ap psych first semester final

In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean?

It contains the middle 68% of the distribution.

Jim decides to seek treatment for his alcoholism that involves taking a medication that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. What type of treatment has Jim chosen?

Gestalt

An individual who stomps angrily out of a restaurant after being kept waiting five extra minutes for a reserved table may be exhibiting symptoms of

Narcissistic personality disorder

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by

Negative reinforcement

Julio has fragmented thinking and distorted false beliefs. Which of the following psychological disorders is Julio most likely experiencing?

Schizophrenia

Which of the following is an explanation of why travelers suffer from jet lag?

There is a disruption in their circadian rhythm.

An instructor conducted an experiment to determine the effects of two different methods of study on the amount students learned in introductory physics. The results showed that the average amount learned by the group using one method was greater than the average amount learned by the group using the other. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion to be drawn?

There is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance.

On a test, the mean score for a class of 100 students is 80 and the standard deviation of the scores is 10. The professor who gave the test then realizes that she made a scoring error, which she corrects by adding 5 points to each student's score. The standard deviation of the students' new scores is

10

Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur?

A behavioral consequence

A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become

A conditioned stimulus

All summer Thomas hears the sound of the ice-cream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?

A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar

The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples?

A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances.

Which of the following is an example of an individual who demonstrates an internal locus of control?

A student decides to run for student government because he feels he can make some positive changes in the school.

Researchers looking to create a drug to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease would most likely focus their efforts on which of the following neurotransmitters?

Acetylcholine

One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely

An inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment

When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is

An opiate

Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells?

Bipolar and ganglion

Lithium carbonate is used to treat

Bipolar disorder

Fluoxetine (Prozac®) has been shown to reduce depression primarily by

Blocking re-uptake and increasing the level of serotonin in the synapses

Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely to choose which research method to study it?

Case Study

Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?

Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival.

Which of the following psychoactive drugs increases nervous system activity?

Cocaine

In treating a patient for depression, Dr. Pratt focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets events. Which type of therapy is Dr. Pratt using?

Cognitive

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of

Conscious experience

A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following?

Frequent eating and obesity

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates

Displacement

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia?

Dopamine

In a research study, informed consent is a concern of

Ethics

Whenever Sarah's mother answered the phone, Sarah would yell for her mother's attention and her mother would end the phone conversation. Then Sarah's mother began ignoring Sarah's yelling and eventually Sarah stopped behaving that way. The change in Sarah's behavior is an example of

Extinction

What theories most accurately explains pitch perception?

Frequency and place

When people consume large amounts of alcohol, they are often unable to recall what they did and said while they were drinking. This occurs because alcohol interferes with the brain's ability to form new memories in the

Hippocampus

Self-help and support groups are an outgrowth of which therapeutic perspective?

Humanistic

John regularly stops at the pharmacy to collect pamphlets that list symptoms of different illnesses, because he is worried about his health. Each day he carefully monitors his vital signs, and he also frequently meets with a physician. On his most recent visit, the physician suggested that John was perfectly healthy. With which of the following psychological disorders might John be diagnosed?

Hypochondriasis

Which of the following statements concerning sleep is valid?

Individuals do not typically act out their dreams.

What is a statistical approach concerned with forming conclusions about the effect of the independent variable on variations in the dependent variable?

Inferential

The nature-nurture issue is best exemplified by which of the following questions?

Is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is it a result of biological maturation?

In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep?

It is correlated with dreaming.

In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called

Latent learning

Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her?

Linear perspective

Research on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has shown that it is most effective for treating which of the following disorders?

Major Depressive

A therapist using systematic desensitization to help a client overcome a fear of big dogs would probably begin treatment by asking the client to

Master a set of relaxation techniques

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells

Mirror neurons

Metabolic activity in different areas of the brain can best be visualized by means of

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Post conventional

Which of the following is required for a psychological experiment?

Precise operational definitions

The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a

Scatterplot

Which of the following is used to reduce the effects of confounding variables in experiments?

Random assignment

A psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates which of the following test properties?

Reliability

In order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be

Representation of the population

In developmental psychology, one advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional research

Requires comparatively little time

Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?

Reticular formation

In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell. In the second phase, the researcher pairs a flashing light with the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will

Salivate when the light is flashed

Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following?

Sensory adaptation

A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze?

Shaping

Which of the following is true of a child with high self-efficacy regarding her ability to play soccer?

She feels confident that she can play well enough to score a goal.

Which of the following types of disorders is characterized by complaints of bodily symptoms that do not have a detectable medical cause but rather are caused by psychological factors?

Somatoform

Systematic desensitization is most likely to be used in the treatment of which of the following?

Specific phobia disorder

A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating

Stimulus generalization

What is the correct chronological order of the perspectives of psychology from past to present?

Structuralism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the

Superego

In Freudian theory, which of the following components of personality most resembles a conscience or censor?

Superego

Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design?

Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year

A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that

The brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

Which of the following characteristics is generally associated with the use of hallucinogens?

The experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input

Which of the following is true of a neuron in the resting state?

The inside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outside.

Negative afterimages are explained by

The opponent-process theory

During a therapy session, a client acts very angry toward the therapist, just as she acts toward her mother. A psychoanalytically oriented therapist would say the client's behavior is an example of

Transference

Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction?

Variable Ratio

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?

Wernicke's area