AP Psych Chapter 10 + 13

3 Criteria in order for test to be widely accepted

1. Standardized 2. Reliability 3. Validity

If asked to guess the intelligence score of a stranger, your best guess would be

100

Benito was born in 1937. In 1947, he scored 130 on an intelligence test. What was Benito's mental age when he took the test?

13

A score on the WAIS that is higher than all but 2.5 percent of all scores earns an intelligence score of

130

A 9-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 12-year-old was said to have an IQ of

133

Sternberg's creative intelligence

Ability to think-outside-the-box. People with creative intelligence are good at divergent thinking (can solve problems creatively). Knowledge + experience. They are able to deal with new situations.

intelligence

Ability to: 1. learn from experience 2. think rationally 3. solve problems 4. adapt to new situations

Aptitude Tests

Attempt to discover your talents and predict how well you'll learn new knowledge (predictive validity).

mental age

Binet came up with mental age. Is a measure of intelligence independent of chronological age. As you age your mental age should increase (intelligence increases as you age). MENTAL AGE IS NOT INTELLIGENCE.

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the text's position regarding the relative contribution of genes and environment in determining intelligence?

Both genes and life experiences significantly influence performance on intelligence tests.

Which of the following provides the strongest evidence of environment's role in intelligence?

Children moved from deprived environment into an intellectually enriched one show gains in intellectual development.

EQ

Daniel Goleman coined EQ (emotional intelligence). The ability to perceive, express, understand and regulate emotions both in yourself and others. Ex: ability to delay gratification (self control) ie; marshmallow challenge (kids who immediately ate the marshmallow were disorganized and those who delayed gratification vise versa).

Binet

Developed a test to identify children who were struggling. HE DID NOT WANT TO RANK NOR TRACK KIDS. Came up with mental age.

David Wechsler

Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).

WAIS

Develops deviated IQ score which gives score based on 11 different topics (assesses if students are above/below average?) WAIS most used intelligence test. Scores are normally distributed (bell curve). *REMEMBER SKEWS*

Validity

Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure?

Don's intelligence scores were only average, but he has been enormously successful as a corporate manager. Psychologists Sternberg and Wagner would probably suggest that:

Don's practical intelligence exceeds his academic intelligence.

True or False? Intelligence scores in the United States HAVE BEEN DROPPING OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS.

False. They have been RISING OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS.

True or False? The gap in intelligence scores between black and white children is INCREASING.

False. DECREASING.

Spearman

First psychologist to study intelligence using factor analysis (looked for clusters of related info to find out what makes intelligence). Broke intelligence into 2 factors: 1. "g" factor: general intelligence (common knowledge). 2. "s" factor: specific traits ie; verbal skills, math, etc. Spearman believed in a correlation between the 2 factors but some people have more/less "s" ("g" = xmas tree; "s" = ornaments). We have different "g" and different amounts of "s".

The first modern test of intelligence was developed in

France

William Stern

German psychologist who came up with intelligence quota (IQ). IQ = mental age (MA)/Chronological age (CA) x 100 Ex: MA = 9, CA= 6 so IQ = 150 or MA= 8, CA= 12 so IQ = 66 Today's IQ tests are normalized (normal bell curve).

predictive validity

How well does the test predict behavior it was designed to predict? Ex: SATs is supposed to predict how well we'll do in college but it has a low predictive validity (high reliability).

Who identified nine independent intelligences, including the verbal and math aptitudes that can be assessed by standardized tests?

Howard Gardner

Reliability

In order for a test to be reliable the score shouldn't change greatly if taken again. Consistency of scores across the time you've taken it. Reliability is determined by correlation.

Hiroko's math achievement score is considerably higher than that of most American students her age. Which of the following is true regarding this difference between Asian and North American students:

It may be due to the fact that Asian students have a longer school year.

Achievment

Knowledge/skills that are gained from experience. Focuses on things like history, calculus, art (grades). Intelligence enables achievement (gives ability to learn).

The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by

Lewis Terman.

content validity

Measures a specific behavior/knowledge ie; Psych Chapter tests (hamburger/hotdog test not content valid).

Achievement Tests

Measures what you've already learned ie; AP exams, ACTs, Psych Chapter tests (content validity).

Which of the following is true of people who score high on aptitude tests?

Non of the above is true. The achieve greater career success. They are likely to be happier. They always do well in college.

If you wanted to develop a test of musical aptitude in North American children, which would be the appropriate standardization group?

North American children.

correlation coefficient

Number that represents the direction and the strength of the relationship between two or more variables, it's a statistical measurement. ALWAYS ranges from -1 to +1. The closer the coefficient is to absolute 1 the stronger the relationship.

Sternberg's analytical intelligence

One's ability to solve a specific problem that has a correct answer. Ability to require, store and retrieve info. Ability to make decisions. School is mostly analytical ie; objective tests.

Problems with IQ scores

Our mental age stabilizes between ages 7-11 so IQ score is set by age 19-20. IQ goes down because IQ tests did not account for the stabilization. So now once you hit 20 that's your chronological age.

Which of the following is a drawback of longitudinal studies of intelligence?

People who remain in the study may be the healthiest an most well-educated.

standardized

Questions, administration, scoring, environment, etc. is persistent. Every person gets exact same instructions/conditions. Way of getting meaningful scores by comparing scores with pretested groups.

factor analysis

Spearman developed factor analysis which is a procedure that identifies clusters of related items.

Louis Terman

Standardizes Binet's test for U.S. kids. Creates Stanford-Binet IQ test which is the second most popular IQ test still used today. Stanford-Binet IQ test measures memory, reasoning, knowledge, how quickly you can process something (fluid intelligence).

Superior performance on intelligence tests is most likely to be indicative of

Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence.

Sternberg's practical intelligence

Street Smarts (not taught in the classroom). Common sense. People with practical intelligence have good social skills and apply what they know to real world situations. They do best outside of school. Become CEOs, politicans, etc.

flynn effect

The Flynn effect is the trend that there is an increase in intelligence testing scores over time. The Flynn Effect is the tendency of IQ scores to change over time, and specifically, the apparent increase in intelligence in the general population evidenced by a steady increase in IQ scores. It was first noticed by James Flynn.

The Flynn effect refers to the fact that

The IQ scores of today's better-fed and educated population exceed that of the 1930s population.

According to the text, what can be concluded from early intelligence testing in the United States?

The tests were biased against people who did not share the culture assumed by the test.

Gardner

Theory of Multiple Intelligences Theory. Believed in 8 different intelligences. Gardner believed we all have independent intelligences and Thurstone believed that all his factors combined makes intelligence. Also believed in a ninth possible intelligence (existential intelligence).

Thurstone

Thurstone's Theory of Primary Mental Abilities. Added to Spearman's theory. Believed intelligence may be broken down into 7 mental intelligences/abilities that are RELATIVELY INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER. Thurstone believed that all his factors combined makes intelligence.

Sternberg

Triarchic Theory. Agrees with Gardner but believes in 3 intelligences: analytical, creative and practical. Problem is you can't measure creativity, open mindedness etc.

True or False? Today, most researchers studying cognitive abilities believe that intelligence is MULTIDIMENSIONAL.

True

Interest Tests

Used to learn a person's preferences, activities, interests, etc. Ex: What career is for you quiz (used to help people fine a career that's right for them).

The formula for the intelligence quotient was devised by

William Stern

More experts view intelligence as a person's

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new stimuli.

Before becoming attorneys, law students must pass a special licensing exam, which is an ________ test. Before entering college, high school students must take the SAT, which is an ________ test.

achievement aptitude

Tests of ________ measure what an individual can do now, whereas tests of ________ predict what an individual will be able to do later.

achievement; aptitude

The contribution of environmental factors to racial gaps in intelligence scores is indicated by:

all of the above: evidence that individual differences within race are much greater than differences between races. evidence that white and black infants score equally on certain measures of infant intelligence. the fact that Asian students outperform North American students on math achievement and aptitude tests.

A high school counselor gave Amy a test designed to predict whether she could learn to become a successful architect. Amy most likely took a(n) ________ test.

aptitude

negative correlation

as one variable goes up the other variable goes down ↑↓

positive correlation

as one variable goes up the other variable increase ↑↑

Compared with North American students, Asian students perform

better on math aptitude and achievement tests and they spend more time studying.

2 Types of Validity

content and predictive

You would not use a test of hearing acuity as an intelligence test because it would lack:

content validity.

University students who focus on innovation and generating novel ideas in their studies rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate

creative intelligence.

Comparing the intelligence test scores among people from distinctly different age cohorts requires

cross-sectional studies.

The accumulation of knowledge that comes about with education and experience has been classified as

crystallized intelligence.

Over the past 80 years, college aptitude test scores have ________ and WAIS scores have ________.

declined; risen

When highly skilled people are performing a task, their brains

do all of these: retrieve information from memory more quickly. register simple stimuli more quickly. use less energy to solve problems.

Gerardeen has superb social skills, manages conflicts well, and has great empathy for her friends and co-workers. Peter Salovey and John Mayer would probably say that Gerardeen possesses a high degree of:

emotional intelligence.

When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sister's frustration regarding their dispute. Her behavior best illustrates

emotional intelligence.

Which procedure is used to identify the different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores?

factor analysis

Research indicates that during adulthood declines occur in

fluid intelligence.

Vanessa is a very creative sculptress. We would expect that Vanessa also:

has a venturesome personality and is intrinsically motivated.

If course exams assess a student's mastery of a representative sample of course material, they are said to

have content validity.

The extent to which differences in intelligence among a group of people are attributable to genetic factors is known as the ______ of intelligence.

heritability

Jake takes the same test of mechanical reasoning on several different days and gets virtually identical scores. This suggests that the test has:

high reliability.

Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________ reliability and ________ validity.

high; low

REMEMBER ABOUT CALCULATING IQ (ON AP TEST)

if MA > CA IQ will be OVER 100. if MA < CA IQ will be LOWER than 100. UNLESS THEY SAY OTHERWISE THE MEAN OF AN IQ TEST IS 100 AND STANDARD DEVIATION (SD) IS 15.

The concept of a g factor implies that intelligence

is a single overall ability.

Twenty-two-year-old Dan has an intelligence score of 63 and the academic skills of a fourth-grader, and is unable to live independently. Dan probably:

is intellectually disabled.

A psychologist who is looking at a student's intelligence score finds a jump of 30 points between the earliest score at age 2 and the most recent at age 17. The psychologist's knowledge of testing would probably lead her to conclude that such a jump:

is mainly the result of the age at which the first test was taken.

If you compare the same trait in people of similar heredity who live in very different environments, heritability for that trait will be _____________; heritability for the trait is most likely to be _____________ among people of very different heredities who live in similar environments.

low; high

In recent years, researchers have more likely than before to consider intelligence as

made up of several abilities.

Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ________ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult ________ test.

math problem-solving; verbal fluency

correlation

measuring two or more variables and exploring the relationship between them

Originally, IQ was defined as

mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.

Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for

nontwin siblings raised together.

Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the ________ of their employees.

practical intelligence

The test created by Alfred Binet was designed specifically to

predict school performance in children.

A school psychologist found that 85 percent of those who scored above 115 on an aptitude test were "A" students and 75 percent of those who scored below 85 on the test were "D" students. The psychologist concluded that the test had high:

predictive validity because the scores on it correlated highly with the criterion behavior.

When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of

reliability.

Although diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and hardly able to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as

savant syndrome.

Prenatal hormones have an influence on

spatial abilities.

Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test

standardization.

Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of

stereotype threat.

To say that the heritability of a trait is approximately 50 percent means

that of the variation in the trait within a group of people, 50 percent can be attributed to heredity.

Increasing years of schooling over the last half-century have most likely contributed to

the Flynn effect.

Some hereditarians have been fearful that higher twentieth-century birth rates among those with lower intelligence scores would shove average intelligence scores progressively downward. This fear has been most directly alleviated by the discovery of

the Flynn effect.

Current intelligence tests compute an individual's intelligence score as

the amount by which the test-taker's performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age.

In his study of children with high intelligence scores, Terman found that

the children were healthy and well-adjusted, and did well academically.

J. McVicker Hunt found that institutionalized children given "tutored human enrichment"

thrived intellectually and socially on the benefits of positive caregiving.

Comparing the academic performance of those whose scores are extremely low on intelligence tests with those whose scores are extremely high is an effective way to highlight the tests'

validity.

skews

when a distribution is lopsided or "skewed" the mean can be biased by a few extreme scores NEGATIVE has RIGHT bump POSITIVE has LEFT bump