AP Psych Chapter 2 test

What is the first step in the scientific method? • Collect data. • Conceptualize a problem. • Draw conclusions. • Analyze the data.

Conceptualize a problem

Experiments with people involve a comparison between at least two groups: a group that receives the special treatment and a group that receives a placebo or neutral treatment. This latter group is called the: • Random sample. • Representative group. • Experimental group. • Control group.

Control group

Which of the following would be an appropriate sample, if a researcher intends to generalize the results of the study to "all males"? • A sample of 100 American males who have been randomly selected from the draft registry. • A sample of 100 members of the Knights of Columbus. • A sample of 100 males, 50 from a university in Russia and 50 from a university in the U.S. • A sample of 100 male freshman psychology students.

A sample of 100 American males who have been randomly selected from the draft registry

If you were a psychologist concerned about reducing gender bias in psychological inquiry, you would be least concerned about which of the following? • Gender of consumers of psychological research • Selection of research topics • Exaggeration of gender differences • Gender stereotypes

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the guidelines to being a wise consumer of psychological information? • Distinguish between group results and individual needs. • Avoid overgeneralizing from a small sample. • Consider the source of psychological information. • Always trust psychological information as given by the media.

Always trust psychological information as given by the media

The use of statistical procedures allows researchers to: • Develop hypotheses • Collect data • Analyze data • Conceptualize the problem

Analyze data

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which scientists collaborate? • Avoiding replicating studies identical or similar to those that others have already done. • Doing presentations in conferences. • Publishing in professional journals. • Submitting their work for peer review and serving as peer reviewers themselves

Avoiding replicating studies identical or similar to those that others have already done

A research method typically used by clinical psychologists with unique individuals is called a(n): • Case study • Experiment • Random sample • Interview

Case study

The strength of the relationship between two or more events can be determined by: • Correlational research • Physiological research • Case study • Experimental research

Correlational research

Which of the following statements about psychological research methods is correct? • Experiments usually involve standardized tests. • It would be inappropriate to combine observation and the correlational method. • Only clinical psychologists are allowed to conduct experiments. • Correlational studies cannot be used to arrive at cause and effect conclusions.

Correlational studies cannot be used to arrive at cause and effect conclusions

The research that takes place at the end of the study, when the participant is told the purpose of and methods used in the study is called: • Informed consent. • Debriefing. • Deception. • Experimenter Bias.

Debriefing

An experiment is being conducted to determine the effects of different teaching methods on student performance. The independent variable is _____________, while the dependent variable is ____________. • Different teaching methods, student performance. • Different teaching methods, number of students taking the test. • Student performance, different teaching methods. • Student performance, grades on a test. is ______, while the dependent variable is ______.

Different reach methods, student performance

In a ________ experiment, neither the participant nor the experimenter know in which conditions the participant is • Placebo effect. • Closed minded. • Double-blind. • Inferential.

Double-blind

________ is using an ethnic label in a superficial way that portrays that ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is. • Cultural bias. • Ethical gloss. • Ethnic gloss. • Cultural gloss.

Ethnic gloss

What did the story of Clever Hans teach us? • What appears as truth is always the truth. • Even experts can be fooled if they don't make appropriate use of other research procedures to check their observation. • Hans' owner did not believe his horse had extraordinary abilities. • In order to accept a phenomenon as truth, evidence is never needed.

Even experts can be fooled if they don't make appropriate use of other research procedures to check their observation

Bob Barker is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about the effects of caffeine on memory. His operational definition of caffeine is "ounces of caffeine" and memory is "number of details recalled after reading an essay. Of the following research methods, which would be the most appropriate for this research question? • Interview • Case study • Experiment • Naturalistic observation

Experiment

Which of the following research strategies allows for most control and precision? • Experimental. • Correlational. • Interview. • Naturalistic observation.

Experimental

If you conduct research in which you manipulate a variable while holding others constant and randomly assign participants to groups, what research method are you using? • Case study. • Interview. • Experimental research. • Correlational research.

Experimental research

You have received feedback on your research proposal from your psychology professor. She has written, "You need to state your definitions more precisely and in terms of observable events that can be measured." What is she talking about? • She is suggesting that readers will not understand what you mean by the placebo effect. • You need to spell out in greater detail what statistical techniques you are proposing to use to analyze your data. • She is referring to including more references in your study. • Her feedback is in regard to operational definitions.

Her feedback is in regard to operational definitions

____ are specific predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy and are derived logically from theories. • Correlations • Experiments • Hypotheses • Observations

Hypotheses

In an experiment, the ____ is the "cause" and the ____ is the "effect." • Dependent, independent • Independent, dependent • Dependent, experiment • Control, dependent

Independent , dependent

In an experiment testing the effect of amphetamine on learning in rats, the amphetamine is the: • Extraneous variable • Experimental variable • Independent variable • Dependent variable

Independent variable

Manipulated factor is to ____ as measured factor is to ____. • Independent variable, dependent variable. • Dependent variable, experimental group. • Control group, independent variable. • Experimental group, independent variable.

Independent variable, dependent variable

______________ statistics are the mathematical methods are used to draw conclusions and test hypotheses. • Descriptive. • Psychological. • Inferential. • Mathematical.

Inferential

The process of describing an experiment to participants and explaining the potential risks involved in participation is called: • Debriefing. • Informed consent. • Maintaining confidentiality. • Deception.

Informed consent

Joseph recently was asked by a researcher questions about his attitudes toward politics. Joseph participated in a(n) _________. He later admitted that he gave answers that he thought were what the researcher wanted to hear, which illustrates ____________. • Questionnaire, the placebo effect • Experiment, informed consent • Experiment, experimenter bias • Interview, participant bias

Interview, participant bias

Each of the following is a drawback of laboratory research, except: • Laboratory settings do not permit control over complex real-world factors • Participants know they are being studied • The participants are not likely to represent diverse cultural groups • The laboratory settings might produce unnatural behavior

Laboratory settings do not permit control over complex real-world factors

The ____ is a measure of central tendency that is calculated by adding all the scores and dividing that total by the number of scores or participants. • Median. • Mean. • Mode. • Range.

Mean

The ____ is the score that falls exactly in the middle of the distribution of scores after they have been arranged from highest to lowest. • Median • Mean. • Mode. • Range.

Median

The mode is the: • Score right in the middle of the distribution of scores. • "Average" score as we commonly know it. • Difference between the highest and the lowest score. • Most common score.

Most common score

Jenny and Allison are conducting a study where they sit in the student center lobby and take notes on different students' hand gestures as they speak. What type of research method are they using? • Experimental research • Naturalistic observation • Correlational study • Case study

Naturalistic observation

What is the main disadvantage of laboratory observation? • The setting is too unpredictable • The variables cannot be defined in operational terms • Participants may not behave naturally because they know they are being observed • The researcher cannot control the situation

Participants may not behave naturally because they know they are being observed

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic types of research in psychology? • Correlational. • Descriptive. • Philosophical. • Experimental.

Philosophical

Standardized tests: • Give every members of the population an equal chance to be tested. • Involve making careful observations of people in real-world settings. • Provide information about individual differences among people. • Are used only by clinical psychologists.

Provide information about individual differences among people

________ is the extent to which a scientific research yields a consistent, reproducible result, • Reliability. • Generalizability. • Objectivity. • Randomness.

Reliability

In a correlational coefficient, the ____ is the indicator of the direction of the relationship. • Number. • Sign. • Statistic. • Level of statistical significance.

Sign

A ______ is selected from the population. • Sample • Placebo • Theory • Dependent variable

Sample

In scientific studies, generalizations can only be made if the ____ is representative of the ____. • Sample, random sample. • Sample, population. • Random sample, sample. • Population, sample.

Sample, population

______ involves objective, systematic, and testable research. • Experimenter bias • The placebo effect • Philosophy • Science

Science

Which of the following statements is true about science? • Science is defined by what it investigates. • Science is defined by how it investigates. • Objectivity is not necessary in science. • Collaboration is not essential to the progress of science.

Science is defined by how it investigates

Which of the following is NOT one of the ideals central to the scientific approach? • Objectivity • Curiosity • Sensitivity • Critical thinking

Sensitivity

When Mary Calkins and other female psychologists questioned the extent to which the theories proposed by male psychologists, which were tested with male participants, would apply to females, they were exercising the ________ ideal, which is central to the scientific approach. • Skepticism. • Curiosity. • Objectivity. • Critical thinking.

Skepticism

The statistic that measures how closely the scores are clustered around the mean is the: • Mean. • Range. • Mode. • Standard deviation.

Standard deviation

Participants' tendency to respond in a way that is intended to create a good impression, rather than to provide true information, is one of the problems with: • Naturalistic observations • Correlational studies • Experiments • Surveys

Surveys

A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between work stress and high blood pressure. Based on this finding, which of the following statements is true? • Work stress causes high blood pressure. • High blood pressure has nothing to do with stress. • High blood pressure causes people to perceive high levels of work stress. • The higher the stress at work, the higher the blood pressure.

The higher the stress at work, the higher the blood pressure

If the correlation coefficient of the relationship between class attendance and final grade in class is +.75, that means that: • There is no relationship between going to class and the final grade. • The lower the class attendance, the lower the final grade in the class. • The less people attend class, the higher the final grade in the class. • Going to class makes people get better grades.

The lower the class attendance, the lower the final grade in the class

Of the following, which best describes the role that the mass media plays in psychological research? • The mass media has had a profound impact on making us more knowledgeable about science and technology. • Through its influence, the mass media determines what type of research is funded. • The mass media tends to accurately report most psychological research. • The mass media tends to sensationalize psychological research.

The mass media tends to sensationalize psychological research

Larry is engaged in a process to discover accurate information. He has followed several steps: conceptualizing a problem, collecting data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Larry is using: • An operational definition of the dependent variable. • The scientific method. • A double-blind experiment. • A standardized test.

The scientific method

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the life and career of Mary Whiton Calkins? • This psychologist worked with William James. • In the 1890s, Calkins established an experimental psychology program at Wellesley. • Unfortunately, Calkins was never recognized or achieved any recognitions among her peers during her lifetime • Calkins became a faculty at Wellesley, a women's college, in 1887

Unfortunately, Calkins was never recognized or achieved any recognitions among her peers during her lifetime

A difference between the ethical considerations involved in conducting studies with human participants and animals is that, in animal studies, the psychologist should: • Obtain informed consent. • Avoid any appearance of deception. • Maintain the confidentiality of the data collected. • Weigh the benefits of the potential results against the likelihood of causing harm to the animals.

Weigh the benefits of the potential results against the likelihood of causing harm to the animals