AP PSYCH MIDTERM (units 0-2)
which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables - -0.05 - +1.3 - +0.75 - -0.85
-0.85 bc it is a scale from -1 to 1 and the further from zero the stronger the relationship
what is the appropriate amount of REM cycles per night for a person that is healthy
4-5
in a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean
68%
Which inhibitory neurotransmitter helps balance anxiety and apathy while preparing for sleep
GABA
While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being "c"?
It is unaffected by previous answers. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer
Hallucinations occur in what stage of sleep
Stage 1
At what stage are you the deepest asleep, and not disturbed by most lights and sounds
Stage 3
A researcher wants to determine which studying technique would be more effective: massed practice or distribted practice. The researcher randomly assigns 30 students to two groups and gives them a list of vocabulary words to remember. One of the groups uses a massed practice technique. The other uses a distributed practice technique. the researcher gives students a quiz four days later to see how well they remembered their list of words. He compared the scores for both groups. What is the dependent variable in this study?
The vocabulary quiz scores
Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What type of research study did Dr. Schmidt conduct?
an experiment
which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey? - are violent criminals genetically differs from nonviolent criminals? - does an extra two hours of sleep improve memory? - are people more likely to vote republican or democrat in the next election? - what role does exercise play in weight loss
are people more likely to vote republican or democrat in the next election?
a brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the
area of the hypothalamus
all of these are neurotransmitters except - dopamine - caffeine - ACh - glutamate
caffeine
An individual with an exceptional memory is identified. For any given date, she is capable of recalling major events, the weather, and what she did that day, What research method is being used if a psychologist conducts an in-depth investigation of this individual using questionnaires, brain scans, and memory tests?
case study
difficulty in riding a bike smoothly would most likely result form damage to the
cerebellum
difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely be from damage to which of the following?
cerebellum
____________ is the perception of remote events, similar to the urge you get to call someone and they tell you they were feeling the same thing
clairvoyance
Nerve deafness cannot be reversed. For now, the only way to restore hearing is a sort of bionic ear—a _____ implant Some 50,000 people, including some 30,000 children, receive these electronic devices each year. The implants translate sounds into electrical signals that, wired into the cochlea's nerves, convey information about sound to the brain.
cochlear
a hearing aid generally helps with _______
conduction
we are able to perceive color and fine detail when a visual stimulates __________
cones
if you scratch your eye, which structure are you most likely to damage
cornea
the nerve fibers that enable communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres and that have been severed in split brain patients form a structure called the
corpus callosum
. Researchers repeatedly presented a picture of a goat along with other animals and asked participants to rank how closely the picture of the goat matched their prototype of a "mammal". Participants used a scale of 1-5, which 1 meaning "not at all like my prototype of a mammal" to 5 meaning "exactly like my prototype of a mammal". The graph depicts the rankings of each participant based on the number of exposures. What type of research has been conducted?
correlational study
which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research?
debriefing
which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse
dendrite-axon-terminal branch- synapse
the part of the neuron that specializes in receiving messages from other neurons is the ______
dendrites
all of these are considered executive functions of the frontal lobe except - judgement - depth perception - planning/problem solving - erasing
depth perception
In a drug study, neither the participants nor the person distributing the pills knows who is receiving the new drug and who is receiving the placebo. This type of research design is said to be a(n) _____ study
double-blind
when you listen to music, the sound waves cause your ______ to vibrate first
eardrum
which system is known as the 'slow' chemical communication system, with hormones being examples of such communication
endocrine
Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters link to pain control are called ______
endorphines
The purpose of random assignment is to
ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research
In a research study on the multi-store method of memory, one group of randomly assigned high school students were given 5 minutes to rehearse details about a stimulus after being exposed to it for 15 seconds. A second group were not given time to rehearse the details of the stimulus. Which of the following research designs best represents this study?
experiment
which method should a psychology researcher use if she is interested in testing where a specific reward in a classroom situation causes students to behave better?
experiment
a person with a severe head injury subsequently acts irresponsibly, does not seem to be able to plan effectively, and is easy to anger. Which of the following brain areas is most likely injured
frontal lobe
though there is no single "control center" for emotions, their relegation is primarily attributed to the brain region known as the ______
limbic system
Which measure of central tendency is most influenced by outliers (data that is extremely different from other data in the set)
mean
which of these terms is used to describe uncontrollable sleep attacks?
narcolepsy
A small sample of living neural tissue is being studied under a powerful microscope. The researcher notices that some of the neural cells have connections to capillaries and seem to nourish and support the other neural cells. What type of research is being conducted
naturalistic observation
a researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year-olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting?
naturalistic observation
cells specialized to carry and process information are called
neurons
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all
neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
the visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobe
Bipolar cells activate neighboring ganglion cells, whose axons twine together like the strands of a rope to form the _________
optic nerve
the hammer, anvil, and stirrup transmit sound waves from the _____ to the ________
outer ear; cochlea
The tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions is called
overconfidence
Darrin is watching a horror movie. When the evil main character makes a surprise appearance, Darrin jumps out of his seat, his heart rate accelerates, and he screams. Which of the following pathways most directly contributes to his ability to calm down after this startle response?
parasympathetic nervous system
which of the following describes the placebo effect - participants in a drug study are given an inert pill instead of the drug and behave as though they were given the drug - only females chose for a study, even though the population included males - participants in an experiment do not know if they are in the experimental or control group - experimenters manipulate one variable in a study, but not any others
participants in a drug study are given an inert pill instead of the drug and behave as though they were given the drug
which of the following is an example of negative correlation? - as hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test - people who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less - students' shoe sizes are not related to their grades - students with lower IQ scores tend to have lower grades
people who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less
the successful functioning of humans who have experience a hemispherectomy best illustrates the value of our brain's _______
plasticity
what is the only skin sensation to have identifiable receptors
pressure
What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?
provide participants with enough information about a study to enable a rational decision about whether to participate
which of the following is not a side effect/symptom of sleep deprivation - failed immune system -increase risk of accidents - reconciling memory - concentration difficulty
reconciling memory
The trichromatic theory for visual processing says that these color receptors exist
red, blue, green
which of the following changes would you expect to occur in someone whose frontal lobes were damaged in an accident
reduced reasoning and planning abilities and changes in personality
the ______ is the time in which the neuron needs to rest before being fired again
refractory period
which of the following represents naturalistic observation? - researchers bring participants into a laboratory to see how they respond to a puzzle with no solution - researchers go to the mall and distribute surveys about the stores in the mall - researchers observe students' eating patterns in the cafeteria - a principal looks at the relationship between the number of student absences and their grades
researchers observe students eating patterns in the cafeteria
Rudy has chronic trouble staying awake in class. What part of the brain is most likely responsible for Rudy's drowsiness
reticular formation
significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken
reticular formation
_________ is when the terminal buttons of the sending neuron reabsorb leftover neurotransmitters after they are finished transmitting their message
reuptake
In an experiment to test the effects of room temperature on test performance the independent variable is
room temperature
Tasting a carrot is __________; remembering how you hate the tase of carrots is __________
sensation, perception
which of the following neurotransmitters has been most associated with major depressive disorder
serotonin
During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from
sleep apnea
which of the following is not one of the five tase qualities - savory - sweet - sour - spicy
spicy
the microscopic space between two neurons is called a
synapse
the auditory cortex is found in what lobe
temporal
Dr. Cruickshank conducted a study to examine whether cerebral cortex activity in the brain would be higher during memory retrieval for a test or during the initial learning process. She conducted brain scans on 10 volunteers while they were learning a new set of vocabulary words and while they were given a test on the same vocabulary words. In which lobes of the brain should Dr. Cruickshank expect to see activity when subjects process the sounds of the vocabulary words?
temporal lobes
Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. What is the dependent variable?
the color presented in the MRI images
researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a persons ability to remember the names of US presidents. 30 males and 30 females were used in this experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third group (group c) were given mint-flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than group B, but about the same as Group C. What is the independent variable in this study
the food treatment
researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a persons ability to remember the names of US presidents. 30 males and 30 females were used in this experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third group (group c) were given mint-flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than group B, but about the same as Group C. What is the dependent variable?
the list of presidents
A researcher is studying the accuracy of people's memories when they use mnemonic devices. After studying the first 10 people, the data showed that memories using mnemonic devices were more accurate than the average's person's memories. Which of the following explains why the researcher should not draw any conclusions about the accuracy of memories using mnemonic devices yet?
the researcher should expect that the more data she collects, the more likely the results will regress to the mean
Dr. Ravi wants to conduct a study to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on problem-solving abilities. Her procedure involves randomly assigning participants to groups and depriving one group of sleep for a period of seven consecutive days. She then had each of them take a test that measures their ability to solve various problems. Which of the following is most problematic about Dr. Ravi's research design?
the study raises ethical concern because the amount of sleep deprivation could be harmful to participants in the study.
Dr. Fredericks is interested in studying how quickly people forget what they learn in class. He teaches a class on biological psychology on a Monday. On Tuesday, he gives the class a quiz asking the students about details from the previous class. Which of the following procedures should Dr. Fredericks have followed to avoid the confounding variable of experimenter bias?
Double blind
which of the following statements best describes the placebo effect
Dr Kennedy observed that if people expected a treatment to work, it would, even if the patient received a fake treatment
the most testable and, for this discussion, most relevant ______ claims are telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
ESP (extrasensory perception)
Annette begins staring at the red, white, and blue colors of the flag hanging at the front of her classroom, When she shifts her gaze to the white wall, she perceives a green, black, and yellow afterimage of this flag. Which of the following theories best explains Annette's experience?
Opponent-process
you primarily dream during which stage of sleep
REM
In an experiment evaluating encoding strategies, a researcher taught participants 15 new psychological concepts. One group took notes to help learn the concepts while the other group was asked to create a mnemonic device for each concept. In this experiment, what is the independent variable?
The method used to learn the concept
A group of researchers are investigating how different studying strategies impact how much participants remember on a test. They recruit 50 participants and have half of the participants study by just reading a passage over and over for 10 minutes. The other half of the participants spend five minutes reading the passage one time and then answering a series of multiple-choice questions on the material for another five minutes. Finally, the participants write down as many facts from the reading passage as they can in three minutes. Which of the following is the dependent variable of the study?
The number of facts the participants remember during the test phase
activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?
a decrease in heart rate
a(n) _______ refers to the smallest chance in physical energy between two stimuli that is recognized as different
a difference threshold
researchers looking to create a drug to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease would most likely focus their efforts on which of the following neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine
the "all or nothing response" refers to the fact that
action potentials in a neuron occur completely or not at all
A(n) _________ is a substance that attaches to the receptors for certain neurotransmitters and keeps them from having an effect
agonist
Dr. Adeyemi obtains IRB approval for a study examining the effects of growth mindset versus fixed mindset on people's motivation for learning new information. They recruit 80 participants and receive informed consent from them. Participants then complete a questionnaire about learning strategies. Next, the participants are told that, based on their results, they are either able to readily learn new information or that they will struggle to learn new information. In reality, this questionnaire is meaningless, and participants are randomly told fake results. After hearing their results, the participants are then tested on their ability to learn complex new information. In terms of ethical procedures, after the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Adeyemi to do which of the following?
fully debrief the participants on the deception involved in the study
researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a persons ability to remember the names of US presidents. 30 males and 30 females were used in this experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third group (group c) were given mint-flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than group B, but about the same as Group C. Which groups are the experimental groups of this study (not the control)?
groups A and C
after the student council election, a friend tells you he could have guessed who would be elected president. What psychological phenomenon might this illustrate?
hindsight bias
which limbic system part of the brain is responsible for helping store long term memory
hippocampus
The motor cortex controls voluntary movements of the body in which each movement requires a particular amount of size and space in the brain. If each motor movement percentage and the body part responsible for doing matched in size, the resulting picture is known as _____.
homunculus
a testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n)
hypothesis
A study was conducted with fifty-five preteens (ages 9-12) who were not getting the recommended amount of sleep for their age. All preteens agreed to participate in the study. The participants were told they did not have to complete the study and could leave the study at any time. During the study, participants were randomly placed into either a group that gradually moved bedtimes earlier by five minutes each night or a control group that slept on their normal sleep cycle. The study's purpose was disclosed to participants once the study was over. Which of the following ethical considerations was most problematic for this study?
informed consent was not given for the preteens to participate in the study
which part of the eye contributes the color
iris
Like all your other voluntary movements, taking a step is possible because of your sense of _____, which keeps you aware of your body parts' position and movement. You came equipped with millions of position and motion sensors in muscles, tendons, and joints all over your body. These sensors provide constant feedback to your brain. Twist your wrist one degree and your brain receives an immediate update
kinesthesia
Fred is a basketball player, his ______ will provide him with information regarding his body position, what he can do on the court, and where is is on the court
kinesthetic sense
- the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body - the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body this is known as brain ________
lateralization
A journalism student is writing an article about her school's new cell-phone policy, and sh'd like to interview a random sample of students. Which of the following is the best example of a random sample? - The writer arrives at school early and interviews the first five students who come through the main entrance - the writer asks her teacher if she can distribute a brief survey to the students in her AP psych class - The writer asks the principal for the names of 10 students who have had their cell phones confiscated for a day violating the policy - the writer pulls the names of five students from a hat that contains all the students' names. She interviews the five selected students
the writer pulls the names of five students from a hat that contains all students' names. she interviews the five selected students
our "sense of ______" is actually a mix of these four basic and distinct skin senses and our other skin sensations are variations pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
touch
the process of ________ is responsible for the conversion of physical energy to neural impulses
transduction
By measuring the response of various cones to different color stimuli, they confirmed that the retina does indeed have three types of color receptors, each especially sensitive to the wavelengths of red, green, or blue. When light stimulates combinations of these cones, we see other colors. For example, the retina has no separate receptors especially sensitive to yellow. But when red and green wavelengths stimulate both red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones, we see yellow. What is being discussed here?
trichromatic theory
damage to ______ will usually cause a person to lose the ability to comprehend language
wernicke's area
