriminative stimuli signal that a response will be reinforced. After being trained to discriminate among classes of events or flowers, people, cars, chairs—pigeons can usually identify the category in which a new pictured object belongs.

The dual-processing model refers to which of the following ideas?

Incoming information is processed by both conscious and unconscious tracks.

population change

Increase/decrease in the size of a population. It is equal to(Births+Immigration)-(Deaths+Emigration).

biological sex

It has to do with your physical anatomy; so it can be genitalia, chromosomes, & hormones(these 3 things are what make up your biological sex)←what we would call boy/girl; men/women. (NATURE)- what you were born with.

drive

It is our needs that create a state of arousal called drive. Drive keeps us motivated and working to fulfill the need. If we are driven by our need for achievement (money, fame, property), we keep working to fulfill this need.

It seems clear that the sickness of today's eating disorders lies in part within our weightobsessed culture—a culture that says, in countless ways, "Fat is bad," that motivates millions of women to be "always dieting," and that encourages eating binges by pressuring women to live in a constant state of semistarvation.

It seems clear that the sickness of today's eating disorders lies in part within our weightobsessed culture—a culture that says, in countless ways, "Fat is bad," that motivates millions of women to be "always dieting," and that encourages eating binges by pressuring women to live in a constant state of semistarvation.

*It's better to spend your fantasy time planning how to get somewhere than to dwell on the imagined destination.*

It's better to spend your fantasy time planning how to get somewhere than to dwell on the imagined destination.

representativeness heuristic (error-prone)

JUDGING the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. (much like a STEREOTYPE of a person). PROBABILITY of how well something fits a prototype. Sometimes our pre-conceived prototype can throw us off. This has to do with numbers (it's a probability), not simply what we expect. Ex: A stranger tells you a person who is short, slim, and likes to read poetry, and then asks you to guess whether this person is more likely to be a professor or a truck driver? Did you answer "professor"? Many people do, because the description seems more representative of scholars than of truck drivers.

-High in Conscientiousness -Low in Openness

Katie is very down-to-earth and practical. She uses recycled grocery bags, shops every Tuesday afternoon to get the best discounts, and lines up her errands in the most efficient way possible. She eats pasta on Mondays and fish every Friday. She never misses any of her 8 p.m. TV shows.

susto

Latin America; a condition marked by severe anxiety, restlessness, and a fear of black magic

classical conditioning

Learned taste aversions generally result from....

observational learning (social learning)

Learning by observing others or learning without direct experience or our own. Happens indirectly through a process of watching others and then imitating. Ex: A child who sees his sister burn her fingers on a hot stove learns not to touch it.

Learning is adaptive: Each species learns behaviors that aid its survival.

Learning is adaptive: Each species learns behaviors that aid its survival.

latent learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. (learning that doesn't become apparent until later when it's needed. Until then, it remains latent (hidden). (Motivation)

Maturation of the frontal lobes nevertheless lags behind that of the emotional limbic system. Puberty's hormonal surge and limbic system development help explain teens' occasional impulsiveness, risky behaviors, and emotional storms—slamming doors and turning up the music.**

Maturation of the frontal lobes nevertheless lags behind that of the emotional limbic system. Puberty's hormonal surge and limbic system development help explain teens' occasional impulsiveness, risky behaviors, and emotional storms—slamming doors and turning up the music.

Implicit memories (nondeclarative memories or PROCEDURAL memory)

Memory WITHOUT conscious recall. (Memory without conscious recall.) AUTOMATIC PROCESSING (SPACE, TIME, FREQUENCY). Ex: singing a familiar song, typing on your computer keyboard, brushing your teeth, riding a bike. (This can be either skills (like riding a bike) or classical conditioning. The person may know how to skateboard, but wouldn't be able to explain (or declare) that they know it. Includes procedural memory for automatic skills. Ex: Visiting your dentist, thx to a conditioned association linking the dentist's office with the painful drill, you find yourself w/ sweaty palms. You didn't plan to feel that way when you got to the dentist's office; it happened automatically.

mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. (tricks that help memory and are often visually based). Ex: the peg-word system assigns a visual image to a number, like one-bun, two-shoe, three-tree, etc. By pairing another word to the peg-word, a list can be recalled in order. Ex: Just remember HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior).

procedural memory

Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as:

-most people suffering major depression eventually return to normal even without professional help. -the plague of depression comes and, a few weeks or months later, it goes, though for about half of people it eventually recurs. -only about 20% is the condition chronic. -Recovery is more likely to be permanent the later the first episode strikes, the longer the person stays well, the fewer the previous episodes, the less stress experienced, and the more social support received

Most major depressive episodes self-terminate...

social-cognitive perspective

NATURE & NURTURE -environment and our genes interact when it comes to personality -created by Albert Bandura -Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. -looks at how our traits interact with the situation that we're in. -mix of nature and nurture -these theorists do consider the behavioral perspective, including others' influence. (That's the "social" part.) -they also emphasize the importance of mental processes: What we think about our situations affects our behavior. (That's the "cognitive" part.) -Instead of focusing solely on how our environment controls us, as behaviorists do, they focus on how we & our environment interact: How do we interpret and respond to external events? How do our schemas, our memories, and our expectations influence our behavior patterns? -

behavioral approach

NURTURE -in personality theory, this focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development. -We are conditioned to repeat certain behaviors, and we learn by observing and imitating others. -thinks that the environment controls us and they emphasize the learning process between that -ex: a child w/ a very controlling parent may learn to follow orders rather than think independently, & may exhibit a more timid personality.

a difference threshold.

Natalia is washing her hands and adjusts the faucet handle until the water feels just slightly hotter than it did before. Natalia's adjustment until she feels a difference is an example of...

No matter how quick or slow we are, remembering seems to depend on the type of info. we're trying to retrieve. If the info. is meaningless—nonsense syllables or unimportant events—then the older we are, the more errors we are likely to make. If the info. is meaningful, older people's rich web of existing knowledge will help them to hold it.**

No matter how quick or slow we are, remembering seems to depend on the type of info. we're trying to retrieve. If the info. is meaningless—nonsense syllables or unimportant events—then the older we are, the more errors we are likely to make. If the info. is meaningful, older people's rich web of existing knowledge will help them to hold it.

*déjà vu*

Normally, we experience a feeling of familiarity (thx to temporal lobe processing) before we consciously remember details (thx to hippocampus and frontal lobe processing). When these functions (and brain regions) are out of sync, we may experience a feeling of familiarity without conscious recall.

fertility rate

Number of children born to an average woman in a population during her lifetime.

descriptive statistics

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency (mode, mean, median) and measures of variation. (Used to organize data meaningfully). One way to do this is by using a bar graph, called a HISTOGRAM.

naturalistic observation

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. Ex: we humans laugh 30 times more often in social situations than in solitary situations. As we laugh, 17 muscles contort our mouth and squeeze our eyes, and we emit a series of 75-millisecond vowel-like sounds, spaced about one-fifth of a second apart.

Overconfidence

Occurs when we are more confident that we know something than we are correct. Ex: Olivia, applied to ivy leagues, didn't apply to any safe schools and got rejected from all the ivy leagues.

opiates

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. (drugs derive from opium, such as morphine, codeine, or heroin.) When using this, it causes one's pupils to dilate, slows breathing, and creates sluggishness. (They leave the person craving more, but tolerance means a person would need higher doses for the same effect.) When repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates, the brain stops producing endorphins. If the artificial opiate is withdrawn, brain lacks the normal level of pain-killing neurotransmitters.

Chuncking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. Ex: Roy G. Biv stands for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. Organizing items into familiar, manageable units—enables us to recall it more easily. Phone number sequence of 4-7-1-1-3-2-4 would be chunked into 471-1324. (Type of mnemonic).

James-Lange Theory

Our bodies react first, then we experience the emotional feeling. Physiological arousal then emotion. (Physical always comes b4 cognitive). Ex: a person sees spider→begins to shake(physiological arousal)→interprets shaking as fear(emotion). Ex: a baseball pitcher suddenly sees a batted ball screaming for his face. He reacts and catches the ball. THEN he feels a rush of fear/surprise/emotion. Thinking and acting came before feeling. Ex: you see a snake→heart races, we shake (physical response)→and based on that situation we decide, hey, "I must be afraid."

Cannon-Bard Theory

Our bodies reaction and our emotional feeling occur at the SAME TIME."My heart began pounding AS I experienced fear. Ex: person sees spider you begin to shake, interprets shaking as fear(experiences fear). Ex: person sees a snake→racing heart; shaking+thinking "I'm afraid." →feel afraid

language

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. People can transfer thoughts through the air between us - when we speak, our voices travel the airways, enter another's ears, and into their brains.

-advise him to smile -people encountering him will act the same

Patrick is a new to the school and is eager to meet new people and make new friends. Use your understanding of the facial feedback effect to offer Patrick advice on meeting his goal.

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40s to 60s; Middle adulthood)

People discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

People love to eat junk food - fatty and sweet food that makes us fat. In the old days, these treats were rare, but they staved off famines.*

People love to eat junk food - fatty and sweet food that makes us fat. In the old days, these treats were rare, but they staved off famines.

social-cultural influences in pain

People tend to feel more pain when they see others in apparent pain. (empathy, presence of others, cultural norms)

dichromatic vision

People who are blind to either red-green or yellow-blue. Two colors, and can refer to a type of color blindness in which someone can only perceive two primary colors (and combinations of those colors) rather than the usual three (red, green, and blue). Ex: dogs lack receptors for the wavelengths of red, giving them only limited, ..... color vision

age strucutre

Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.

identity diffusion

Person is avoiding the identity crisis or feels they have no or limited choices. They're not activiley seeking an identity bc they don't feel like they have one that they can choose.

identity moratorium

Person is going through a crisis and has not yet chosen an identity. Their kind of weighting their options. They may be ready to make a commitment, but they haven't made quite a commitment yet.

exhaustion

Phase 3- This is when your body's "stress resources" are running low or gone. You're susceptible to illness and perhaps collapsing or death. ex: ethan lost sleep which led to decreased immunity which leds to increase in illness, also he has a decreased performance →athletics+academics.

bottom-up processing and top-down processing example

Picture of a flower painting. The bottom-up processing enables our sensory systems to detect the lines, angles, and colors that form the flower and leaves. Using top-down processing we interpret what our senses detect.

Albert Bandura

Pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play.

land-use planning

Planning to determine the best present and future uses of each parcel of land. Most urban and some rural areas use this plan to determine the best present and future use of each parcel of land.

Aristotle

Plato's student believed the mind was in the heart, which pumps warmth and vitality to the body. (The heart remains our symbol for love, but scientists say your brain, not ur heart, that falls in love).

storage decay

Poor durability of stored memories lead to decay. At first, we forget very much very fast. Then, forgetting diminishes, then finally levels off. (Pace of forgetting. Rapid, then levels off.

transitional stage

Population grows RAPIDLY bc birth rates are high and death rates drop because of improved food production and health.

retrieval practice effect

Preparing for an exam by trying to recall important concepts from memory. If retrieval is difficult, but successful, learning is enhanced and test performance is improved.

Events immediately before the injury (a person loses memory of events immediately prior to the injury).

Retrograde amnesia is a phenomenon in which a person suffers a brain injury from a stroke or an accident and loses memory of what?

hypothalamus

Some neural clusters in this influence in hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior. Ex: thinking about sex in the cerebral cortex activates the hypothalamus. It emits hormones that affect the pituitary (the master gland) which affects other hormones to. These hormones influence brain activity.

Continuity and stages

Some people think development occurs much in the way a tree grows, slowly and steadily adding one ring each year. Others think that there are rather abrupt developmental jumps, like the transformation of a tadpole into a frog. Which of the following issues would this difference of opinion relate to?

Someone with an exceptionally strong superego may be virtuous yet guilt-ridden; another with a weak superego may be wantonly self-indulgent and remorseless.**

Someone with an exceptionally strong superego may be virtuous yet guilt-ridden; another with a weak superego may be wantonly self-indulgent and remorseless.

phonemes

Spoken language is based on units of sound called...

subliminal

Stimuli you cannot detect 50& of the time—below your absolute threshold. (If we don't detect it at all.) EX: an image might be flashed so quickly we don't even know we saw it.

Generalization

Students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. What principle does this illustrate?

Jean Piaget

Studied how our ability to think develops. He believed that the human mind develops through a series of stages. Thx partly to his work, we understand that children reason differently than adults. Thus, an 8-year-old can comprehend things a toddler cannot. (Physical environment). Believed that kids develop through the physical environment; interacting w/ my toys, different things, objects.

instinct theory

Studies have shown that newborn waterfowl, when presented with a model of a bird with a short neck like a hawk, who are a threat to them, were more prone to try to escape from the area than when they were shown a bird model with a long neck like that of a goose. The young waterfowl's motivation to try to flee from this natural predator is best explained by which theory?

Studies show that women tend to have fewer children if they are educated, hold a paying job outside the home, and live in societies where their human rights are not suppressed.**

Studies show that women tend to have fewer children if they are educated, hold a paying job outside the home, and live in societies where their human rights are not suppressed.

unconditional positive regard

Suzanne is a high school student who is well-liked by her peers. She is an open and transparent friend and can be counted on to tell the truth and share her feelings. She is praised by others for her understanding of friends' problems. She is the first person people go to when they need a good listener. According to Rogers person-centered presepctive, which additional condition should be present in Suzanne's ideal growth climate?

sensory neurons

Take messages from the body's tissue and sensory receptors up the spinal cord & the brain. (Take messages from the body, up the spinal cord, to the brain.) (carrying incoming info. from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord which is also transferred directly to motor neurons via interneuron). AFFERENT. all wired through the BACK. Ex: when putting your finger over a flame, it receives this info., then gets channeled through PNS to spinal cord

Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism.

Taste aversion studies lead researchers to which of the following conclusions?

The "Trait Perspective" was started by Gordon Allport when he interviewed Freud. Allport, unlike Freud, was not interested in why a person behaved as they did, but in simply describing the person's traits.**

The "Trait Perspective" was started by Gordon Allport when he interviewed Freud. Allport, unlike Freud, was not interested in why a person behaved as they did, but in simply describing the person's traits.

social identity

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships. Ex: When living in Britain, I become conscious of my Americanness. When spending time with my daughter in Africa, I become conscious of my minority (White) race.

selective attention

The ability to screen out sensory information and focus on only a small portion. (The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus). Ex: Think of a housewife telling her husband the things that need to be done around the house while he's watching a football game on TV oblivious to what's she's saying. He's got selective attention.

priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. (Gives us hints to unlock our memories). We encode a memory—smells, tastes, and sights that can evoke our memory of the associated person or event. Ex: if a child sees a bag of candy next to a red bench, they might begin looking for or thinking about candy the next time they see a bench. "Wakening of associations." "Memoryless memory"—invisible memory, without your conscious awareness. Ex: If you see a poster of a missing child, you may then unconsciously be primed to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. retrieval clue

positive punishment

The addition of a stimulus to environment that decreases behavior. Ex: spray water on a barking dog. Give a traffic ticket for speeding.

mean

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

The association between certain parenting styles (being firm but open) and certain childhood outcomes (social competence) is correlational. Correlation is not causation. *

The association between certain parenting styles (being firm but open) and certain childhood outcomes (social competence) is correlational. Correlation is not causation.

associates events.

The basic idea behind classical conditioning is that the organism.....

pain

The body's warning sign that something isn't right. It allows us to feel sickness, danger, and injury.

hippocampus

The brain structure shown to be essential in laying down new explicit memories of names, images and events.....

cerebellum

The brain structure shown to be necessary in the development of implicit memories for skills, particularly classically conditioned reflexes, is the...

Brain nerve cells

The brain's nerve cells are sculpted by heredity and experience. Their interconnections multiply rapidly after birth, a process that continues until puberty, when a pruning process begins shutting down unused connections.

*The brain, mind, and social-emotional behavior develop together.

The brain, mind, and social-emotional behavior develop together.

auditory nerve

The bundle of neurons that carries signals from each ear to the brain. (enables hearing, carries much less info. through its mere 30,000 fibers.)

social clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. "The right time."

range

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. SUBTRACT high from low. Provides only a crude estimate of variation. tt

zone of proximal development

The difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone.

Levels of analysis

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological and social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon (is something that is observed to occur or to exist)

independent variable

The experimental factor that is being manipulated/changed; the variable whose effect is being studied. (variable that is changed on purpose to test the dependent variable). Or changed. CAUSE

stranger anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. Ex: they may greet strangers by crying and self-protectively reaching for familiar caregivers. "No! Don't leave me!" their distress seems to say. Children this age have schemas for familiar faces; when they cannot assimilate the new face into these remembered schemas, they become distressed.

glucose

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, it signals brain to eat→triggers hunger. Monitored and managed by the brain and insulin. This affects our storage of fat and feelings of hunger.

Adaptation

The genes selected during our ancestral history provide more than a long leash; they endow us with a great capacity to learn and therefore to adapt to life in varied environments, from the tundra to the jungle.

learned helplessness

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. (Feeling helpless and oppressed may lead to a state of passive resignation). Ex: A child who performs poorly on math tests and assignments will quickly begin to feel that nothing he or she does will have any effect on math performance. (Animals, and people, who are trapped or just feel that they're trapped become depressed and passive). ex: This was seen in an experiment by Martin Seligman with caged dogs who were given shocks. They eventually cowered in fear. Even after the trap was "unlocked" and they could've escaped, they didn't try. A dog who had not learned the helplessness would quickly escape.

reward

The hypothalamus is a(n) ________ center for the brain.

sensory memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. (STORED).

Discrimination

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. *(Drawing the line between RESPONDING to some stimuli, but NOT OTHERS).* Ex: Confronted by a guard dog, your heart may race; confronted by a guide dog, it probably will not.

Nature-nurture issue

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

THC

The major active ingredient in MARIJUANA; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. Its harmful side effects, which can include agitation and hallucinations, led to its ingredient becoming illegal. Unlike alcohol (which the body rids after hours), it LINGERS for a month/more. Frequent users can thus get the same effect on less than infrequent users. Marijuana increases sensations (sight, sound, etc.) It impairs your judgment and your memory.

Schachter-Singer Theory (context: her own neighborhood)

The next day, Daneen was out walking in her own neighborhood when a man turned the corner and began walking toward her. Daneen recognized that her breathing and heart rate were accelerating and DECIDED she must be excited. She screamed with delight as she ran to greet her father who just arrived from a long trip. Which theory of emotion is this?

Frequency

The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time. (Ex: per second). (The number of cycles per second in a wave; in sound, it's the primary determinant of pitch.)

figure-ground

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). Ex: Among the voices you hear at a party, the one you attend to becomes the figure; all others are part of the ground.

external loss of control

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. Things happen to YOU. Ex: "why does everything happen to me?" "there is nothing I can do about my future!"

natural selection

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. Simplified, is this: -Organisms' varied offspring compete for survival. -Certain biological and behavioral variations increase organisms' reproductive and survival chances in their particular environment. -Offspring that survive are more likely to pass their genes to ensuing generations. -Thus, over time, population characteristics may change.

Sensation

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. (ability to see in this case, includes hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling).

cognitive psychology

The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating. Also processes like attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking.

behavioral psychology

The scientific study of observable and its explanation by principles of warning

Biological psychology

The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists

one-word stage

The stage in speech development, from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in SINGLE words. Ex: "Kitty!"

volley principle

The theory holding that groups of auditory nerve fibers fire neural impulses in rapid succession, creating volleys of impulses. As one neuron is firing other is resting. They work together in order to hear some of our highest pitched sounds.

divergent

The type of thinking required to solve problems requiring a creative, flexible or inventive solution is known as what type of thinking?

framing

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. The way in which something is presented. It has a powerful impact. Ex: You ask your mom if you can stay out until 2 a.m., she says "no" then (you say you did homework and you have good grades), and your mom says fine, changed her mind because of the way you posed it.

social clock

Theis________a culturally determined timetable for certain events, such as having children and retirement.

To satisfy our own wishes. This theory was started by Freud. In his mind, everything revolves around sex and aggression. (He proposed that dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings.)

Theory of "Why do we Dream?".....

social influence theory

Theory that hypnotic subjects are just role-playing; so caught up in hypnotized role that they convince themselves it's real; trying to be a "good subject"; imaginative acting. The subject's thinking is, "I'm expected to be hypnotized and do what the hypnotist tells me, so, that's what I'll do."

gate-control theory

There is a "gate" in the spinal cord that switches pain on and off. The spinal cord has small nerve fibers that conduct pain and large nerve fibers that conduct everything else. When you're hurt, the SMALL FIBERS are activated and you feel PAIN! Then the large fibers block the sensation to the brain and you feel no pain. This theory is supported by things like massage and acupuncture that stimulate other areas (the large fibers) and thus cut down on pain.

endorphins

These are like natural morphine that our bodies produce. They improve our moods and reduce pain. They're released either in times of pain or heavy exercise.

Authoritarian

These parents believe children need rules and must obey them. Ex: "Don't interrupt." "Keep your room clean." "Don't stay out late or you'll be grounded." "Why? Because I said so." Children tend to have less social skill and self-esteem. (totalitarian: total control). (They impose strict rules on their children and expect them to followed).

insecure attachment (strange situation experiment)

They are less likely to explore their surroundings; they may even cling to their mother. When she leaves, they either cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to her departure and return. (Insensitive, unresponsive mothers—mothers who attended to their babies when they felt like doing so but ignored them at other times—often had infants who exhibited this behavior). (Not confident that the caregiver is going to return) Can be either the kid freaks out and doesn't calm down or the kid won't show any reaction at all→telling us they don't have a bond w/ their caregiver.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 yrs; Toddlerhood)

They learn to exercise their will & do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs; Preschool)

They learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.

Baby boomers

They now make up almost half of all adult Americans. Result: they dominate the population's demand for goods and services and play increasingly important roles in deciding who gets elected and what laws are passed. In 2008, about 13% of Americans were 65 or older, but that number is projected to increase to about 25% by 2043.

Through the interplay of 3 factors: births (fertility), deaths (mortality), & migration.

Through what do human populations of countries and cities grow/decline?

-timothy's score compared to Kristen would have a very low correlation→unsimilar -or we can't make a guess from just the fact that they're living in the same house→can't make any guess from his score b/c of Kristen

Timothy and Kristen are both adopted children living in the Murphy's home. They are unrelated. Kristen has an intelligence test score of 101. Predict Timothy's score...

Tiny cells organize to form body organs. These organs form larger systems for digestion, circulation, and info. processing. And those systems are part of an even larger system--the individual, who in turn is part of a family, culture, community.*

Tiny cells organize to form body organs. These organs form larger systems for digestion, circulation, and info. processing. And those systems are part of an even larger system--the individual, who in turn is part of a family, culture, community.

Fixed interval

Under which reinforcement schedule is it most important for an organism to learn to accurately estimate time?

Urban land use planning can help to reduce uncontrolled sprawl and to slow the resulting degradation of air, water, land, biodiversity, and other natural resources.**

Urban land use planning can help to reduce uncontrolled sprawl and to slow the resulting degradation of air, water, land, biodiversity, and other natural resources.

*WE CAN'T REMEMBER ANYTHING BEFORE AGE 3!!!!*

WE CAN'T REMEMBER ANYTHING BEFORE AGE 3!!!!

psychological influences to pain

We also seem to edit our memories of pain, which often differ from the pain we actually experienced. Like an athlete who's focused on the game and unaware of an injury. Also, memories of pain tend to focus on the peak of the pain and the end of the pain. (attention, prior experience, expectations). Ex: if ur getting a shot, you might not want to look at the shot, might not hurt as bad

assimilation

We interpret them in terms of our current understandings(schema). Ex: schema for dog, for ex, a toddler may call all 4-legged animals dogs. (Helps us interpret NEW experiences into pre-existing schemas). (has S's, representing the same). Ex: a 2-yr-old child has been taught by her father that a dog has 4 legs, a tail, and fur later she's a cat which also has 4 legs, a tail, and fur she calls the cat a dog bc based on her knowledge it fits the criteria. Ex: (schema of a car)Fits into an existing schema of a car it's assimilation, even if it's a slightly different type of car but still kind of like a Sudan car and it'll fit into their schema.

1) inadequate health care for poor women during pregnancy and for their babies after birth 2) drug addiction among pregnant women 3) high birth rate among teenager

What 3 factors helped keep the U.S. infant mortality rate high?

1) Linguistic 2) Logical-mathematical 3) Musical 4) Spatial 5) Bodily-kinesthetic 6) Intrapersonal (self) 7) Interpersonal (others) 8) Naturalist

What are Gardner's 8 intelligences?

identity achievement, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity diffusion

What are James Marcia's theories of adolescent identity of development?

-past and current loss

What are depressed moods often a response to?

-Generalized anxiety disorder -panic disorder -phobias

What are different anxiety disorders?

ghrelin, insulin, leptin, orexin, PYY

What are some appetite hormones?

-Blocks dopamine transporters -Dopamine becomes trapped in the synapse -Dopamine binds to receptors and overstimulates the cell

What are the actions of coke?

preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

What are the basic levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?

test-retest method and split-half

What are the different types of reliability

major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder(manic-depressive disorders)

What are the principal forms of mood disorders?

1) according to the U.N. Population Fund, 42% of all pregnancies in developing countries are unplanned & 26% end with abortion. 2) an estimated 201 million couples in developing countries want to limit the number and determine the spacing of their children, but they lack access to family planning services.

What are the problems with family planning?

id, ego, and superego

What are the three interacting systems according to Freud?

infection, environmental agents, and most significant; drugs & alcohol

What are the types of teratogens?

-The result is that the person is usually withdrawn and frightened, like the experiments by the Harlows on monkeys "raised" by fake metal mothers. -These children grow up, have their own kids, then are abusive to their kids at a more frequent rate than is normal. -Abused children grow up bearing a laundry list of possible problems -brain/hormonal changes, nightmares, depression, increased substance abuse, binge eating, aggression, crime.

What happens if a child is raised in a abusive home?

-people with paranoia found increased activity in the amygdala, a fear-processing center

What happens in the brains of people with paranoia?

These procedures exploit the principle that the best means of predicting future behavior is neither a personality test nor an interviewer's intuition. Rather, it is the person's past behavior patterns in similar situations As long as the situation and the person remain much the same, the best predictor of future job performance is past job performance; the best predictor of future grades is past grades; the best predictor of future aggressiveness is past aggressiveness; the best predictor of drug use in young adulthood is drug use in high school.

What is good at Assessing Behavior in Situations?

-He asked people to describe themselves both as they would ideally like to be and as they actually are. -When the ideal and the actual self are nearly alike, said him, the self-concept is positive. -Assessing his clients' personal growth during therapy, he looked for successively closer ratings of actual and ideal selves(positive self-concept).

What was Rogers technique for assessing personality and self-concept?

Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting

What was the main difference between the psychological thinking of Wilhelm Wundt and earlier philosophers who were also interested in thinking and behavior?

It begins with puberty, the time when we mature sexually.

When does adolescence begin?

Mumbai (formerly Bombay) in India, Lagos in Nigeria, Dakar in Bangladesh, and São Paulo in Brazil will become hypercities by 2015.

Which cities are projected to become a hypercity?

(internal)disorders involving internalized states, such as depression, anxiety, and inhibited sexual desire

Which disorders are women more vulnerable to?

Debriefing

Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research?

hypothalamus

Which of the following brain areas is responsible for regulating thirst

being paid for a week

Which of the following is an example of a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule?

A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom.

Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist?

Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good-looking young man.

Which of the following is an example of cognitive appraisal?

Remembering the names of the first two co-workers you met on the first day of your new job

Which of the following is an example of the primacy effect?

cones have a direct connection to bipolar cells, whereas rods share bipolar cells with other rods.

Why are cones, rather than rods, better able to detect fine detail?

-theories aren't measurable, meaning we cannot prove them. -therefore we cannot deem his work to be scientific -thinks childhood is birth→5yrs(but we can't remember things that well during that time -he's thing w/ childhood and traumas and anxieties affect us for the rest of our life, but science says we can't remember those couple of yrs.

Why are the main issues with Freud's theories?

To seek jobs and economic improvement. Some are driven by religious persecution, ethnic conflicts, political oppression, wars, & environmental degradations such as water and food shortages and soil erosion.

Why do most people migrate from one area/country?

some children die before reaching reproductive years

Why is a replacement-level fertility slightly 2 children per couple?

He is not good at math and never will be

Xavier, who has a negative explanatory style, is most likely to get depressed after failing a math test if he believes that he failed because...

Which of the following is an example of gene-environment interaction?

Yeh Lin experiences flushing syndrome, which mostly occurs in those of Asian heritage.

operant conditioning: positive reinforcement

You check the coin return slot on a pay telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself checking other telephones over the next few days.

-Classicial conditioning -us: flu sickness -ur: nausea -ns: smell of food ? -cs: smell of food -cr: nausea

You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.

axon

a neuron's givers asses the message through it's terminal branches and to other neuron's. (they send info. away from the cell body to other neurons or body parts.) They speak. (twizzlers) (covered with mylein)

reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by sending the neuron(the extra neurotransmitters return to the original neuron and are ready again.)

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes selects what to let in/out through it's gates

Mutations

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

SQ3R study method

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

phi phenomenon

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. Ex: like a moving arrow. (two lights flashing alternately gives the perception one light moving back-and-forth. This is seen in neon lights or marquee signs that are "animated".)

animals can learn the predictability of an event. If a shock always is preceded by a tone, and then may also be preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react with fear to the tone but not to the light. Although the light is always followed by the shock, it adds no new info.; the tone is a better predictor. The more predictable the association, the stronger the CR. It's as if the animal learns an expectancy, an awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur. (ROBERT!!!!!!)

animals can learn the predictability of an event. If a shock always is preceded by a tone, and then may also be preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react with fear to the tone but not to the light. Although the light is always followed by the shock, it adds no new info.; the tone is a better predictor. The more predictable the association, the stronger the CR. It's as if the animal learns an expectancy, an awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur.

neurons

are like queen bee's; on their own they cannot feed or sheathe (incase) themselves

even in a motionless body, the researchers concluded, the brain—and the mind—may still be active*

even in a motionless body, the researchers concluded, the brain—and the mind—may still be active.

esteem needs (4)

ex: how we feel about ourselves, self-esteem

embodied cognition

in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments. Ex: After being given the cold shoulder by others in an experiment, people judge the room as colder than do those treated warmly. Social exclusion literally feels cold. (Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences & judgments.) Ex: Holding a heavy rather than light clipboard makes job candidates seem more important. Holding rough objects makes social interactions seem more difficult.

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, STRENGTHENS behavior by ADDING stimulus TO the environment. Add a desirable stimulus. Ex: pet a dog that comes when you call it; pay the person who paints your house. ADDING A DESIRABLE STIMULUS

feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. (The brain has specialized cells called this. These cells detect features like angles, lines, edges, and movements). If this region were damaged, you might recognize other forms and objects, but, like Heather Sellers, not familiar faces. When researchers temporarily disrupt the brain's face-processing areas with magnetic pulses, people are unable to recognize faces. Research shows that for biologically important objects and events, ours have a "vast visual encyclopedia" distributed as specialized cells. These cells respond to one type of stimulus, such as a head angle, posture, or body movement. Other supercell clusters integrate this info. & fire only when the cues collectively indicate the direction of someone's attention and approach. This instant analysis, which aided our ancestors' survival, helps a driver anticipate a pedestrian's next movement. (highly specialized cells that process info. in the brain) (some detect vertical and horizantal lines, others detect different movements)

One reason that identical twins might show slight differences at birth is...

one twin's placenta may have provided slightly better nourishment.

Vestibular sacs

organs in the inner ear that connect the semicircular canals and the cochlea and contribute to the body's sense of balance. (filled w/ fluid). Connect the canals with the cochlea, contain fluid that moves when your head rotates or tilts. This movement stimulates hairlike receptors, which send messages to the cerebellum at the back of the brain, thus enabling you to sense your body position and to maintain your balance.

Un-DSM

outlines virtues and strengths that people can exhibit -used by practitioners and researchers to explore the conditions under which positive mental health occurs -not necessarily there to diagnose and treat mental health but it's there to guide research so that people can better classify what it means to be health provides

tinnitus

people with hearing loss often hear a constant ringing in the ears.

continuous reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. (Occurs when the reinforcement is given every time the behavior is down). Ex: Giving a child a chocolate every day after he finishes his math homework.

Lateralization

specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres for particular operations

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Takes info from the world and body's tissues to make decisions and to send back info. and orders to the body's tissues

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect. (a larger dose is required to get the same effect from a drug.)

Monism

the doctrine that denies any distinction or difference between the physical brain and the abstract concept of the mind.

interact/interaction

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity). Both genetics & the environment interact to create who we are. From the day we're born, our environment shapes us.

synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. (place where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of another).

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. (links the 2 hemispheres).

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. (The bundle of axons of ganglion cells that carries neural messages from each EYE to the BRAIN).

all-or-none response

the neuron either fires or it doesn't fire. Ex: like guns, neurons either fire or they don't. All action potentials fire at the same strength.

natural selection

the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to the succeeding generations (is the process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce.)

sensory interaction

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. (two or more senses working together. Taste and smell go together - it's hard to taste anything while holding your nose. Smell + texture + taste = flavor. Ex: where sight and hearing go together. If we see a person say one thing but hear them saying something else, the result is that we will hear a third sound that's a blend of the two.

person-situation controversy

the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors

vestibular sense (fluid)

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. (monitor's your head's position and movement, therefore it also monitor's your body's position and movement). HEAD POSITION (more specific). You feel dizzy after going on a rollercoaster bc the fluid is still going back & fourth. Orientation from head to ground.

audition

the sense or act of hearing.

gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female. Our expression→male/female. (NURTURE)- some biological influence but more on the nurture side.

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to RED, one to GREEN, one to BLUE—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color. (Theory of color vision that holds that all color perception derives from three different color receptors in the retina.) (normal vision).

cognitive

which of the following kinds of psychologists would most likely explore how we process and remember info?

gWhat kind of men are women usually attracted to?

women are attracted to men who seem mature, dominant, bold, and affluent, with a potential for long-term mating and investment in their joint offspring

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change. (We expect things to retain constancy in terms of angles, distances, and illumination.)

identical (monozygotic) twins

(Develop from a single fertilized egg (zygote) that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms). They don't always have the same number of copies of those genes. That helps explain why one twin may be more at risk for certain illnesses.

illness anxiety disorder

(Formerly called hypochondriasis) -person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. -No amount of reassurance by any physician convinces the patient that the trivial symptoms do not reflect a serious illness. So the patient moves on to another physician, seeking and receiving more medical attention—but failing to confront the disorder's psychological root

emotional intelligence

-ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions -Being sensitive to emotional cues, they know what to say to soothe a grieving friend, encourage a colleague, and manage a conflict. -emotionally in tune with others -women tend to have a stronger one than men(nurture)

anxiety disorders

-distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety -marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors -persistent

EXPLICIT

1) Effortful, 2) explicit memories, 3) processed in hippocampus & frontal lobes, 4) facts & knowledge; personally experienced events.

trust v. mistrust

1st stage in Erikson's model; believing that you formed a basic trust of the world if your parents were dependable and they would be there when you needed them. They would change your diaper, feed you. He believed this interaction w/ the parents would cause an infant to believe that the child is predictable and reliable. If that wasn't present he believed that infants would develop mistrust in the world

motivations

A NEED OR DESIRE that energizes and directs behavior. (The need or desire that propels a behavior toward a goal).

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A disorder that appears in childhood and marked by significant deficiencies in communication & social interaction, & repetitive behaviors ex: tapping when nervous. Sensitive to loud nosies. Picard: Any time we come up with a new diagnosis, it's going to pull from where that diagnosis was already being classified, it's not that autism rates are skyrocketing(fear based marketing tactic), but what's happening is we actually have a name for it. Autism has probably been around for a long time we just didn't have that specific diagnosis; we just classified it as mental disabled. So rates are seemingly increasing but probably in actuality we just have a better diagnosis for it. But extremely intelligent in specific ideas. Biological: researchers are looking at twins→if one twin has it 50-70% more likely the co-twin will be diagnosed with autism. Telling us that autism is more on the nature side. But public thinks it's more on the nurture side, many people think its caused by; vaccines, nutrients, env. influence. Younger siblings can also have a heightened risk. -More diagnosis rate w/ boys than girls(nature side)

confounding variable

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. ("extra" variable that you didn't account for. which can influence the results of the experiment.)

Secure attachment

Although 3-year-old Austin happily explores the colorful toys located in the doctor's office's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Austin is most clearly displaying what?

retrieval failure

Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed. Sometimes, info is "on the tip of our tongues." It hasn't been forgotten, it's in memory, but we can't get it out. (Stored info., but when time to recall you can't). Ex: On a test, when you know the answer, but you just can't get the words out. "tip of the tongue"

stressors

An event that threatens or challenges us, ex: a job performance evaluation. Ex: doesn't have money to pay for college. THE THREATS & CHALLENGES.

babbling stage

Beginning at 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. Ex: "Ah-goo"

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist that developed the theory of OPERANT conditioning by training pigeons and rats.

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Boez is a 2-year-old boy who is in the process of potty training. When Boez urinates in the potty, he has a sense of pride. If Boez urinates in his pants, he runs and hides. According to Erikson, in which psychosocial stage is Boez?

Brain activity underlies our intensely social nature.

Brain activity underlies our intensely social nature.

Brain->Pituitary->Other glands->Hormones->body and brain*

Brain->Pituitary->Other glands->Hormones->body and brain

developmental psychology

Branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. (interested in how people grow and change).

Psychology's roots

Buddha, Confucius, and Hebrew scholars philosophized on the mind in a broad sense.

deep processing

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. (giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge).

testing effect (referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning).

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. (Repeated quizzing helps to learn material, as well as evaluate what someone has learned). (Take tests of the same format).

creative environment

Env. that sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas

Which of the following refers to an effect of life experience that leaves a molecular mark that affects gene expression?

Epigenetics

face-like images

Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness. This can be seen by a newborn's preference for.....

arousal theory

Every day after a long day of work Juan heads out to practice skydiving maneuvers. He often spends weekdays jumping out of planes and bungee jumping. Which of the following motivation theories most correctly explains why Juan enjoys these risky behaviors?

-One study gave swimmers the wrenching experience of watching a video of the swim in which they failed to make the Olympic team or failed at the Olympic games→MRI scans showed the disappointed swimmers experiencing brain activity patterns akin to those of patients with depressed moods. -diminished brain activity -the left frontal lobe and an adjacent brain reward center are active during positive emotions, but less active during depressed states. -hippocampus, the memory-processing center linked with the brain's emotional circuitry, is vulnerable to stress-related damage. -Norepinephrine(increases arousal and boosts mood)is scarce

Explain brain activity during depressed states?

-People trapped in a depressed mood are inactive and feel unmotivated. -sensitive to negative happenings. -often recall negative information, expecting negative outcomes (my team will lose, my grades will fall, my love will fail). -When the mood lifts, these behavioral and cognitive accompaniments disappear.

Explain how behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression.

-some of these things were harmful to our survival→maybe over time our ancestors developed a fear of snakes/spiders b/c it was deadly -e.g. fear of heights→you get to close of the edge of the cliff super high

Explain the evolutionary perspective of phobias...

-highly genetic -mood disorders run in families -twins→50% chance

Explain the genetic influences on depression?

Stroop Effect

Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.

*Extraverts' emotions are easier to read; introverts are better at reading them.

Extraverts' emotions are easier to read; introverts are better at reading them.

Tensed muscles under the eyes and raised cheeks. A "for-the-camera" smile often doesn't have this.

How do people express a genuine smile?

Karen Horney

Important female psychologist in Freudian world. Agreed: childhood is important Disagreed: sexual attention -she stressed more social attention rather than sexual attention -She said childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security. -Also countered Freud's assumptions, arising as they did in his conservative culture, that women have weak superegos and suffer "penis envy," -attempted to balance the bias she detected in his masculine view of psychology

-twins growing up have a 0.70 correlation→so 30% difference/chance in their scores -70% scores are similar -very high correlation; scores will be pretty similar

Janelle and Chantelle are identical twins but grew up in different homes. Janelle's score on the intelligence test is 134. Predict Chantelle's score...

Cannon-Bard Theory

Ji-hoon Is walking between classes at school when he encounters a student who has been bullying him. Immediately his pulse and increases and he begins to sweat AS he is overwhelmed by fear. Which theory of emotion is this?

Proactive

Kathy, a senior in high school could only recall her dance routine from her junior yr while rehearsing for the school variety show. She could not remember her new routine. Proactive or Retroactive?

imprinting

Process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early life critical period. It's hard-wired into the critter during the critical period time. Animals can sometimes bond with anything. Birds bond just after hatching to whatever's moving. Normally it's the mother, but they can be trained to bond with almost anything that moves, such as a dog or even a tin can dangling on a string.

Ectasy (MDMA)

Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. STIMULANT AND MILD HALLUCINOGEN. Neurotransmitters involved: SEROTONIN. Behavioral impact: euphoria, feeling of connection to people, natural serotonin production can be permanently damaged which can lead to permanent depression. They experience high energy, emotional elevation, and (given a social context) connectedness with those around them ("I love everyone"). Soared as a "club drug" taken at nightclubs and all-night raves. Can lead to severe overheating, increased blood pressure, and death.

-scientists have done dozens of research studies trying to prove a case of actual repression -ONLY exception to this is cases of sexual assault -but like concentration camp or war has not shown any repression -force forgetting (push into unconscious) has not shown any case

Repression

range

Which of the following is a measure of variation?

Zajonc; LeDoux

Says sometimes we have an experience of emotion w/o a cognitive recognition of what it is. Ex: we may be startled by something, and our startle is actual fear, whether we identify it as fear or not. Some embodied responses happen instantly, w/o conscious appraisal. Ex: we automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.

Mary Whiton Calkins

She was an American philosopher and psychologist. Since she was a woman, Harvard wouldn't grant her the Ph.D. she'd earned. She went on to study memory and become the first female president of the APA (American Psychological Association).

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

What are five basic taste sensations?

premature birth

What are the biological risk factors of antisocial behavior?

syntax and semantics

What are the two types of grammer?

decay

What is memory loss that occurs only as a result of the passage of time called?

1) Our bodies adjust by slowing down and conserving energy. 2) Our minds adjust by making food and eating the #1 thing on our mind all the time. At this time, little else matters.

When partially-starved, how do we react?

Mary Ainsworth

Who identified secure and insecure attachment?

women. Ex: passing along malicious gossip.

Who may be slightly more likely to commit acts of relational aggression?

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object. (while viewing close objects, we see things from slightly different angles). It enables our brain's to judge the distance of objects we're looking at. Ex: Hold your two index fingers, with the tips half an inch apart, in front of your nose, and your retinas will receive quite different views. If you close one eye and then the other, you can see the difference.

leptin

as metabolism increases, hunger decreases-causes brain to alter metabolism. Located in fat cells. Secreted by fat cells.

response

a reaction to a stimulus

humility (component of scientific attitude)

a scientist has to be able to admit when he or she is proven wrong by the facts.

Satoshi Kanazawa

argues that general intelligence evolved as a form of intelligence that helps people solve novel problems→ evolutionarily familiar(evolutionary approach)

motor development

babies roll over, sit up, crawl, then walk—in that order. Identical twins do these things on almost the same day.

How do neurons communicate with each other?8

dendrites receive information and coduct it toward the soma (cell body). Then the action potential in the axon (covered w/ mylein) passes through it's terminal branches to other neurons.

binocular cues

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes. REQUIRES 2 EYES.

people with split brain surgery leaves them....

leaves people "with two separate minds." When the "two minds" are at odds, the left hemisphere does mental gymnastics to rationalize reactions it does not understand. If a patient follows an order sent to the right hemisphere ("Walk"), unaware of the order, the left hemisphere doesn't know why the patient begins walking. Yet, when asked why, the patient doesn't say "Idk." Instead, the interpretive left hemisphere improvises "I'm going into the house to get a Coke."

selective attention (form of dual processing)

may also play a role in hypnotic pain relief.

smart growth

planned economic and community development that attempts to restrain urban sprawl and worsening environmental conditions. It can discourage sprawl, reduce traffic, protect ecologically sensitive and important lands and waterways, and develop neighborhoods that are more enjoyable places to live.

Edward Thorndike's law of effect

principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. (When a behavior is rewarded we will repeat behavior).

delusions of persecutions

someone's out to get me

pop-out

something is noticeably different from the others and thus, pops out to the viewer. Ex: when we notice an angry face in a crowd. We don't choose to attend to these stimuli; they draw our eye and demand our attention.

Biological psychologists

study the linkage and interplay between the body and the mind.

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure. the rate that we burn energy when at rest. Geneticly predisposed, higher for athletics. (How many calories we burn from just existing).

brainstem

the oldest brain region. It begins where the spinal cord swells (in width) slightly after entering the skull. The slight swelling is the medulla.

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. (When we look at things, we lump similar things into like groups and we like things complete).

Weber's Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum % (rather than a constant amount). Ex: weight must differ by 2% for a person to notice the difference. Ex: Two lights, must differ in intensity by 8 %.

telegraphic speech stage

which of the following best identifies the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs?

psychiatrist

which of the following professionals is required to have a medical degree?

clinical

which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy?

curiosity (component of scientific attitude)

you need to really want to find the truth.

what happen if the right temporal lobes got destroyed?you would still be able to describe facial features and to recognize someone's gender and age. But unable to identify the person like Lady Gaga.

you would still be able to describe facial features and to recognize someone's gender and age. But unable to identify the person like Lady Gaga.

Bandura

"Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences," he said, "all operate as interlocking determinants of each other"

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

(runs on its own, like your heartbeat). controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs such functions as heartbeat, digestion.

instinct

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. (A complex behavior within a species that is unlearned). Ex: a salmon instinctively returns to its birthplace to spawn; a bird instinctively makes a nest in its own specie's style.

Scatterplot

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). Used to represent a correlation.

reconsolidation

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again. "Your memory is only as good as your last memory. The fewer times you use it, the more pristine it is." This means that, to some degree, "all memory is false"

Heuristics

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgment and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but more ERROR-PRONE than algorithms. SHORT-CUT; simply based on experience, solves problems b4 similarly. Ex: looking for salsa, you think it's in the noodle section, but it's not. Ex: Puzzle; You would try putting the pieces together, only if they had a similar shape/color.

Motivated forgetting/repression

Actively trying to forget painful memories. Usually victims of sexually abuse. (NO EVIDENCE for this though)

Hindsight bias

After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. What does this seem to illustrate?

respondant behavior

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. AUTOMATICALLY. Ex: human sexual arousal and sweating while running.

telepathy

Communication from one mind to another without speech, writing, or other sensory means.

urban sprawl

Growth of low-density (like us; edge of San Jose, edge of Campbell) development on the edges of cities and towns.

William James

He was an American philosopher and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States. He started functionalism and was influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory. He thought it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. He allowed a woman, Mary Calkins, to enter the Harvard grad school.

1. If the day-care is good, the answer is, "No, it doesn't hurt." Good is defined as a stimulating, caring environment, with an adult for 3-4 kids. 2. On the good side, kids who spent the most time in day-care at about 5 years old had slightly better language and thinking skills. On the bad side, they were more aggressive and defiant.

How does day care affect children?

-It's popular to blame a person's failures on the parents' failures. -In essence, this is the easy way out. People are responsible for their own actions and to blame a parent decades earlier is to shirk self-responsibility. -It's not fair or healthy to grow stuck on problems of the past - we can overcome and move on from bad things that happened in our past.

How much credit or blame should parents get for a child's successes or failures?

fMRI (functional MRI)

It can show the brain's structure and function. It measures blood flow to and within the brain and therefore can show brain activity. Reveals brain functioning and structure.

Recall the countries art the beginning and end of the list, but not as many from the middle.

Lelia is studying an alphabetical list of thirty African countries. She has a test tomorrow in her 4th grade history class and hopes to remember all thirty. According to the serial position effect, it is most likely that Lelia will..

recall v. recognition in older adults

Nearly two-thirds of people over 40 say their memory is worse than it was 10 yrs ago. How well older people remember depends on the task. In a experiment, when asked to recognize 24 words they had earlier tried to memorize, people showed only a MINIMAL decline in memory. When asked to recall that information without clues, the decline was GREATER.

repress

Of greater interest to Freud was the mass of unacceptable passions and thoughts that he believed we --------, or forcibly block from our consciousness because they would be too unsettling to acknowledge.

resistance

Phase 2- This is where you deal with the situation. It sees your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration stay high. Hormones are released. ex: Ethan carries work load all semester. (this phase would typically continue until the stressful situation was resolved, but if the stressor continues to affect us for too long a period of time we THEN would enter phase 3.

stress reaction.

Physical and emotional responses to the stressors. Ex: physical-cold sick; emotional: grouchy & uptight. How ethan responds/appraises this problem is the stress.

Preindustrial stage

Population grows SLOWLY bc of a high birth rate (to compensate for high infant mortality) and a high death rate.

Postindustrial stage

Population growth levels off and then declines as birth rates equal and then fall below death rates.

Partial or intermittent reinforcement

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. (Occurs when the reinforcement is not given after every behavior). Ex: Like, salespeople don't make a sale with every pitch. But they persist bc their efforts are occasionally rewarded.

-Pavolv stated all you need to do is pair NS w/ US for classical conditioning to occur -Rescorla stated that a NS could not become a CS unless it has predictive value. determining predictability is a cognitive function

Robert Rescorla vs. Ivan Pavlov

syntax

Rules to establish MEANING (Rules associated w/ the organization of a sentence. Ex: add "ed" to a verb to create past tense. (the rules we use to ASSEMBLE SENTENCES). Ex: Good syntax, poor semantics, Sluggish calendars advise immediate butchers.

Methamphetamine

STIMULANT. (with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels). Neurotransmitters involved: DOPAMINE. Behavioral impact: euphoria, alertness, energy. Related to its parent drug, amphetamine. Aftereffects: irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures, social isolation, depression, and occasional violent outbursts. Over time, it may reduce baseline dopamine levels, leaving the user with depressed functioning.

social construct

Something that exists not in objective reality, but as a result of human interaction.

lower mid-hypothalamus

Stimulating it will decrease hunger. Damage to this area can lead to excessive eating and weight-gain.

extinction

The diminished association between the US (food) and the CS (bell) after the US is removed. (LEARNED ASSOCIATION goes away). Gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. Ex: if you stop nailing the food and the bell together, the link wears off- the bell goes back to meaning nothing to the dog.

Culture

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

personality psychology

The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Paul Ekman

Theory that expressed emotion is universal for the Six basic facial expressions which are easily recognized. They are happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, and disgust.

tend-and-befriend response

This is where, in times of crisis, a person helps others and seeks help from them. This is more common with women. Provide support and bond w/ each other.

spinal cord

Two-way information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system and the brain

phonemes, morphemes, grammer

What are the 3 building blocks to language?

Urbanization continues to increase steadily and the numbers and sizes of urban areas are growing rapidly, especially in developing countries.**

Urbanization continues to increase steadily and the numbers and sizes of urban areas are growing rapidly, especially in developing countries.

Embryonic stage

Which stage is considered the critical period during prenatal development?

It allows others to replicate the procedure

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?

operant conditioning: positive punishment

Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.

operant conditioning: positive reinforcement

Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year.

Hypertension

high blood sugar

Noam Chomsky

humans are born with a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules, helps explain why preschoolers pick up language so readily and use grammar well. It happens so naturally—as naturally as birds learn to fly—that training hardly helps. (Humans are born with the instinct INNANTE FACILITY for acquiring lang.)

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep. -low arousal -no paralysis -no dreams

sound localization

the process by which the location of sound is determined

distributed practice

which psychological principle best explains why studying an hour a day for a week is more effective than one 7-hour study session?

Hippocampus

Is critical because it processes memory, people/animals who lose this lose their ability to form new memories of facts and events.

stability and change

It asks if our early personality traits persist through life or if we become different people as we age.

Endorphins

It dismages pain, our bodies natural pain killer.

retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage. (How we get the info back out of our brain). Like a computer's file system.

modeling

The process of observing and imitating a SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR. (we learn by watching and mimicking others). We learn our native languages and various other specific behaviors by observing and imitating others.

perception

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. (how we put the impulses received from our senses together so they make sense).

Encoding

The processing of information into the memory system. (How we get information into our brain). Kinda like a keyboard on a computer.

parallel processing

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. (Whereas computers do things in sequence, the human brain can do many things at once called.....). Ex: As you enter the lunchroom, you simultaneously process info. about the people you see, the sounds of voices, and the smell of the food.

positive psychology

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals in communities to thrive

Reinforcement schedules

Defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

-correlation coefficient for brain size and intelligence is +.33→tells us that there is no correlation btw. brain size & intelligence -means literally nothing→it could mean that you're intelligent but it probably not b/c of ur brain size -certain areas of brain can be bigger and more developed could correlate to higher levels of intelligence but overall, weight of your brain has nothing to do w/ intelligence.

Describe the correlation between brain size and intelligence?

Genes influence disorders by regulating neurotransmitters. Some studies point to an anxiety gene that affects brain levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that influences sleep and mood. -Other studies implicate genes that regulate the neurotransmitter glutamate→too much glutamate, the brain's alarm centers become overactive.**

Genes influence disorders by regulating neurotransmitters. Some studies point to an anxiety gene that affects brain levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that influences sleep and mood. -Other studies implicate genes that regulate the neurotransmitter glutamate→too much glutamate, the brain's alarm centers become overactive.

Search of jobs, food, housing, educational opportunities, better health care, entertainment, and freedom from religious, racial, and political conflicts.

What are some ways that rural people are PULLED to urban areas?

Poverty, lack of land for growing food, declining agricultural jobs, famine, and war.

What are some ways that rural people are PUSHED to urban areas?

Four-year-old Carlos is experiencing unconscious sexual desire for his mother and unconscious hatred for his father.

Which of the following represents Freud's Oedipus complex?

Body temperature rises each day as morning approaches.

Which of the following represents a circadian rhythm?

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

Which of the following scanning techniques measures glucose consumption as an indicator of brain activity?

Recuperation

Which of the following sleep theories emphasizes sleep's role in restoring and repairing brain tissue?

Emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that make us emotional.

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between emotions and memory?

psychology should focus on observable behavior

Which of the following statements would John B. Watson most likely agree with?

Hypnosis

Which of the following states of consciousness occurs when one person suggests to another that certain thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur?

Humanistic

Which of the following theories offers a special focus on the potential for healthy personal growth?

hippocampus

Which of the following's primary function is processing memories?

Karen Horney, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung

Which psychoanalysts were neo-Freudians?

cognitive

Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?

identical twins raised apart show a somewhat high correlation of similar intelligence scores→0.70**

identical twins raised apart show a somewhat high correlation of similar intelligence scores→0.70

umami

proteins to grow and repair tissue

Manners, political views, religious beliefs, education, discipline, respect, responsible, orderliness, charitableness, and interaction w/ authority figures(big one).

Who did parents influence you in?

Personality, cultural choices, accent, style, fashion(hair), learning cooperation, social interaction practice(aided more by peers than parents),

Who did peers influence you in?

eardrum

a thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear; sound waves cause it to vibrate. (A membrane at the end of the auditory canal. It vibrates due to sound waves). VIBRATES

pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. (Auditory experience corresponding primarily to frequency of sound vibrations, resulting in a higher or lower tone.)

Authoritarian

"I don't care whether you want to cut the grass, you will do so, because I said so!" This statement is most indicative of what type of parenting style?

ghrelin

"I'm hungary" hormone from stomach.

PYY

"I'm not hungry" signals to brain-located in digestive track. (secreted in the digestive track

Pegword

"One is a bun. Two is a shoe. Three is a tree. Four is a door." This is part of what method to improve memory?

reciprocal determinism

-Bandura views the person-environment interaction as _________________

fugue state cases

-the person's conscious awareness is said to dissociate(become separated) from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings.

A lab monkey awaited its researchers' return from lunch. The researchers had implanted wires next to its motor cortex, in a frontal lobe brain region that enabled the monkey to plan & enact movements. The monitoring device would alert the researchers to activity in that region of the monkey's brain. When the monkey moved a peanut into its mouth, the device would buzz. That day, as one of the researchers reentered the lab, ice cream in hand, the monkey stared at him. As the researcher raised the cone to lick it, the monkey's monitor buzzed—as if the motionless monkey had itself moved.

...

sleep apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. (Disorder where the person stops breathing at night, awakens, then breathes again.) You wake up because of "flight or fight" mode, which then allows you to breathe. This process repeats 100 times a night. Most people don't even know they're waking. -Overweight men are especially prone -Can be treated by wearing a special mask.

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. (Usually last less than 5 minutes). (disorder where the person falls asleep suddenly, out of the blue. It can be a problem because the person may fall asleep at a very bad or unsafe moment.) Causes the person to slur words, have a sagging jaw, collapse, or slump over and be unable to move.

Hyponsis

A social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person's (the hypnotist's) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. (Really an altered state of consciousness).

dissociation (dual-processing state).

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. (We have split layers of consciousness (we're aware of more than one thing at any given time). Evidence: Hypnotized people did better at saying what color they saw when a color-word (like red) was printed in green ink. When hypnotized people were asked to imagine a color, areas of their brain "lit up" as if they actually saw it. Ex: similar to doodling while listening to a lecture.

correlation

A measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other. (RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 VARIABLES) POSITIVE Ex: height and weight (both variables move in the same direction). Positive ex: as studying goes up, so does GPA. NEGATIVE(inverse) Ex: Student who has many absences has a decrease in grades. Negative Ex: as hours of tv watching goes up, GPA goes down. (as one variable increases, the other decreases, and vice versa). When two things are related or they go together, they are said to correlate.

conditioned response (CR)

A LEARNED RESPONSE to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus. (This is the response (which is the same as the UR)- salivation. ex: conditional upon the dog's associating the tone and the food- SALIVATION. AUTOMATIC REACTION to something.

Oedipus complex

A boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. -After the Greek legend of Oedipus, who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. -In this struggle, he thought the boys saw Daddy as a "competitor", but knowing they couldn't compete with Daddy, their sexuality goes dormant into the next stage.

Bobo doll experiment

A child watched an adult beat up an inflatable clown. The adult yelled things like, "Take that!" in the process. The children were then placed into a "play room" and mimicked the adult by beating up the Bobo doll with almost the exact same actions and words as the adult model. Children who had not observed the adult were less aggressive to the doll. (Bandura)

case study

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. A thorough study of one person in hopes of learning about people in general.

perceptual set

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. (What we've already seen and experienced (and thus expect) add up). It can influence what we hear, taste, feel, and see. Ex: A log floated in Loch Ness, but people, expecting to see the "monster", indeed perceived the log as the monster. stereotypes about gender, w/o the cues of pink/blue, people will struggle over whether to call the new baby "he" or "she." But told an infant is "David," people may perceive "him" as bigger and stronger than if the same infant is called "Diana." (Stereotype some what)

statistical significance

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. Ex:if you run an A/B testing experiment with a significance level of 95%, this means that if you determine a winner, you can be 95% confident that the observed results are real and not an error caused by randomness.

conditioned reinforcers (known as secondary reinforcer)

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. Get their power by attaching to a primary reinforcer. This "attaching" must be learned. Ex: in Skinner Box, rats LEARNED that pulling the lever (conditioned reinforcer) gave food (primary reinforce). Ex: CASH, satisfying bc we have learned to associate them w/ basic rewards (food or medicine we buy with them). *To support a behavior that has become associated w/ a primary reinforce.*

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response (UR). This is the NATURAL STIMULUS- food. (A stimulus that naturally triggers a response). (class ex: spray of water (in face).

latent content

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). (unconscious drives & wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly.) (our subconscious drives (sex and aggression) that would be problematic if acted out in real life. Ex: if a guy wanted to have sex with a supermodel, and he really did it, he'd get arrested for rape.)

repression

According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms underlies all of the others?

one another

According to Plomin and Daniels, "Two children in the same family are [apart from their shared genes] as different from _______ as are pairs of children selected randomly from the population."

search for identity

Adolescents wonder, "Who am I as an individual? What do I want to do with my life? What values should I live by? What do I believe in?" Erikson called this quest the adolescent's..........

neurogenesis

Although the brain often attempts self-repair by reorganizing existing tissue, it sometimes attempts to mend itself by producing new brain cells called this. Definition: The formation of new neurons.

punishment

An event that DECREASES the behavior that it follows.

-Classicial conditioning -us: injection of drug -ur: increased heart rate from drug -ns: small room ? -cs: small room -cr: increased heart rate in small room

An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

Infant Reflexes

Babies come with software preloaded on their neural hard drives. Having survived prenatal hazards, we as newborns came equipped with automatic reflex responses ideally suited for our survival. Ex: we withdrew our limbs to escape pain. Ex: If a cloth over our face interfered with our breathing, we turned our head from side to side and swiped at it. Thanks to the rooting reflex, when something touches their cheek, babies turn toward that touch.

The brain is more active during manic episodes and less active during depressive episodes.

Based on brain scans, which of the following is true of brain function and mood?

two-word stage

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. Starts going into telegraphic speech.

circadian rhythm

Biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (ex: temp. & wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. (People are built on an inborn 24-hr biological clock. It regulates things when we wake up, when we feel sleepy.) As morning approaches, body temp. rises, then peaks during the day, dips for a time in early afternoon (when many people take naps), and begins to drop again in the evening. You'll feel groggiest in the middle of the night but may gain new energy when your normal wake-up time arrives.

Brain-activity scans of extraverts add to the list of traits & mental states that have been explored with brain-imaging procedures. includes: intelligence, impulsivity, addictive cravings, lying, sexual attraction, aggressiveness, empathy, spiritual experience, & even racial & political attitudes. Studies indicate that extraverts seek stimulation b/c their normal brain arousal is relatively low. ex: PET scans show that a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition is less active in extraverts than in introverts Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity tend to be higher in extraverts.**

Brain-activity scans of extraverts add to the list of traits and mental states that have been explored with brain-imaging procedures. includes: intelligence, impulsivity, addictive cravings, lying, sexual attraction, aggressiveness, empathy, spiritual experience, & even racial & political attitudes. Studies indicate that extraverts seek stimulation b/c their normal brain arousal is relatively low. ex: PET scans show that a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition is less active in extraverts than in introverts Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity tend to be higher in extraverts.

figure-ground relationships

Bryanna and Charles are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because of....

Franz Gall

He proposed that phrenology, studying bumps on the skull, could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits.

How we view an event can determine whether it's a stressor. To some people, a job interview is a great opportunity. To others, it's very intimidating.*

How we view an event can determine whether it's a stressor. To some people, a job interview is a great opportunity. To others, it's very intimidating.

If a task is easy, you perform better if arousal is high. Ex: a runner finds running easy (b/c it's been learned over and over). Having competition in a race would lead to a high state of arousal and force the runner to perform better and run faster.

What happens when a task is easy?

substance use disorder

CONTINUED substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION!*

CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION!! You may find a relationship between variables but you don't know which variable is causing the other. Ex: you could have self-esteem that is related pretty strongly to depression and it could be the cause or depression could actually cause low self-esteem. But the correlation doesn't tell you which is true.

Explain the difference between CT and MRI scans...

CT scans utilize X-rays to produce images of the inside of the body while MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency pulses to produce detailed pictures of organs and other internal body structures. CT scans use radiation (X-rays), and MRIs do not.

Yes. Ex: average client whose therapy was supplemented with hypnosis showed greater improvement than 70% of other therapy patients. It seemed especially helpful for the treatment of obesity.

Can hypnosis be therapeutic?

No. Ex: Researchers asked individuals to pretend they were hypnotized. Assistants, unaware that those in the experiment's control group had not been hypnotized, treated both groups the same. Result? All the unhypnotized participants (perhaps believing that the laboratory context assured safety) performed the same acts as those who were hypnotized.

Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?

With left-hippocampus damage, people have trouble remembering verbal information, but they have no trouble recalling visual designs and locations. With righthippocampus damage, the problem is reversed.

What happens when you damage ur hippocampus?

-people also inherit a predisposition to this disorder -the co-twin of an identical twin with schizophrenia retains that 1-in-2 chance even when the twins are reared apart -if an twin has schizophrenia, the co-twin's chances of being similarly afflicted are 6 in 10 if they shared a placenta. -if they had separate placentas, as do fraternal twins, the chances are 1 in 10 -Twins who share a placenta are more likely to experience the same prenatal viruses→it's possible that shared germs as well as shared genes produce identical twin similarities. -adopted children have an elevated risk if a biological parent is diagnosed with schizophrenia -influenced by many genes, each with very small effects -environmental factors such as prenatal viral infections, nutritional deprivation, and maternal stress can "turn on" the genes predispose schizophrenia

Can people genetically inherit schizophrenia?

making social connections.

Carol Gilligan's research emphasizes prominent female characteristics, especially....

*Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson pointed out, memory is an "unreliable, self-serving historian." *

Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson pointed out, memory is an "unreliable, self-serving historian."

Electra complex

Counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following?

Creativity

-stimulus generalization -reinforcement

What learning processes can contribute to anxiety disorders?

word salad

DISORGANIZED SPEECH -a bunch of different ideas within one sentence(doesn't make sense)→you talk about one thing, then something else -jumbled ideas

transgender

Describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex. A person may feel like a man in a woman's body, or a woman in a man's body. These include transsexual people, who live, or wish to live, as members of the gender opposite to their birth sex, often aided by medical treatment that supports gender reassignment. *Note that gender identity is distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender people may be straight, gay, bi, or asexual.*

Gender our presentation if whether were female/male is largely a social construct→meaning we choose our gender(LARGELY but not COMPLETELY) there are biological influences in there as well. Across different cultures gender is expressed differently. Ex: color is associated w/ being a girl; jobs associated w/ being a boy. ex: characteristics, personality traits, all things we associated with one gender or another→vary from culture to culture. Ex: in some cultures it's okay for men to express a more feminine side; in some it's not acceptable. **TAKE AWAY*: GENDER(more on the nurture side)IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT.

Discuss how women's gender roles vary among cultures? Men's?

Both; Schizophrenia understandably leads to poverty←→Yet the stresses and demoralization of poverty can also precipitate disorders, especially depression in women and substance use disorder in men

Does poverty cause disorders? Or do disorders cause poverty?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Dr. Foster wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, delusions, and other symptoms of psychological disorders. Which personality assessment would be most helpful for this purpose?

availability heuristic (error-prone)

ESTIMATING the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. (Making decision based on ready-able answer that pops into our heads. Ex: you hear about the planes that have crashed (we play in our heads some air disaster), so you base your decision off that and also a quick response for not riding planes. Ex: If someone from a particular religious group commits a terrorist act, as happened on 9-11-01, when Islamic extremists killed 3000 people in the U.S. in coordinated terrorist attacks, our readily available memory of the dramatic event may shape our impression of the group. Ex: more intense media coverage of plane crashes leads us to think plane trips are more dangerous than car crashes.

calm anxiety and reduce sensitivity to pain

Effects of DOPAMINE and OPIOIDS

self-actualization

Elias is a seventeen-year old high school students in a middle class neighborhood. The crime rate in his neighborhood is the lowest in the state and his neighbors throw block parties and get-togethers monthly, Elias has been dating a girl steadily for 6 months and they enjoy many of the same activities. All-in-all, Elias is a well-adjusted teenager and feels good about his achievements. According to the hierarchy of needs proposed by Maslow, what is his next "task"?

effortful processing (explicit)

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. (CONSCIOUSLY) (when we put in a purposeful effort to remember something). Ex: studying for a test, rehearing lines for a play, learning to speak, read. (

Allow participants to choose whether to take part.

What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?

Experiment and Control Group Example

Experiment: Will student test scores be affected by distracting sounds in the testing environment. EXPERIMENT GROUP: Students testing with distracting sounds. CONTROL GROUP: Students testing with no distracting sounds.

-genetically people tend to have more sensitive nervous systems →more easily triggered into flight or fight mode doesn't take as much environmental stimulus

Explain the biological perspective of phobias...

-Both connected but we can't really say which one comes first. →conditions & experiences associated w/ poverty can contribute to psychological disorders(if your stressed about poverty, it can led to depression) →can also be other way where schizophrenia can led to poverty(if you can't pay for treatments/don't have a job) -direct correlation

Explain the poverty-pathology link?

inattentional blindness

Failing to see visible OBJECTS when our attention is directed elsewhere. Ex: Researchers showed people a 1-min. video in which images of three black-shirted men tossing a basketball were superimposed over the images of three white-shirted players. The viewers' supposed task was to press a key every time a black--shirted player passed the ball. Most focused their attention so completely on the game that they failed to notice a young woman carrying an umbrella saunter across the screen midway through the video. Seeing a replay of the video, viewers were astonished to see her. Many magicians have an easy time manipulating people.

zygote

Fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. Time spand: conception to week two. Processes occuring: cell differentiation, attachment to uternine wall, and formation of placenta.

Freud says we have all 3 (id, superego, ego) of these, it's what makes our personality.**

Freud says we have all 3 (id, superego, ego) of these, it's what makes our personality.

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. These folks are much less prone to have a heart attack than Type A people.

Gazzaniga Experiment

He asked these people (w/ split brains) to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in their left visual field (transmits to right hemisphere) and ART in the right field (transmits to left hemisphere). When he then asked them to say what they had seen, the patients reported that they had seen ART. But when asked to point to the word they had seen, they were startled when their left hand (controlled by the right hemisphere) pointed to HE. Given an opportunity to express itself, each hemisphere reported what it had seen. The right hemisphere (controlling the left hand) intuitively knew what it could not verbally report. He concluded that the conscious left hemisphere is an "interpreter" or press agent that instantly constructs theories to explain our behavior.

Erik Erikson

He believed that securely attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust in which they feel the world is predictable and reliable. Also posed that there are 8 psychosocial stages that one will progress through througout their life.

hierarchy of needs

He believed that their are levels that one must fulfill prior to going up the levels in the Pyramid. Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. Once our lower-level needs are met, we are prompted to satisfy our higher level needs. *shown as a pyramid, later flashcard to see*

Plato

He correctly located the mind in the spherical head--his idea of the perfect form

Konrad Lorenz

He explored this rigid attachment process, called imprinting. Wondering: What would ducklings do if he was the first moving creature they observed? What they did was follow him around: Everywhere that he went, the ducks were sure to go. Although baby birds imprint best to their own species, they also will imprint to a variety of moving objects—an animal of another species, a box on wheels, a bouncing ball. Once formed, this attachment is difficult to reverse. Finding that. certain forms strong attachments during an early life only during a critical period. Also showed that children have a sensitive period, becoming attached to what they're familiar with ex: daily rountines/familiar foods.

Ivan Pavlov

He was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. It refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus. Ex: The people who fed his dogs wore lab coats. He noticed that the dogs began to drool whenever they saw lab coats, even if there was no food in sight. He wondered why the dogs salivated at lab coats, and not just at food. He ran a study in which he rang a bell every time he fed the dogs. Pretty soon, just ringing a bell made the dogs salivate.

place theory

Hermann von Helmholtz theory. Theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. (Theory that pitch is determined by the location of greatest vibration of the basilar membrane.) Idea we hear pitches high/low. Problem: it can explain how we hear high-pitched sounds but not low-pitched sounds. Best explains how we sense HIGH pitches. Video: the COCHLEA will VIBRATE in CERTAIN PLACES!!!!! depending on the pitch. As the sound waves come in, (its very steep) each time the sound wave passes through the basilar membrane that place in basilar membrane gets stimulated, brain thinks if that place is getting stimulated that's what sound I'm hearing, it recognizes the pitch. Different pitches activate different places on the cochlea's basilar membrane.

top-down processing

What occurs when experiences influence our interpretation of data?

*We approach creativity & intelligence as a skill*

How can we increase our creativity?

-People communicate without words. "Body language" speaks volumes. -We're better at picking out danger, ex: the word "bomb" or an angry face.

How do people communicate without words?

The nose wrinkles closing it from foul odors.

How do your facial expression express disgust?

-earlier times: if you lived during the Middle Ages, you might have said, "The devil made him do it," and might have approved of a cure to rid the evil force by exorcising the demon. -"mad" people were sometimes caged in zoo-like conditions or given "therapies" appropriate to a demon: beatings, burning, or castration. -therapy included pulling teeth, removing lengths of intestines, cauterizing the clitoris, or giving transfusions of animal blood -Pinel: madness is not demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions. -"moral treatment" included boosting patients' morale by unchaining them and talking with them, and by replacing brutality with gentleness, isolation with activity, and filth with clean air and sunshine.

How were people with psychological disorders treated in the past vs. how Philippe Pinel treated people?

demographic transition

Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines first in death rates followed by declines in birth rates. A series of stages that a country goes through when transitioning from non-industrial to industrial. The concept is used to explain how population growth and economic development of a country are connected.

IV: to promote breast feeding DV: intelligence score, to see whether or not breastfeeding would have an effect on intelligence experimental group: breastfeeding (is only exposed to experimental(IV)) control group: (not exposed to IV) does not promote breastfeeding

If one was breastfed, then their intelligence would increase with their age. Determine iv, dv, experimental group and control group.

*Implicit memory formation needs the cerebellum*

Implicit memory formation needs the cerebellum

variable-RATIO

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Provide reinforcers after a seemingly UNPREDICTABLE number of responses. Ex: what slot-machine players experience—unpredictable reinforcement—and what makes gambling so hard to extinguish even when both are getting nothing for something. (After an unpredictable number: reinforcement after a random number of behaviors, as when playing slot machines or fly casting).

Contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment.

In the attachment studies conducted with infant monkeys, what did the Harlows find?

misinformation effect

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. (Exposed to misleading information, we tend to misremember). (Occurs when we're given a bit of wrong information, we often incorrectly remember things. Often, it's hard to tell what really happened and what we created). (Ex: if a school fight happens, and you hear source from teacher, likely to believe the teacher and believed what she said actually happened, cause a false memory, can even be for vivid than real memories. FALSE MEMORIES.

negative reinforcement.

Infants teach their parents to hold them a lot by crying whenever they are put down. When they are picked up, the babies stop crying. The parents are learning to pick up their babies via....

arousal theory (optimal)

It may be more than need that drives behavior even will all needs met. Beh.→human motivation seems to seek OPTIMAL AROUSAL. (We are curious and have an inner drive to "GO FURTHER".) Ex: the young man who cut off his arm to live. Or the first man to climb Mt. Everest simply, "Because it is there." From toddlers to adults, after satisfying basic needs, we crave more information and more learning. (Yerkes+Dodson). Explains that motivated behaviors may decrease or increase arousal.

Identity

Jacqueline has no meaningful occupational goals and has switched college majors several times. Erikson would have suggested that Jacqueline lacks...

-classical conditioning -us: loud, startling noise -ur: fear -ns: white rat -cs: white rat -cr: fear

John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes startled at the sight of the white rat.

context

Kimberly tells her brother to put on a suit on a warm summer day. Kimberly's brother knows to put on a swimsuit instead of a business suit because of...

associative learning

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). Ex: sea slug associates the squirt w/ an impending shock. Ex: seal associates slapping & barking w/ a herring treat. This is connecting events that occur one after another. We learn by making associations. Ex: If you see & smell baked bread, eat some, and find it satisfying. The next time you see and smell bread, you will expect that eating it will again be satisfying. They often operate subtly, ex: Give people a red pen (associated w/ error) rather than a black pen and, when correcting essays, they will spot more errors and give lower grades.

olfactory receptors

Like letters mixing to make words, our olfactory receptor cells mix and mingle with one another to create the myriad of possible smells. Waving like sea anemones on a reef, respond selectively—to the aroma of a cake baking, to a wisp of smoke, to a friend's fragrance. Instantly, they alert the brain through their axon fibers. DOESN'T GO THROUGH THALAMUS.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. (Easy task) HIGHER arousal, for LOWER performance. (Difficult task) LOWER arousal, for HIGHER performance. Ex: we taking an exam, it pays to be moderately aroused-alert but not trembling with nervousness.

Many genes, each having small effects, combine to influence our traits. These traits are about 50% heritable (50% of the differences between people are due to genetics).**

Many genes, each having small effects, combine to influence our traits. These traits are about 50% heritable (50% of the differences between people are due to genetics).

Megalopolises are developing all over the world & include areas between Amsterdam & Paris, Japan's Tokohama (with nearly 50 million people), & Brazilian industrial triangle made up of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte.**

Megalopolises are developing all over the world & include areas between Amsterdam & Paris, Japan's Tokohama (with nearly 50 million people), & Brazilian industrial triangle made up of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte.

explicit memory (declarative memory)

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Consciously recalled memories). EFFORTFUL PROCESSING. Ex: Remembering a specific driving lesson. These are things like facts/experiences that you can call up. Ex: dates, facts, names. We encode explicit memories through conscious, effortful processing. Memory WITH conscious recall.

storage

The process of RETAINING encoded information over time. (How we hold onto that information). Like a hard drive.

encoding failure

Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad's teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate?

conversion disorder

NEUROLOGICAL BASED (known as functional neurological symptom disorder) -disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine(neurological) physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found(like loss of sensation) -anxiety presumably is converted into a physical symptom -patient with a conversion disorder might, for example, lose sensation in a way that makes no neurological sense. Yet the physical symptoms would be real; sticking pins in the affected area would produce no response.

People who perceive an internal locus of control achieve more, enjoy better health, and are happier than those who perceive an external locus of control

People who perceive an internal locus of control achieve more, enjoy better health, and are happier than those who perceive an external locus of control

identity achievement

Person has gone through a crisis and decided on an identity. (This is the level of achievement that Erikson hopes for people to earn, to achieve, so that they can move on to the next stage of development).

cognitive appraisal

Personal interpretation/physically there

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.

Deductive logic

Piaget believed that children in the concrete operational stage have difficulty with....

Hormones during pregnancy

Research indicates that which factor may impact the development of sexual orientation?

naturalistic observation

Researchers are interested in finding out if winning Congressional candidates display more positive facial expressions than losing candidates. The researchers attend political debates and record how frequently each candidate displays positive facial expressions. Which research method are the researchers using?

Researchers find little support for Freud's idea that defense mechanisms disguise sexual and aggressive impulses.**

Researchers find little support for Freud's idea that defense mechanisms disguise sexual and aggressive impulses.

Researchers studied divorce rates among 1500 same‑sex, middle‑aged twin pairs. Result: If you have a fraternal twin who has divorced, the odds of your divorcing are 1.6 times greater than if you have a not-divorced twin. If you have an identical twin who has divorced, the odds of your divorcing are 5.5 times greater. From such data, the researchers estimate that people's differing divorce risks are about 50 percent attributable to genetic factors.

Researchers studied divorce rates among 1500 same‑sex, middle‑aged twin pairs. Result: If you have a fraternal twin who has divorced, the odds of your divorcing are 1.6 times greater than if you have a not-divorced twin. If you have an identical twin who has divorced, the odds of your divorcing are 5.5 times greater. From such data, the researchers estimate that people's differing divorce risks are about 50 percent attributable to genetic factors.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who earned the noble prize in physiology and medicine. (Discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell). He noticed dogs salivated at the sight of food. This is a natural reaction. He wondered if he could associate something unnatural to salivation. -Pavlov rang a bell, then fed the dog. The bell meant nothing to the dog. -He repeated this over and over and over until, the bell did mean something - the bell meant food was coming! -Eventually, the bell alone could cause the dog to salivate. -He rigged tubes to the dog's neck to measure the salivation (thus the response).

cocaine

STIMULANT. (Derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.) Produces a fast (but short) high and is followed by depression. Neurotransmitters involved: DOPAMINE, serotonin, and norepinephrine. It may also lead to emotional disturbances, suspiciousness, convulsions, cardiac arrest, or respiratory failure. Psychological effects depend in part on the dosage and form consumed, but the situation and the user's expectations and personality also play a role. Given a placebo, cocaine users who thought they were taking cocaine often had a cocaine-like experience. Behavioral impact: fidgety, increase aggression, hard on heart, alertness, energy, euphoria.

John B. Watson

Said, psychology should be an objective science based on observable behavior. The science of psychology should instead study how organisms respond to stimuli in their environments. Founder of behaviorism; Little Albert experiment: placed a white rat next to Albert. he wanted to touch the rat. As he reached out, Watson banged a hammer on metal just behind him. He was scared and cried. This was repeated over and over. us: loud noise, ur: fear, ns: white rat, cs: white rat (scared of it bc of the pairing between noise & that, cr: fear.

Dorothea Dix

She was an American advocate on behalf of the indigent mentally ill who, through a vigorous and sustained program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.

ecovillage movement

Small groups of people come together to design and live in more sustainable villages

continuity

Smooth patterns→ we will assume something will stay the same. (we like things that are unbroken.) Ex image: one wavy, one straight line over lapping each other.

preconscious area

Some of these thoughts we store temporarily in a _____________, from which we can retrieve them into conscious awareness.

A steep initial drop in retention followed by a gradual decline. (The curve's steep initial drop followed by a gradual decline is evidence that most forgetting occurs shortly after learning. The gradual decline following the initial drop shows that information is forgotten more slowly as time progresses compared to the initial learning of new information).

The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows....

hierarchy of needs pyramid

Starting w/ bottom of pyramid. 1) physiological needs ex: food, hydration 2) safety ex: shelter, not to feel safe 3) belongingness and love needs ex: family, need to love & be loved 4) esteem needs ex: how we feel about ourselves, self-esteem 5) self-actualization needs ex: being the very best version of urself, live to full potential 6) self-transcendence needs ex: need to find meaning and identify beyond the self, mother nature to help others. ex: people have starved themselves to make a statement

the accidental timing of rewards

Superstitious behavior can be produced by

confirmation bias

Tendency to seek out evidence that confirms our findings more eagerly than seeking evidence that refutes (or argues against) our findings. (Tendency to search info. that supports our views & IGNORES CONTRADICTORY EVIDENCE. Ex: many politicians do this e.g. Trump.

The College Board (who runs the SAT & AP program) worked with Sternberg to make new types of tests. -He came up with creativity tests like filling in a caption to a cartoon.The tests seemed to help predict college success or failure. -They also seemed less ethnically biased.**

The College Board (who runs the SAT & AP program) worked with Sternberg to make new types of tests. -He came up with creativity tests like filling in a caption to a cartoon.The tests seemed to help predict college success or failure. -They also seemed less ethnically biased.

Amygdala

The aging brain may help nurture positive feelings that are reported by many older adults. Brain scans of older adults show that the__________, a neural processing center for emotions, responds less actively to negative events (but not to positive events), and it interacts less with the hippocampus, a brain memory-processing center.

Intensity

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's AMPLITUDE. (Amplitude- Amplitude refers to the intensity of the light wave, or like waves on the beach, how strongly they hit. Think of "AM" (amplitude modulation) on the radio where a radio wave's amplitude is changed.)

*The amount remembered depends both on the time spent learning and on your making it meaningful for deep processing.*

The amount remembered depends both on the time spent learning and on your making it meaningful for deep processing.

cerebral cortex

The body's ultimate control and information-processing center. It's the largest section of the brain. It has 20 to 23 billion nerve cells linked together by 300 trillion synaptic connections.

retroactive interference (backward-acting)

The disruptive effect of NEW learning on the recall of old information. (Takes place when new info makes it hard to remember old info). Ex: a computer programmer might learn a new programming language. Then, he may have trouble reverting back to the old language that he once knew well. NEW info. disrupts OLD info. Ex: I recalled my sister's new address. But when pressed, I couldn't remember her old one. BACKWARD. NEW learning disrupts recall of OLD memories. NEW INFO. DISRUPTS OLD INFO. Retro means backward.

proacative interference (forward acting)

The disruptive effect of PRIOR learning on the recall of NEW info. (Takes place when something you've previously learned gets in the way of learning something new). Ex: learning letters in Italian may be tricky if you'd first learned letters in Spanish (they're similar). PRO means BEFORE. OLD INFO. DISRUPTS NEW INFORMATION. What you learned prior/before.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (A test or bit of research measures what it's supposed to measure). Ex: If you took a test called "The Geography Assessment" but the q's were all algebra word problems, ur score wouldn't reflect your geography knowledge at all. The test would not be valid.

graying of America

The growing percentage of older people in the U.S. population. After 2011, when the first baby boomers will turn 65, the number of Americans older than age 65 will grow sharply through 2029.

infantile amnesia

The inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3. Our earliest memories seldom predate our third birthday. Ex: saw this amnesia in the memories of some preschoolers who experienced an emergency fire evacuation caused by a burning popcorn maker. 7 yrs later, they were able to recall the alarm and what caused it—if they were 4-5 yrs old at the time. Those experiencing the event as 3-yr-olds couldn't remember the cause and usually misrecalled being already outside when the alarm sounded. Other studies confirm that the average age of earliest conscious memory is 3½ years.

set point

The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. WEIGHT RANGE. STABLE WEIGHT. Set point is influenced by heredity and body type. When body falls below set point, increase in hunger, slow metabolism. If above body does opposite. Ex: if weight range is 140-160 & drops below body increases in hunger, slow metabolism (Safety mode activated)

Debriefing

The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants. (When the study's finished, researchers and participants go back over the whole thing).

Maturation

The orderly sequence of biological development. (biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience). Ex: we stand before walking-complex motor skills. Develop in predictable sequence through timing of sequences.

illusory correlation

The perception of a relationship where none exists. Ex: you visit NY and someone cuts you off as you're boarding the subway train. Then, you go to a restaurant & the waiter is rude to u. Finally, u ask someone on the street for directions and they blow you off. When you think back on your trip to NY it's easy to remember these experiences & conclude that "people from NY are rude" or "people in big cities are rude." We are sensitive to dramatic to unusual events.

Internal locus of control

The perception that we control our own fate is also called what...

The period of childhood is very critical in terms of building healthy attachment bonds to the caregiver. Can also learn a lot from observational learning. *

The period of childhood is very critical in terms of building healthy attachment bonds to the caregiver. Can also learn a lot from observational learning.

Erikson's psychosocial development theory

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by what developmental theory?

spacing effect

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield (produce) better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. (We remember better if we space our study or reheasal out over time). Ex: In a 9-year experiment, Harry Bahrick and 3 of his family members practiced foreign language word translations for a given number of times, at intervals ranging from 14 to 56 days. Their consistent finding: The longer the space between practice sessions, the better their retention up to 5 yrs later.

facial feedback effect

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness. (The resulting feeling after making an emotional facial expression). Experiments: 1) had people hold a pen in between their teeth(doing this activates smile-muscles). They reacted by saying cartoons were funnier. Holding the pen with your lips activates frowning muscles. 2) Botox was given to depressed patients so they couldn't frown. 9 out of 10 were no longer depressed 2 months later. 3) Walking with your head down and shuffling your feet makes you feel down and out. Walking with long strides, arms swinging, eyes straight ahead makes you feel positive.

overconfidence

The tendency to be more CONFIDENT than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

hindsight bias

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-Knew-it-all-along phenomenon). Ex: This is like saying, "I knew it all along." Another Ex: On the evening of an important World Series game, ur friend predicts that the Red Sox r going to win by a large margin. The Red Sox end up winning, causing ur friend to boast "I predicted it!"

Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s to early 40s; Young adulthood)

They struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Identity vs. Role Confusion (teen yrs into 20s; Adolescence)

They test different roles, or they're confused about who they are.

Explain what clinicians seek to accomplish by classifying a disorder. How does the DSM-5 help clinicians with these diagnoses?

They want to classify a disorder to guide diagnosis and determine whether or not a person will be eligible for treatment. The DSM-5 gives specific critiques that a patient has to be in order to be diagnosed with a specific disorder

Overjustification

This overuse of bribes—leading people to see their actions as externally controlled rather than internally appealing.

To sum up, we can say that at any moment the immediate situation powerfully influences a person's behavior.**

To sum up, we can say that at any moment the immediate situation powerfully influences a person's behavior.

adolescence

Transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

there are only a limited number of choices

Trial and error works best when...

-Drugs that relieve depression tend to increase norepinephrine or serotonin supplies by blocking either their reuptake -physical exercise, such as jogging, reduces depression as it increases serotonin. -Boosting serotonin may promote recovery from depression by stimulating hippocampus neuron growth

What relieves depression?

sensory adaptation

Tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get into the pool because the water felt cold. Tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, "It was cold when I first got in, but now my body is used to it. Come on in!" Tyshane's body became accustomed to the water due to...

automatic processing (produces implicit memories)

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. (Takes place AUTOMATICALLY). Ex: You know the way from a classroom to the cafeteria and you walk there without even thinking about it. This PRODUCES implicit memories. (UNCONSCIOUSLY).

Urban sprawling eliminating surrounding agricultural and wild lands**

Urban sprawling eliminating surrounding agricultural and wild lands

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

What are Rogers 3 conditions required for ideal growth?/ What are Rogers 3 required conditions held for as the person-centered perspective?

depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens

What are the three major categories of psychoactive drugs?

your muscular energy decreases and sleep increases

What happens when your sick?

Psychologists have used an iceberg image to illustrate Freud's idea that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface. Note that the id is totally unconscious, but ego and superego operate both consciously and unconsciously. Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg, however, the id, ego, and superego interact.

What were Freud's idea of the mind's structure?

-depression -schizophrenia

Which disorders aren't considered cultural bound?

Scatterplot

Which of the following is only used in correlation studies?

-to gain relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain -ask for help and gain attention -relieve guilt by self-punishment -get others to change their negative behavior (bullying, criticism), or to fit in with a peer group.

Why do people engage in nonsuicidal self-injury(NSSI)?

1) 45 million Americans lack health care insurance, while Canada and many European countries have universal health care insurance. 2) adults in the U.S. have one of the world's highest obesity rates.

Why do some countries have longer life expectancies than do Americans?

-standardization (many psychologists don't follow the protocols for how they should be given, this means that all of these tests will be given under the same conditions, same amount of time, provided in the same atmosphere(we don't know if this is taking place) -validity (this indicates if a test actually tests what it's supposed to. -reliability (test-retest reliability, if someone were to take these tests more than once, they should get the same results and oftentimes the test vary,

Why have many people questioned these projective tests?

-the symptoms could be too vague and could apply to many different people -labels are at best arbitrary and at worst value judgments masquerading as science -Once we label a person, we view that person differently. -they create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and our interpretations.

Why is DSM criticized for "casting too wide a net"?

-It faces strong opposition from the public -fast, efficient, reliable, and affordable mass transit options and bike lanes are not widely available -the dispersed nature of most U.S. urban areas makes people dependent on cars. -

Why is heavily taxing gasoline difficult in the U.S.?

misinformation effect, source amnesia.

Why is it that false memories often seem to be so vivid strong?

developemental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

a frontal lobe area just above the outer edge of the eyebrows becomes especially active—in the left brain for verbal questions, and on both sides for spatial questions.**

a frontal lobe area just above the outer edge of the eyebrows becomes especially active—in the left brain for verbal questions, and on both sides for spatial questions.

sensory adaptation

a person's diminishing sensitivity to a sensory stimulus. In other words, if a stimulus persists, you get used to it. Ex: a person spilling a bit of perfume in class. You smell it strongly at first, but by the end of the class, you don't really notice it. As soon as the next class walks in, students say, "What's that smell?" Ex: Entering your neighbors' living room, you smell a musty odor. You wonder how they can stand it, but within minutes you no longer notice it.

Which of the following best describes genetic mutation? a) Random errors in gene replication b) The study of the mind's evolution c) The study of behavioral evolution d) Passing on successful, inherited traits e) Survival of the genetically successful

a) Random errors in gene replication

McGurk Effect

an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.

unconscious

according to freud, this contains all of our repressed thoughts & feelings(not all bad, also deepest hopes and dreams, wishes that we don't wanna say out loud. But also our aggression, urges ←all this rlly influences us.

sympathetic nervous system

activates and exerts energy. Specifically, it increases your heartbeat, blood pressure, blood sugar, and slows digestion. It gets you ready for action. Ex: taking an AP test, cools you with perspiration. AROUSING.

chronological age

actual age -what goes into our calculation of IQ

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the EMBRYO or FETUS during prenatal development and cause harm. Ex: drugs, alcohol.

reproductive

ages 15-44 in the agestructure diagram

postreproductive

ages 45 and older in the agestructure diagram

Environment (nurture)

all of the surroundings factors that affect the developing and functioning of a living thing

Genetic predisposition

an inherited genetic pattern that makes one susceptible to a certain disease

free-floating anxiety

anxiety where the cause can't be identified(having anxiety about something but you can't put your finger on exactly what it is), clearly makes it difficult to treat and deal with(everything)

body position -kinesthesia

any change in position of a body part, interacting with vision

occipital lobe

at the back and bottom of the brain; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields. PROCESSES & HELPS US UNDERSTAND. All of the info. that goes into our eyes, helps us to understand what we're looking at. If someone got damaged in this lobe, they could physically see, but they wouldn't be able to understand what they were seeing.

visual cliff experiment

babies would not crawl across a glass table because they perceived a drop-off. Glass box: 1st half w/ pattern past it drops off, potential a cliff, baby can't see, even coxed by guardians/parents but they wouldn't go past the pattern. Created by Gibson and Walk.

Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. Damage to this disrupts understanding.

motor neuron

carry instructions from the CNS out to the body's muscles and glands. (Take messages from the brain to the body.) (carry outgoing info. from the brain & spinal cord to the muscles and glands). EFFERENT. Ex: finger over flame, all wired to come out through the front of the spinal cord

A split-brain patient has a picture of a dog flashed to his right hemisphere and a cat to his left hemisphere. He will be able to identify the...

cat using his right hand.

difficult temperament

characterized by irregular bodily functions, withdrawal from new situations, slow adaptability, negative mood, and intense reaction.

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that take the impulse of one neuron across the synaptic gap to another neuron. (when an action potential reaches the knob-like terminals at an axon's end, it triggers the release of chemical messengers)

megalopolises/megacities

cities with 10 million or more people

What does the left hemisphere control?

controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math, reading, writing, and speaking (also sign language). Ex: Think of Mr. Left, a boring, methodical, math teacher who carefully works through complicated problems step-by-step and always gets the correct answer.

prefontal cortex

cortex covering the front part of the frontal lobe; enables judgement, planning and processing of new memories.

criminality is not an essential component of antisocial behavior

criminality is not an essential component of antisocial behavior

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

depicts brain activity by showing each brain area's consumption of its chemical fuel, the sugar glucose. (shows the brain's "hot-spots" of action by measuring its consumption of sugar glucose, the brain's fuel.) could show another, but it's usually always GLUCOSE. It can track the gamma rays released by this "food for thought" as the person performs a given task.

synesthesia

describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound"). (such as hearing sound) produces another (such as seeing color). Thus, hearing music may activate color-sensitive cortex regions and trigger a sensation of color. Ex: Seeing the number 3 may evoke a taste sensation.

phonemes

distinctive SOUND units, PRODUCTION OF SPEECH. Ex: the sounding out of "ch-ee-r" the sounds to make the sound of the word "cheer." (basic sounds). English has 26 letters, but 40 phonemes (40 sounds).

cognitive development

dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding. (This theory believes that dreams are simply the result of a maturing brain.) MATURING.

nerves

electrical cables formed of bundles of axons, link the CNS with the body's sensory receptors, muscles, and glands. ex: carrying the messages each eye sends to the brain.

collectivist cultures

emphasize group goals

bipolar cells

eye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells.

psychological influences

focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness

conduction hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. (usually can repair). (part of the ear conducts soundwaves to cochlea. Issue w/ ossicles. Cannot conduct sound wages. Damage to eardrum.

Retrieval cues

help us to pull information out of our memories. Ex: the name of the person sitting next to you in class, you associate with it other bits of info. about ur surroundings, mood, & seating position

1) physiological needs ex: food, hydration 2) safety ex: shelter, not to feel safe 3) belongingness and love needs ex: family, need to love & be loved 4) esteem needs ex: how we feel about ourselves, self-esteem 5) self-actualization needs ex: being the very best version of urself, live to full potential 6) self-transcendence needs ex: need to find meaning and identify beyond the self, mother nature to help others. ex: people have starved themselves to make a statement

hierarchy of needs

theory of evolution

holds these beliefs... A species has variations, Those variations sometimes help it to live and/or to reproduce, If it lives and reproduces, its genes get passed on to the next generation (those that did not live and reproduce, will not get passed on).

frequency theory

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. (Theory that pitch is determined by the frequency with which hair cells in the cochlea fire.) If the sound wave has a frequency of 100 waves per second, then 100 pulses per second travel up the auditory nerve. Problem: An individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second. Best explains how we sense LOW pitches. Video: BASILAR vibrates at the frequency of the sound.

variable-INTERVAl

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. UNPREDICTABLY OFTEN reinforcement for behavior after a random time. Ex: checking instagram/facebook for a response.

fixed-INTERVAL

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. "EVERY SO OFTEN" ex: like EVERY TUESDAY, discount prices. Tend to respond more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near. Ex: People check more frequently for the mail as the delivery time approaches.

Dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. malfunction: linked to schizophrenia (if too much), tremors. PLEASURE

GABA

inhibitory-low levels goes with anxiety (CALMING)

Neuropsychologists

investigate the relationship between neurological processes (structure and function of the nervous system) and behavior. You might assess, diagnose, or treat central nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease or stroke.

school psychologists

involved in the assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings. they diagnose and treat cognitive, social, and emotional problems that may negatively influence children's learning or overall functioning at school

parietal lobes

is at the top and to the back of the brain (crown area); receives sensory input for touch and body position. Also seems to handle math and spatial reasoning, (to understand, reason) as well as recognize faces). (Einstein's were large). Vital for sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. They contain what is know as association areas. Complex activities like reading. We see info., hear info. if read out loud, or even saying it to ourselves in our head. Interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics.

parasympathetic nervous system

kicks in when the "crisis" is over - it calms you down by doing the opposite things. It helps you chill out. Ex: when taking the AP test is over. CALMING.

parasympathetic division

kicks in when the "crisis" is over - it calms you down by doing the opposite things. It helps you chill out. Ex: when taking the AP test is over. CALMING. ex: decreases heartbeat, dries skin, decreases respiration, increases, decrease secretion of stress hormones, enhanced immune system functioning, and activiates digestion.

refractory period

like a web page pausing to refreash, the neuron pumps positively charged sodium ions back outside then it can fire up again. (period of inactivity after a neuron has fired)

Inhibitory

like pushing it brake (signals tell it to not fire)

Interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that "talk" to one another while thinking or processing information. (neurons within the brain and spinal cord that "talk" internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.)

sleepwalking

occurring usually in NREM-3 sleep, but it can occur during any sleep stage, in which people walk while asleep. After returning to bed on their own or with the help of a family member, few sleepwalkers recall their trip the next morning. Usually lasting 2-10 mins.)

critical period

older the age at immigration, the poorer the mastery of a 2nd age (It's easier to learn a 2nd language when your younger rather than we your an adult.

choice blindness (form of inattention)

people are unaware of the choices or preferences they make. Ex: people tasted two jams, indicated their preference, and then tasted again their preferred jam and explained their preference. Fooled by trick jars. Most people didn't notice that they were actually "retasting" their nonpreferred jam.

individualist cultures

priority on individual goals

physiological function

regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways. (This theory holds that dreams give the brain stimulation while sleeping in order to develop neural networks.)

Rehabilitation Psychologists

researchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event

cones

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. COLOR VISION. Many have their own hotline to the brain: Each one transmits to a single bipolar cell that helps relay the cone's individual message to the visual cortex, which devotes a large area to input from the fovea. These direct connections preserve the cones' precise information, making them better able to detect fine detail. In dim light they become ineffectual, so you see no colors. (6 million, centered in retina, low in dim light, high in color sensitivity, and high in detail sensitivity).

some hormones are chemically identical to neurotransmitters. Like neurotransmitters, some hormones have molecules that act on receptors in the body. Hormones move slower than neurotransmitters, but last longer.*

some hormones are chemically identical to neurotransmitters. Like neurotransmitters, some hormones have molecules that act on receptors in the body. Hormones move slower than neurotransmitters, but last longer.

athlete assistance

sport psychologists often work directly with athletes to help them improve their performance

Awake but relaxed. Wave: alpha. Wave characteristics: high frequency. Behavior: alert + awake but crossing slowly into 1st stage of sleep.

stage 1 of sleep....

auditory cortex

the area of the temporal lobe responsible for PROCESSING sound information (HEARING). Most of this auditory info. travels a circuitous route from one ear to the auditory receiving area above your opposite ear.

Hit

stimulus present, it's identified. (Part of signal detection theory). Ex: mother taking care of a baby, if it cries the mother might instantly hear it.

stress exacerbate all disorders→important to learn coping methods for stress**

stress exacerbate all disorders→important to learn coping methods for stress

teen boys are most excited by a woman several years older than themselves, mid-twenties men prefer women around their own age, and older men prefer younger women.*

teen boys are most excited by a woman several years older than themselves, mid-twenties men prefer women around their own age, and older men prefer younger women.

life expectancy

the average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.

medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. Example: MEDUSA

phantom limb sensation

the brain can even produce pain in limbs that are not even there. As the dreamer may see with eyes closed, so some 7 in 10 amputees may feel pain or movement in nonexistent limbs. (ONLY amplituded, people who lost a limb). Because the Nervous system is used to having a limb there, it still causes nonexistent pain.

stroboscopic movement

the brain's perception of continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images; this is how we perceive motion in film and animation. (we perceive a series of still photos (like a film) as having continuous motion).

the Obama effect

the finding that African-American adults performed better if taking a verbal aptitude test administered immediately after watching Barack Obama's stereotype-defying nomination acceptance speech or just after his 2008 presidential victory

inner ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain actively linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

retina

the multilayered tissue on the eyeball's sensitive inner surface. (lining of the eye containing receptor cells that are sensitive to light). Containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info. Receives an upside-down image, but makes it right side up.

Hering's opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. (Theory of color vision that holds that three sets of color receptors respond in an either/or fashion to determine the color you experience.)

synaptic gap/cleft

the tiny gap at the synapse (1 millionth of an inch wide). "Like elegant ladies air-kissing so as not to muss their makeup, dendrites and axons don't quite touch."

behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be on objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). It's a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals.

Ernest Hilgard

took some people and took their hands in a painly ice bath, put people under hypnosis and see people how long they could keep their hands in the ice bath.

what are the 2 nervous systems?central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

what are the 2 nervous systems?central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

effortful and automatic processing

what are the 2 types of processing?

sensory, motor, and interneurons

what are the 3 types of neurons in the nervous system?

social-cultural

which perspective would be most useful when explaining how people from different countries express anger?

psychiatry

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

clinical psychology

A branch of psychology that studies assesses and treat people with psychological disorders

community psychology

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

distributed practice

A strategy of learning that makes use of smaller increments of study and practice over a longer period of time rather than "massed practice" utilizing longer study and practice periods over a short period of time. You'll remember material better if you space or time over several study-perhaps one hour a day, 6 days a week-rather than crammed into one long study blitz.

counseling psychology

Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being

Wilhelm Wundt

By seeking to measure "atoms of the mind, " he established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879. He was measuring the reaction time between hearing a sound and pressing a button.

Charles Darwin

He believed in a mix of innate and tabula rasa (theory that at birth the human mind is a "blank slate"). He developed the theory of evolution- from chance genetic mutations, he theorized that nature selects those traits that best allow a species to reproduce and survive. (Evolutionary-Nature selects traits that allow a species to survive). He would see the nature-nurture mix in things like a polar bear's white coat (nature) or a girl's flirty ways to get a boy's attention (nurture). The answer to the question is, of course, both. Nature gives us what we've got, but we have the power and ability to nurture things from there.

Abraham Maslow

Him and Carl Rogers found Freudian psychology behaviorism too limiting. Rather than focusing on the meaning of early childhood memories or the learning of conditioned responses, he drew attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential, and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.

Buddha

pondered how sensations and perceptions combine to form ideas

consciousness

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. (Normal state of being awake). Ex: waking in the morning.

applied research

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

structuralists

Self-reflective introspection about the elements of experience best describes a technique used by which of psychology?

psychodynamic psychology

an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience.

objective science

characteristic of scientific claims, methods and results. It expresses the idea that the claims, methods and results of science are not, or should not be influenced by particular perspectives, value commitments, community bias or personal interests, to name a few relevant factors

Hebrew

scholars anticipated today's psychology by linking mind and emotion to the body; people were said to think with their heart and feel with their bowels