AP Psych final COPY
Gabby uses a coin to tighten a screw on a faucet handle. this action shows that gabby has overcome
Functional fixedness
which of the following provides an effective explanation for the data above
Observational learning
which of following assertions is best supported by empirical evidence
The two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to process different types of cognitive tasks
preschoolers often have trouble buttoning shirts due to less-developed
fine motor skills
a rat always completes a maze unsuccessfully but is only rewarded every third trial. the rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules
fixed ratio
In high school, it didn't seem to make a difference how much Clive studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Clive is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. According to the concept of learned helplessness, which of the following statements can be most expected from Clive as he starts the new Spanish class?
"Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills."
a test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean
77
which of the following would a social learning theorist be most likely to propose as a cause for a fear of flying?
A person observed someone else's fear of flying
during therapy sessions, Gerry's therapist often rephrases things that gerry has said or asks for clarification. This action is consistent with what aspect of client-centered therapy
Active listening
of the following, an evolutionary psychologist will most likely investigate the
Age of children when they speak their first words
gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He intermediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response
Alarm Reaction
thomas gained a lot of weight because he was eating too many sweets. A psychologist suggested to Thomas that he pair the pleasant taste of sweets with the taste of something he finds unpleasant. so, thomas put broccoli, which he hates, in his ice cream, cake, and pie. he now feels nauseated at the sight of dessert and avoids eating it. This technique is known as
Aversion Therapy
a young child says "where did you goed." which of the following psychologists would most likely argue that the child is overregularizing a logical grammatical rule
Chonmsky
which of the following psychoactive drugs increases nervous system activity?
Cocaine
which of the following supports the opponent-processing theory of color vision
Color constancy
which of the following is reduced during a fight-or-flight reaction
Digestion
after school, george and his friends complain of intense hunger. they go to george's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior
Drive-Reduction Theory
incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of
External stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior
what is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology from past to present. 1. behaviorism 2. psychoanalysis 3. structuralism 4. humanism
I, II, III, IV
when sophie reads her history assignments. she goes over them very carefully and tries to memorize each fact. Emma, on the other hand, studies by trying yo relate the new information to things she has experienced., been told about by others, or seem in movies and on television. Emma's performance on history tests will probably be better than sophie's due to differences in
Levels of processing
ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her
Linear perspective
dr. grayson is interested in studying the relationship between weight loss and mood. to conduct the study, dr.grayson analyzes the results of several previous studies on weight loss and emotional state. which research strategy is dr. grayson using?
Meta-analysis
maria was never afraid of spiders until a spider bit her when she was 8, today, even the sight of a plastic spider upsets her. which of the following learning processes best explains maria's fear of spiders?
Operant conditioning
modern research on jean piaget's stages of cognitive development indicates that
Piaget underestimated children's abilities
in elementary school, lisa learned to speak some japanese in addition to english. as a sophmore in high school, lisa took a class in chinese. she found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier japanese vocabulary was competing with the new chinese words. this situation best illustrates
Proactive interference
Which of the following is a statistical approach concerned with forming conclusions about the effect of the Independent variable on variations in the dependent variable
Qualitative
a psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. the extent to which test scores are similar across two administrations demonstrates which of the following test properties
Reliability
laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can be explained by which of the following
Sensory adaption
when rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. which of the following psychological terms best describes rosa's inability to taste
Sensory interaction
the first time four-year old savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, he began praising savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as
Shaping
which of the following statements concerning sleep is valid?
Sleep spindles occur with greater frequency in individuals who experience night terrors.
systematic desensitization is most likely to be used in the treatment of which of the following
Specific phobia disorder
according to sigmund frued, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the
Superego
To stop his uncle's constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy's behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement?
Vicarious
a person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain
Wernicke's area
a mental image of a special layout is called
a cognitive map
a research group conducted a study investigating the connection between self-reported number of hours slept in a given week and scores on a happiness measure. based on the scatterplot above, the group can report that there is
a positive correlation
electrically stimulating a rats amygdala would most likely produce which of the following?
aggression
heidi was trying to solve the anagram TORYS by rearranging every letter one at a time until she was able to identify the correct word : STORY. she could have attempted to solve the anagram more quickly by pairing common letters. like ST, but she did not do so. her approach to solving the anagram involved
an algorithm
fred is afraid to leave his house, and he is extremely apprehensive every time he has to go out in public. Fred is most likely to be diagnosed with which type of disorder?
anxiety
difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the
cerebellum
which of the following individuals best demonstrates the concept of social loafing
christopher, who barely works on his group science project because he knows someone else will do the work.
According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following is true?
cognitive and behavioral factors affect the five major personality states.
people who find themselves engaging in behavior that is against their principles will most likely experience
cognitive dissonance
an item on a psychological test asks whether the test taker believes radio news stations are delivering special messages to the test taker that others cannot detect. Jason takes the test and answers yes to this question, because he recently detected messages to him embedded in a radio broadcast. Jason appears to be experiencing
delusions of reference
which of the following is the most common symptom of dementia?
deterioration in memory
in the figure above, where does the neurotransmitter dopamine have its effects
e
in extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which of the following conditions?
epilepsy
which of the following symptoms is characteristic of schizophrenia?
hallucinations
Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty?
her cones cannot detect color well in dim light
which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?
hippocampus
carmens psychiatrist has prescribed a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to help carmen feel better. Carmen has most likely been diagnosed with what disorder?
major depressive
george sat next to kiki in biology class every day. they often worked together on assignments. by the end of the semester, george became quite fond of kiki. which social psychological term best explains George's attraction to kiki
mere exposure effect
professor gonzalez is interested in evaluating the ability of a new method of note-taking to improve student grades. Group A is trained in the new method and group B uses the traditional outline method of taking notes. What is professor gonzalez independent variable?
method of note-taking
A critical component for labeling a person's behavior as abnormal is that the behavior must
not be under the voluntary control of the person
bernadette has lacked enthusiasm for work and other activities for a number of years. She also has a poor appetite and feels fatigued. Which of the following disorders is most consistent with bernadettes symptoms?
persistent depressive
in the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
priming
memories of well-learned skills, such as riding a bicycle, are classified as
procedural
angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, martin returns home and takes his anger out on his best friend. martins behavior illustrates
projection
the rorschach inkblot test and the thematic appercception test (TAT) are 2 popular forms of which of the following types?
projective
an animal will gain weight when
releasing factors are present
students from a journalism class ask only their friends to participate in a school newspaper survey and neglect to ask the rest of the student body. the journalism students data may not be generalizable due to
sampling bias
michael, who has an IQ of 60, is - complex calculations in his head, regarding - size of the numbers. When he is with his family and friends, he does not engage socially; he focuses on his numerical calculations. Which of he following best describes these characteristics?
savant syndrome
joses doctor has prescribed antipsychotic medication for him. Jose is most likely to be diagnosed as having which of the following disorders?
schizophrenia
jeremy happily played with his colorful blocks while his mother was nearby. When his mother left the room, he became upset, but he quickly stopped crying and began to play with the blocks again. When his mother returned, he greeted her happily. Which of the following patterns of attachment reflects Jeremy's actions?
secure
using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires
selective attention
alexandra wants to test her babys babinski reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, alexandra will have to
stroke the sole of her babys foot
karen had been working overtime to complete a project so she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and canceled. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by
suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes
researchers paired rats' drinking of saccharin-sweetened water with injections of a drug that weakened the immune system. After repeated pairings, sweetened water triggered the rats' immune systems to break down. What was the conditioned stimulus in the study?
sweetened water
a test with normally distributed results was returned to a class of 100 students. Later, the teacher realized an error was made and added 10 points to each students score. Which of the following must have changed as a result of the increase in scores?
the mode
nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplifie
unconditional positive regard
damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a
visual deficit
rochelle is anxious because she believes that nearly everyone must approve of everything she does. Which of the following is a cognitive therapist most likely to do to help rochelle overcome her anxiety?
work on changing the way she interprets her circumstances
Which of the following is the strongest correlation?
-.90
a basic assumption underlying the evolutionary approach to sexual attraction is that men seek potential mates who
appear fertile
carl jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a persons ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse?
collective unconscious
which of the following research findings supports a strong biological basis for behavior?
identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence
mary participants in an exercise program because she experiences an increase in energy and feelings of well-being at the end of each exercise session. The best explanation for mary's perseverance in the program is that exercise
increases her level of endorphins
it can be assumed that an individual described as a supertaster
is very sensitive to hot peppers
which of the following findings about emotions is well supported by research
there are several universal emotions
One of the difficulties in studying hypnosis experimentally is that
there is no reliable way to determine if a person is hypnotized
kelly, a first year student at a local university is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which of the following concepts best supports kelly's belief?
Spontaneous Recovery
brandon is superficially charming and skilled at exploiting people for his own gain. He is also impulsive and irresponsible, and he generally disregards social norms. Brandon would most likely be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?
antisocial personality
The process by which one evaluates the causes of other people's behavior is called
attribution
token economics are based on which theoretical perspective
behavioral
during the past few years. Lester has experienced several episodes of devastating sadness, weight loss, feelings of worthlessness, and an inability to concentrate. Recently, Lester is experienceing tremendous elation, excessive excitement, racing thoughts, and elevated self-esteem. he has not slept for several days, claiming that he no longer needs a full night's sleep. which diagnosis will lester most likely receive from a clinical psychologist
bipolar disorder
In the figure above, where do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have their initial effect
c
A teacher creates a test that will predict how well a student will do as a commercial airline pilot. The test is taken before the training, and then the teacher correlates the test score to the number of safe flying hours. The teacher is trying to determine whether the test has
criterion-related validity
chuck is walking down the street and someone asks him to sign a petition to put clean-air legislation on the nest ballot. he decides to sign the petition. then the person asks whether he would like to give a donation to the associated environmental group. this technique is known as
foot in the door
Which of the following did Erik Erikson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work?
identity versus role confusion
when watching the olympics, most people cheer for athletes from their own country. Often, fans believe that athletes from other countries cheat but athletes from their own country would never cheat. This is an example of what psychological concept?
in group bias
what field of psychology is most appropriate to analyze the efficiency of businesses in their hiring, basic training, and management leadership skills training?
industrial/organizational
according to benjamin whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, what is the relation between language and culture?
language shapes a cultures concepts and thought processes
thea is in a clothing store with her mother. a man walks by and passes behind a clothing rack. thea looks for him on the other side of the rack. her behavior shows she has developed
object permanence
which of the following is used to reduce the effects of confounding variables in experiments
random assignment
During a therapy session, a client acts very angry toward the therapist, just as she acts toward her mother. a psychoanalytically oriented therapist would say the client's behavior is an example
reaction formation
An individual's recall tends to be better for information that is personally relevant primarily due to which of the following phenomena?
self-reference effect
marissa is a good racquetball player whose performance seems to improve as the crowd watching her gets larger. Her change in performance is an example of
social facilitation
dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process dylan experienced is an example of
social learning
