AP Psych Semester 1 Final Exam
in a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000 and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. the mode of this group's distribution of annual income is
$10,000
psychologist michael gazzaniga asked split brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed each HE*ART on the screen HE appeared in the visual left field, ART in the right. when asked to point to the word with their left hand patients pointed to
HE
a correlation coefficient is a measure of the
direction and strength of the relationship between two variables
both researches and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. this investigation involves the use of
double blind procedure
when looking at a flying bird, we are consciously aware of our cognitive processing ("it's a bird") but not of our subconscious processing of the bird's form, color, distance and movement. this illustrates what psychologist call
dual processing
mr. bown uses her knowledge of a person's cognitive processes to design computer programs that are easier to use. mr. bown is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.
educational
who used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of min
edward titchener
sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?
eeg
the method of introspection was used by titchener to identify
elements of sensory experiences
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments is known as
embodied cognition
when looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells in the visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock. this is most indicative of
feature detection
a hypothesis is
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
although manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. apparently, manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.
absolute threshold
transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as
acetylcholine
what is the theory that suggests dreams are mental responses to bursts of stimulation
activation synthesis
functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
although repeated use of amphetamines has caused aaron legal problems, which threaten his job, he continues to use the drugs. aaron most clearly shows signs of
addiction
compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of
addiction
as a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, tim will likely experience
an increase in rem sleep
paula expects that diligent study will enable her to earn good grades on her tests. paula's belief best illustrates
an internal locus of control
agonist
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
reticular formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
which best defines illusory correlation
a perceived but non existent correlation
functionalism
a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish (william james)
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
the cochlea is a
fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from
glial cells
the mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by
hair cells
associating a CS with a new neutral stimulus can create a second weaker CS
higher order conditioning
alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. both women would consider the findings to be common sense. this best illustrates the power of
hindsight bias
what is the study of epigenetics
how environment triggers genetic expression
intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to
hue
censored meaning of dream
latent content
if rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. their good performance demonstrates
latent learning
john b. watson emphasized that
learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes
In 1861, paul broca studied a stroke patient he was called "Tan". he was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. based on broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production?
left frontal lobe
speech production
left frontal lobe (broca's area)
mrs brown studies computer programs for human efficiency
human factors
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to broca's area or to wernicke's area
which of the following is true of alcohol
in large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant.
most likely to form a normal curve
income
optical illusions are caused from
increase brainwaves and blood flow to the right hemisphere
layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. layla is most likely suffering from
insomnia
what are located within the brain and spinal cord
interneurons
contemporary psychologists most likely reject
introspection
monitor and report their own sensory reaction
introspection
the amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the
iris
the sq3r method is effective because
it utilizes active processing of text information
research associated with classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
who introduced classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
which is an unconditioned response
jerking your hand off of a hot stove
which of the following psychologists rejected introspection?
john b watson
the ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by
john locke and francis bacon
with her eyes closed, sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of
kinesthesis
jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. this illustrates what is known as
lightness constancy
which of the following is a psychedelic drug
lsd
eeg
mapping areas such as movement and speech
regular users of ____ may achieve a high with a smaller amount of the drug than occasional users
marijuana
the biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
may be unrepresentative of what is generally true
your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the
medulla
which of the following circumstances is most likely to contribute to conduction hearing loss?
misuse of q-tips in cleaning your ears
aristotle
modern empiricism
knowing about the effects of the perceived distance of objects on their perceived size helps us to understand the
moon illusion
the best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions
mri
which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver
narcolepsy
the reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as
natural selection
which of the following is a widely consumed psychoactive substance
caffeine
In 1848, phineas gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. this instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. researchers have continued to study gage's brain to better understand this link. which research method is being used?
case study
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
little brain
cerebellum
thin semi layer layer of interconnected neural cells
cerebral cortex
where are the association areas located?
cerebral cortex
organisms learn associations between events it does not control by
classical conditioning
pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
classical conditioning
for no apparent reason, adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for adam to contact a(n) ________ psychologist.
clinical
a concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective.
cognitive
dr. karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. dr. karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.
cognitive
studies of latent learning highlight the importance of
cognitive processes
the predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. this highlights the importance of ______in conditioning
cognitive processes
a dog's salivation at the sight of a food
conditioned response
if the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is
conditioned response
in pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a
conditioned response
if a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n)
conditioned stimulus
in an experiment to study a new drug, participants who got a placebo are participating in the _____ condition
control
to examine assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions is to engage in
critical thinking
dr. santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that dr. santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.
developmental
closing your bedroom door so that you won't hear the TV that is interfering with your studying is an example of
negative reinforcement
receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ____ is to ____- positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant
nicotine
about 3 hours after he falls asleep, bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. his mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. his pulse races and he gasps for breath. the next morning, he remembers nothing. it appears that bobby suffers from
night terrors
which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home?
olfactory receptors
in which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by consequences
operant conditioning
laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious when she sucks her thumb
operant conditioning
laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. this best illustrates the process of
operant conditioning
learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to
operant conditioning
learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of
operant conditioning
a specification of how researcher measures research variables
operational definition
morphine and heroin are
opiates
experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by
opponent processing theory
as the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. this process best illustrates
perception
higher level cells process
perception
although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. this best illustrates the value of
perceptual adaptation
in 1972, a british newspaper published a picture of the loch ness monster. many people perceived the photograph as floating tree trunks partly submerged in water. this illustrates the powerful influence of
perceptual set
obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders?
sleep apnea
pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because
so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned
dr. mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. which specialty area does his research best represent?
social psychology
which perspective would focus on the extent to which different style of parenting are encouraged among various ethnic communities?
social-cultural
why do people who have lost all hearing in one ear have difficulty locating sounds?
sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely than the other
the reappearance, after an amount of time, of an extinguished CR
spontaneous recovery
which is an unconditioned response
sweating in hot weather
an accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
the spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called
synapse
experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will
talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in a way consistent with what the model does
medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
if an image falls on the eye's blind spot, you do not detect it. which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
the image is not perceived because without receptor cells, transduction cannot occur
which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by plato and socrates
the mind is separate from the body and continues after death
reuptake
the reabsorption of neurotransmitters
spontaneous recovery refers to the
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
the semicircular canals are most directly relevant to
the vestibular sense
professor shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. his idea is best described as a(n)
theory
after suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in
threatening dreams
the need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of
tolerance
the effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of
top-down processing
the local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. the process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of
transduction
within a single neuron the action potential
travels in one direction toward the axon terminals
in pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by food is an
unconditioned response
in pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)
unconditioned response
in aldous huxley's brave new world, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)
unconditioned stimulus
titchener
used introspection
the slow and steady rate of operant responding is associated with
variable interval
purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.
variable ratio
the surgical removal of a large tumor from dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. dane is most likely to suffer from loss of
visual perception
giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as jim's. if it takes 5 extra marbles to make jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make giulio's bag feel heavier. this best illustrates
weber's law
The first psychological laboratory was established by
wilhelm wundt
who most likely would have agreed with charles darwin
william james
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use of certain drugs is called
withdrawl
surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." these somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of
wording effect
evidence shows that some cones are especially sensitive to red lights, others to green lights, and others to blue lights. this is most supportive of the
young-hemholtz theory
shortly before the democratic revolution in the former east germany, researchers found differences in the body language of working-class men in east and west berlin. this best illustrates the impact of
personal control
the sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion. This best illustrates
phi phenomenon
unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of
physical dependence
deep sleep appears to play an important role in
physical growth
after a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ________ theory.
place
in a study about alcohol consumption, some people drank a non alcoholic drink that smelled and tasted like alcohol. what was this drink
placebo
resting potential is to action potential as
polarization is to depolarization
in order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at arizona state university, professor marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at arizona state university are considered to be a(n)
population
andre claims that he can make a broken watch begin to run again simply by entering a state of intense mental concentration. andre is claiming to possess the power of
psychokinesis
which technique clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to our own age personality in research participants
random assignment
which method is affected by extreme scores
range
the function of dendrites is to
receive incoming signals from other neurons
after drinking 3 cans of beers, akiva felt less guilty about the way he treated his wife and children. akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has
reduced his self-awareness
biopsychological perspective
relative impact of nature and nurture on psychological traits
which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?
repitition
after listening to high volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loud it is. this is an example of
sensory adaptation
for you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.
sensory neurons
plato and socrates believed the mind is
separate from the body and continues on after death
although textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. this illustrates the importance of
shape constancy
which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?
signal detection theory
who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts?
gestalt psychologists
FRQ 8
-*Classical conditioning* classical conditioning is the learning principle that involves the association of two stimuli. karl and elsa could use this principle by associating friday as the day their kids clean up their rooms. the parents could say that if the kids wanted to go out on a friday they first had to clean up their rooms and they could also receive money for their deeds, then they can go out. as the weeks go by, the parents could slowly eliminate the money she receives, but the kids would be conditioned to know that every friday they could go out if they cleaned up their rooms. the parents are using a positive stimulus to encourage the behavior that they want. the parents could also use a negative stimulus for their desired result but it wouldn't work as well as a positive. -*Generalization*- refers to a process within operant and classical conditioning where a CR starts occurring in response to the presentation of another, similar stimuli, not just the CS. the children must distinguish between cleaning the whole house or just part of the house to their room. since the kids must be conditioned to get to the point of generalization, this could work. -*Positive Reinforcement*- PR involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that an action will occur again in the future. Karl and Elsa could use this because when they clean their rooms, they each get a prize from the prize box. This way they learn that when they clean their room, they are rewarded so they are more likely to clean their rooms again in the future. -*Positive Punishment*- a concept in operant conditioning that is used to decrease the behavior it follows. when karl and elsa's children do not clean their room at least once a week, they receive a spanking. -*Shaping*- shaping involves the successive approximations of the target behavior. when they see their kids put their dish away after using it, they give them extra play time. when they put their toys back in the bin after playing with them, they are rewarded with extra tv time. when they see them make their bed, they get to stay up longer and so on and so on until they clean their rooms once a week. -*Observational learning*-learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. karl and elsa could clean their rooms when their children are watching so they start to do it as well.
FRQ 1
-*Introspection*- the examination of ones own mental and emotional processes. it supports dave's claim because it focuses on the relationship between our behaviors and our inner experiences, or that it contradicts Dave's claim because it focuses on something other than the brain's "control" of our behavior -*Psychodynamic theory*: psychodynamic theory is an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. it refutes dave's claim that all psychological theories are the same, because psychoanalytic theory is unique in the way it explains and deals with unconscious aspects of the mind. -*Behaviorism*: behaviorism is the view that psychology should be an objective science without reference to mental processes. it refutes the claim that our thoughts control our behaviors by noting that behaviorists contend that past learning, not cognition, explains and predicts behavior. -*Humanistic psychology*: view that studies the whole person. humanists view the relationship between our motivations and behaviors. humanistic psychologists believe that humans strive to overcome obstacles in their path and that negative behaviors will improve given proper environmental conditions and the supportive reactions of those around them. -*Cognitive revolution*: an era that began to study the mind and its processes. cognitive psychologists agree that our brain is a primary influence on behavior or emphasizing how the cognitive revolution was a change in the history of psychology, refuting Dave's claim -*Cognitive dissonance*: the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes relating to behavioral decisions. this concept contradicts Dave's claim that all psychological theories involve ways that thinking guides behavior, since these research findings establish that our behaviors can influence the way we think. -*Conformity*: conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms. its findings contradict Dave's claim, since many social psychologists predict our behaviors can be changed through social factors regardless of our cognitive attitudes -*Social-cultural perspective*: Social-cultural researchers focus on the powerful ways in which culture influences and predicts our behaviors, including the study of how psychological principles either affect all humans universally regardless of culture or how the principles affect people differently in different cultures. This research focus does not involve how the brain influences behavior
which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between 2 variables?
-0.67
psychologist michael gazzaniga asked split brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed each HE*ART on the screen HE appeared in the visual left field, ART in the right. when asked, patients said they saw
ART
extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.
CS;US
in classical conditioning, the ___ signals the impending occurrence of the___
CS;US
brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience
REM sleep
janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires
a biopsychosocial approach
which demonstrates higher-order conditioning
a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear of dogs barking
myelin sheath
a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses
amygdala
a limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
antagonist
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response
which philosopher was first to conclude that knowledge results from our memories of our experiences
aristotle
which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?
aristotle
both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are forms of
associative learning
survey revealed that kids with high self esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas lower self esteemed children perceived God as angry. researchers concluded that kid's self esteem influenced their image of God. this best illustrates the danger of...
assuming that correlation proves causation
an integrated understanding of perception in terms of our sensory capacities, cultural contexts, and gestalt principles is most clearly provided by
biopsychosocial approach
contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes
akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.
behavioral
If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that
better reading ability= greater physical weight
dr. tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving and abstract-reasoning skills. which psychological specialty does her research best represent?
biological psychology
mr. kim's experience of chronic back pain is influenced by his cultural background, his attentional processes, and nerve damage caused by an automobile accident. an integrated understanding of mr. kim's suffering is most clearly provided by
biopsychosocial approach
in response to a harmful stimulus, ________ initiate neural impulses leading to the sensation of pain
bipolar cells
john locke believed in
blank slate
which of these is true of positive and negative reinforcement
both positive and negative reinforcement increases the rate of operant conditioning
in transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron.
dendrites to the cell body of an axon
the statement that best exemplifies the psychological understanding of the nature nurture issue is
depression is a disorder of the brain and mind
basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence describes which of the following?
empirical approach
research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. this research involved a technique known as
empiricism
after a car swerved in front of you on the highway, you notice your heart is still racing even though you know you are no longer in danger. why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed?
endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages
jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. his lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of
endorphins
opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as
endorphins
when given a placebo that is said to relieve pain, we are likely to be soothed by the brain's release of
endorphins
neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce
epileptic seizures
your friend is taking her first psychology class she comes to you saying "I don't understand why we are studying the brain I thought this was psychology class." because of your background in psychology your best response should be
everything psychological is biological
mark believes that people's dislike of bitter-tasting foods has promoted human survival. his belief best illustrates the ________ perspective
evolutionary
the most crucial ingredient in all learning is
experience
the most foolproof way of testing true effectiveness of newly introduced method of psychological therapy is by means of
experimental research
In 1848, phineas gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. the once friendly soft-spoken gauge became irritable and dishonest gauges case provided evidence that which region of the brain please roll and personality and behavior?
frontal lobe
which theory suggests that large-fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals from reaching the brain?
gate-control theory
after learning to fear a white rat, albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit
generalization
after receiving a painful shot given by a woman in white, the child fears all women in white
generalization
the complete set of genetic information an organism carries in its DNA is its
genome
because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. felicia's belief best illustrates
illusory correlation
who emphasized that perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experience?
immanuel kant
despite the painful hangovers that follow the use of alcohol, boris continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. his continued drinking most clearly illustrates power of
immediate reinforcement
most animals are best conditioned through reinforcers delivered immediately after the desired behavior is performed. this is called
immediate reinforcement
consciousness is
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
thinking that she out performed most of her classmates, glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her test. this best illustrates
overconfidence
migranes come from
oversupply of glutamate
the ability to simultaneously process the pitch, loudness, melody, and meaning of a song best illustrates
parallel processing
the study of phenomena such as clairvoyance and telepathy is called
parapsychology
rest and digest
parasympathetic nervous system
innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs
primary reinforcer
chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
psychoactive
which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states
psychodynamic
which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?
retinal disparity
ohio state university pedestrians were more likely to cross streets unsafely if talking on the phone. this best illustrates
selective attention