AP Psych Ch. 3 Test

no evidence emerged from most of the studies

A recent review of studies on ESP using the ganzfeld procedure concluded that _________.

smell

All sensory information is sent to the thalamus EXCEPT _________________.

15

An automobile manufacturer has decided to add a little bit of horsepower to its cars. They have a device that alters horsepower one unit at a time. Suppose drivers first notice the increase on a 200 horsepower car when it reaches 220 horsepower. How much horsepower must be added to a 150 horsepower car for drivers to notice the difference?

olfactory bulb

An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to _____________.

top down processing

Armando was tearing up old papers when he realized that he has accidentally torn up the homework that was due the next day. Because Armando knew what his homework was, he was able to put the pieces back together with relative ease. Armando used which organizational strategy to reconstruct his homework?

outer and middle ear

Cochlear implants bypass the __________.

constancy

Devin understands that when a door is opening is does not loose its original shape. This is known as ____________.

conduction

If a severe ear infection damages the bones of the middle ear, you may develop __________________.

saccades

If you stared at a picture for a long period of time, you might think the image of the picture would fade due to sensory adaptation. This would be the case except for the tiny vibrations of your eye called _________.

is similar to endorphins

In the gate control theory, substance P ________.

The inner ear, specifically the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs, provide information for the vestibular sense, which monitors balance

John complains that when he gets out of bed that he feels dizzy. He also says his ears hurt. Why is John commenting that his ears hurt?

photons and waves

Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are _________.

level of tech development

One cultural factor that influences perception is the _______________.

perceptual set

People's tendency to perceive things a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called ___________.

noise production hearing damage

Ringing or buzzing sensations in the ears may be a sign of ______________.

Kinesthetic senses

Sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each otherw

Weber's law

States that the size if the just noticeavke difference is a constant proportion

autokinetic effect

Study subjects were placed in darkened room and told to focus on a single stationary point of light on the wall. After a few minutes subjects reported that the point of light was moving. This apparent movement is known as ____________________.

papillae

The "bumps" on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the __________.

buildings with lots of corners

The Muller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are _______________.

place

The _______________ theory explains how we hear sounds above 1000 Hz.

Binocular disparity

The difference in images between the teo eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

opponent process

The existence of afterimages in complementary colors best supports the ___________ theory of color vision.

Loudness

The height of a sound wave determines the _______________.

Perception

The method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion

absolute threshold

The point at which a person at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ___________.

Convergence

The rotation of the two eyes in theor sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and less convergence if objects are distant

Olfaction

The sensation of smell

Absolute threshold

The smallest amlunt of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present

Just noticeable difference

The smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time

closure

The tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

size consistancy

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as __________.

Figure- ground relationships

The tendency to perceive objexts, or figures, as existing on a background

Perceptual expectancy

The tendency to perceive things a certain way because of pre-established expectations

Opponent-process theory

Theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow

sound waves

Vibrating molecules in the air are called ________.

binocular cues

Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called _________.

otolith organs

We know when we are moving up and down in an elevator because of the movement of tiny crystals in the ___________.

just noticeable difference

What did Ernst Weber study?

E. hammer, anvil, stirrup

What is the correct order of the three bones of the middle ear, from the outside in? A. anvil, hammer, stirrup B. hammer, stirrup, anvil C. stirrup, anvil, hammer D. stirrup, hammer, anvil E. hammer, anvil, stirrup

C. sensory adaptation

When Sue first went outside she found the cold unbearable. She complained how cold it was, but after a while the temperature did not seem to bother her. Which sensational process allowed Sue to tolerate the cold? A. transduction B. selective attention C. sensory adaptation D. accomodation E. perceptual set

cornea

When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the ________.

center of the eye

Where are cones found?

similarity

Which Gestalt principle is at work in the old phrase, "birds of a feather flock together"?

A. pitch

Which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color or hue of light? A. pitch B. loudness C. purity D. timbre E. amplitude

B. volley theory

Which theory proposes that above 400 Hz but below 4000 Hz, auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation? A. place theory B. volley theory C. frequency theory

hair cells; rods and cones

____________ are the receptor cells for audition and ______________ are the receptor cells for vision.

hearing impairment

________________ is the term used to refer to difficulties in learning

Cocktail party effect

ability to focus attention on a specific stimulus while filtering out a myriad of other stimuli

bottom-up processing

analysis of smaller features and building up to a complete perception

B. semicircular canals

ellis turns around and around in a circle. when he stops, he feels like his head is still spinning. what is responsible for this sensation? A. cochlea B. semicircular canals C. otolith organs D. organ of corti E. propioceptors

pupil--lens--retina--nerve impulses--optic nerve---brain

how does light travel through the eye?

90%

how much of what we deem taste is actually smell?

overlap

if one object seems to be blocking another object, people assume that the blocked object is behind the first on and, therefore, farther away (also known as interposition)

bottom-up processing

in order to complete a puzzle without knowing what the finished picture is supposed to look like, you have to use___________

gestalt principal of proximity

states that objects that are close together are interpreted as belonging together

CIPA

tariq is a 4-year-old who cannot feel pain. he hurts himself constantly, and his body cannot cool itself by sweating. tariq is most likely suffering from_________

Sensory adaptation

tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

Habituation

tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

Sensation

the activation of receptors in the various sense organs

Bottom-up processing

the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception

tympanic membrane

the membrane stretched over the opening to the middle ear is the _____________.

convert an external stimulus into an electrical-chemical message the nervous system can use

the most important role of sensory receptors is to ________________

Motion parallax

the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away

Gustation

the sensation of taste

Vestibular senses

the sensations of movement, balance, and body position

vestibular senses

the sensations of movement, balance, and body position

Perceptual set

the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions

oval window

the thin membrane stretched over the opening to the inner ear is known as the_____________

top-down processing

the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

Gate-control theory

theory of pain that states the psychological experience of pain is controlled by a series of "gates" in the central and peripheral nervous system that can allow or block the flow of the pain information depending on a number of factors

Cones

visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision

Rods

visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light

visceral (in the organs) and somatic (skin) pains

what are the 2 types of pain?

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umani

what are the 5 basic tastes?

conduction and nerve impairment

what are two types of hearing loss?

30 miles on a clear night

what is the absolute threshold to see a candle flame?

the lens

what structure of the eye allows you to focus on objects that are close or far away?

relative size

when objects that people expect to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away

D. at the tops of the nasal passages

where are the olfactory receptor cells located? A. around the nostrils B. in the auditory passages C. on the roof of the mouth D. at the tops of the nasal passages E. along the lining of the outer nose

optic chiasm

where the optic nerves cross over to report information to opposite sides of the brain

C. contiguity

which gestalt principle is at work when a ventriloquist moves a dummy's mouth while talking, making it seem like the dummy is talking? A. closure B. similarity C. contiguity D. continuity E. common region

E. they are found mainly in the center of the eye

which of the following is true about cones? A. they are more sensitive to light than rods B. they detect more color in low light C. they operate mainly at night D. they respond only to black and white E. they are found mainly in the center of the eye

C. Ganglion cells

which type of retinal cell forms the optic nerve? A. rods B. Cones C. ganglion cells D. bipolar cells E. photoreceptors

B. 2

you find that you have to add 1 teaspoon of sugar to a cup of coffee that already has 5 teaspoons of sugar in it to notice the difference in sweetness 50 percent of the time. if you have a cup of coffee with 10 teaspoons of sugar in it, how many teaspoons would you have to add to notice the difference in sweetness at least half of the time? A. 1 B. 2 C. 5 D. 10 E. 50