AP Psych - Unit 12 & 13: Abnormal Psychology & Treatments

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

A psychotherapy in which the patient recalls a traumatic event while undergoing bilateral stimulation, such as moving their eyes from side to side or listening to tones delivered to one ear and then the other, in order to reduce anxiety; when eye movements are triggered by waving something rapidly infront of the eyes during a traumatic or anxious thought or memory to reduce anxiety

Rational-emotive therapy

A psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives

light exposure therapy

A therapy to help overcome the effects of seasonal affective disorder, in which the patient is exposed to bright lights at certain times of the day during the winter months; exposed to intense light to tweak the circadian clock; seasonal affective disorder: affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and remit in the spring

deep brain stimulation

A treatment approach that involves a thin electrode being surgically implanted in the brain and connected to an implanted pulse generator so that various electrical currents can be delivered to brain tissue adjacent to the electrode; focuses on a cortex area that bridges the thinking frontal lobes to the limbic system- overactive in the brain of a depressed or temporarily sad person.

Atypical antipsychotics

Antipsychotics that are used on patients that don't respond well to conventional antipsychotic drugs - remove negative (absent behavior) symptoms; claim to not have the usual side effects but may increase risk of obesity and diabetes; Also known as second-generation antipsychotics; patients with negative symptoms of schizo: apathy and withdrawal; Clozapine: Antipsychotic Drug, targets both dopamine and serotonin receptors. Helps alleviate negative symptoms, sometimes enabling "awakenings" in these people. Also, may help those who have positive symptoms but have not responded to another drug; blocks serotonin and dopamine activity; another drug stimulates receptors for the amino acid- glutamate. It may reduce schizo Symp. with fewer side effects.

biopyscho schizophrenia

Bio: 2/3 of identical twins share a placenta and blood it supplies; other 1/3 have two single placentas. If one has schizo, the twins chances of getting it also are 6 in 10 if they share placenta, they experience the same prenatal viruses. Some genes influence the effect of dopamine and other neurotransmitter. Others affect the production of myelin. Prenatal viral infections, nutritional deprivation, and oxygen deprivation may activate the genes that predispose some to schizo. Psycho, early warning signs of schizo: mother with schizo that was severe and long-lasting; birth complications, often involving oxygen deprivation and low birth weight; separation from parents; short attention span and poor muscle coordination; disruptive or withdrawn behavior; emotional unpredictability; and poor peer relation and solo play.

Therapeutic lifestyle change

Changes to life-style such as aerobic exercise- increases fitness and vitality and stimulates endorphins; adequate sleep- increases energy and alertness and boosts immunity; light exposure- amplifies arousal, influence hormones; social connection- satisfying human need to belong; anti-rumination- identifying and redirecting negative thoughts- enhances positive thinking; and nutritional supplements- for healtier brain functioning; that aim to relieve stress and depression

Beck's therapy

Cognitive therapist Aaron Beck sought to reverse patient's catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, their situations and futures using cognitive therapy; gentle questioning reveals irrational thinking.

Mood stabilizing drugs

Drugs used to treat mood disorders characterized by intense and sustained mood shifts; Lithium: stabilizer for manic depressive swings of bipolar disorder

learning perspective

Fear conditioning, A link between conditioned fear and general anxiety helps explain why anxious people are hyperattentive to possible threats, and how panic-prone people come to associate anxiety with certain cues. Stimulus generalization occurs when a person attacked by a fierce dog later develops a far of all dogs. The second learning process, reinforcement, helps maintain our phobias and compulsions after they arise. Avoiding or escaping the feared situation reduces anxiety, thus reinforcing the phobic behavior. Feeling anxious or fearing a panic attack, a person may go inside and be reinforced by feeling calmer. Similarly, compulsive behaviors operate. If washing your hands relieves feelings of anxiety, you may wash your hands again when that feeling returns. Observational learning, just by observing someone receiving a mild electric shock after a conditioned stimulus produces fear learning similar to that produced by direct experience.

psychotherapy commonalities

Gives hope for demoralized people, gives a new perspective on life, all therapists and clients develop an empathetic, trusting and caring relationship- Therapeutic alliance: the relationship between a healthcare professional and their client; the means by which a therapist and client hope to engage with each other and effect beneficial change in the client

biological perspective

Natural selection: umans seem biologically prepared to fear threats faced by our ancestors. Compulsive acts exaggerate behaviors contributed to our species' survival. Genes: some people more than others seem predisposed to anxiety, a traumatic event paired with a sensitive, high-strung temperament would result in a new phobia. Fearfulness runs in families, vulnerability to anxiety disorders increases in identical twins even raised separately. Genes influence disorder by regulating neurotransmitters, some studies point to an anxiety gene that affects brain levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that influences sleep and mood. Other studies implicate genes that regulate the neurotransmitter glutamate. With too much glutamate, the brain's alarm centers become overactive; The brain: psychological disorders are manifested biologically as an overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors. When the disordered brain detects something is amiss, it generates a mental hiccup of repeating thoughts or actions. Biology underlies anxiety.

psychiatrists

Physicians who specialize in treatment of psychological disorders. Not all have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have own private practice.

psychoanalysis

Sigmond Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transference, and the therapist's interpretations of them, released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight; emphasizes the revealing of unconscious conflicts; presumes that healthier, less anxious living becomes possible when people release the enrgy they had previously devoted to ide-ego-superego conflicts. Focues on achieving insights into the childhood origins of the feelings, uncovering hidden determinants. Expect many problems to subside as people gain insight into their unresolved and unconscious tensions.

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning; pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear.

electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient; makes patients forget what happend before and during the therapy; boosts production of new brain cells, reduces suicidal thoughts;

interpersonal psychotherapy

a brief (12-16 sessions) variation of psychodynamic therapy, has been effective in treating depression; aims to help people gain insight into the roots of their difficulties, but its goal is symptom relief in the here and now, not overall personality change. Rather than focusing mostly on undoing past hurts and offering interpretations, the therapist focuses primarily on current relationships and on helping people improve their relationship skills.

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience; the greater one's emotional distress during a trauma, the higher the risk for post-traumatic symptoms. The more frequent an assault experience, the more adverse the long-term outcomes are. A sensitive limbic system seems to increase vulnerability by flooding the body with stress hormones again and again as images of traumatic erupt into consciousness; genes may also play a role; some combat-exposed men have identical twins who did not experience combat; PTSD may be genetically predisposed. Those who show resilience from suffering, often develop a greater than usual sensitivity to suffering and empathy for others who suffer, an increased sense of responsibility, and an enlarged capacity for caring.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions); persistently interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress; obsessive thoughts become so haunting, the compulsive rituals so senselessly time-consuming, that effective functioning becomes impossible; fMRI scans of those with this disorder reveal elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in the brain's frontal lobe. Anterior cingulate cortex, the brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with this disorder. Fear-learning experiences that traumatize the brain creates fear circuits within the amygdala. Some antidepressants drugs dampen this fear-circuit activity and its associated symptoms.

fugue state

a dissociative disorder involving sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale; condition of having amnesia for your current life and starting a new life somewhere else

client centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth. Also called person-centered therapy; focuses on present and future more than the past. They explore feelings as they occur. Conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. Taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings. Promoting growth instead of curing illness. Those in therapy became clients rather than patients (a change many therapists have since adopted); In this nondirective therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directig the client toward certain insights. Carl Rogers encouraged therapists to exhibit genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. Therapists drop their facades and genuinely express their true feelings, they enable their clients to feel unconditionally accepted, and when they empathetically sense and reflect their clients' feelings, the clients may deepen their self-understanding and self-acceptance. Expect problems to diminish as people get in touch with their feelings. Assumed problem is barriers to self-understanding and acceptence, therapy aims for personal growth thorugh self-insight, method of active listening and unconditional positive regard.

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.); type of mood disorder characterized by mood swings from extreme elation (mania) to severe depression; given in two-thirds cases to boys; during the manic phase, people with bipolar are typically overtalkative, overactive, and elated; have littl need for sleep; amd show fewer sexual inhibitions. Mania's energy and free-flowing thinking fuels creativity. The elated mood either returns to normal or plunges into a depression. Among adults, it afflicts men and women equally.

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure; most common type of depressive disorder, characterized by periods of downcast mood, feeling of worthlessness, and loss in interest in pleasurable activities

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state; periods of mania, or unusually elevated mood and extreme restlessness

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Maybe aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist (formerly called a sociopath or a psychopath); typically a male whose lack of conscience becomes plain before age 15, he begins to lie, steal, fight, or display unrestrained sexual behavior. Show little autonomic nervous system arousal (stress hormones). Reduced activity in the frontal cortex, controls impulses. Deficits in frontal lobe cognitive functions- such as planning, organization, and inhibition, also respond less to facial displays of other's distress; lack of amygdala activation (deformity in the amygdala)

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (chagnign self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior); aims to alter they way people think and act. Makes people aware of their irrational negative thinking, to replace it with new ways of thinking, and to practice the more positive approach in everyday setting.

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies; gives the bottom-line results

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression; severe and chronic psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior; thinking of a person with this disorder is fragmented, bizzare, and often distorted by false beliefs. Disorganized thinking may result from a breakdown in selective attention. Those with this disorder do not have the capacity for giving undivided attention to one set of sensory stimuli while filtering out other (selective attention). Display inappropriate emotions and actions. Some lapse into an emotionless state of flat effect. Motor behaviors become inappropriate. Some perform compulsive and senseless acts, while others display catatonia, motionless for hours and then become agitated. Chronic schizo(slow developing), exhibit persistent and incapacitating negative symptom of withdrawal, recovery is doubtful. Well-adjusted people develop schizo rapidly(called acute/reactive) following life stresses, recovery is more likely. More positive symptoms that can respond to drug therapy

somatoform disorder

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause; one person may have a variety of complaints- vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision, difficulty swallowing. Another may experience severe and prolonged pain; a person's psychological problem manifests (comes out) as a physiological (bodily) symptom

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; caused by a lack of dopamine

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder; each personality consists of its own voice and mannerism; usually violent, but some are dissociate into a good and a bad personality; ways of dealing with anxiety; psychoanalysts view them as defenses against anxiety caused by eruption and unacceotable impulses

conversion disorder

a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found; a somatoform disorder in which a person displays paralysis, inability to swallow, blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause

hypochondriasis

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease; a somatoform disorder involving strong, unjustified fear of physical illness; people with this disorder interpret normal sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking). Goal is substituting a negative(aversive) response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus. Reverse of systematic desensitization. It seeks to condition an aversion to something the person should avoid.

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias; if one repeatedly relaxes when facing anxiety-provoking stimuli, one can eliminate the anxiety gradually. progressive relxation: a technique for reducing anxiety by alternately tensing and relaxing the muscles. Goal is substituting a positive(relaxed) response for a negative(fearful) response to a harmless stimulus.

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses; psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies are often refered to as this. Assumes that many psychological problems diminish as self-awarness growns.

biopsychosocial approach

a view of mental disorders as caused by a combination of interacting biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors; all behavior arises from the interaction of nature and nurture; disorders may share an underlying dynamic while differing in the symptoms manifested in a particular culture.; this approach recognizes that mind and body are inseparable, and physical abnormalities contribute to negative emotions. Psychological disorder - Bio: evolution, individual genes, and brain structure and chemistry; Psycho: stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions, and memories; Social: roles, expectations, and definitions of normality and disorder

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal; 2/3 are women, people with this condition worry continually, and they are often jittery, agitated, and sleep-deprived, difficulty concentrating; tension and apprehension may leak out through furrowed brows, twitching eyelids, trembling, perspiration, or fidgeting; the anxiety is free-floating: cannot be pinned to any specific issue; often accompanied by depressed mood; may lead to physical problems, such as high blood pressure.

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. There are some specifics of this disorder that focuses on animals, insects, heights, blood, or close spaces. People avoid the stimulus that arouses the fear.

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. anxiety suddenly escalates into a terrifying panic attack for 1 in 75; Often followed by worry over a possible next attack; heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, or dizziness typically accompany the panic; smokers have at least a doubled risk of this disorder

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking; wearing a head-mounted display unit that projects a 3D virtual world.

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy; psychotheraphy integration attempts to combine a selection of assorted techniques into a single, coherent system

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort or exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Avoidant personality disorder

anxious-fearful cluster, a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; over sensitivity to criticism

Negative symptoms

behavioral deficits associated with schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy; toneless voices, expressionless faces, mute and rigid bodies; the absence of appropriate symptoms.

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actualitiy) to the things they fear or avoid

evidence based practice

clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

Rosenhan study

demonstrates that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between people who are sane and those who are insane. Psychopathology and Social Psychology; effects of labeling; Rosenhan and colleagues checked selves into mental hospitals with symptoms of hearing voices say "empty, dull and thud." Diagnosed with schizophrenia. After entered, acted normally. Never "cleared" of diagnosis. Roles and labels in treating people differently. Rosenhan believed that there are seven main features of abnormality: Suffering; maladaptiveness; vividness and unconventionality; unpredictability and loss of control; irrationality and incomprehensibility; observer discomfort; and violation of moral and ideal standards; the power of labels- preconception can stigmatize, insanity label, stereotypes of mentally ill, self-fulfilling prophecy

social of depression

depression- whole-body disorder. self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style feed depression's vicious cycle which may arise from learned helplessness. Learned helplessness: view that depression results from the perception of a lack of control over the reinforcements in one's life that may result from exposure to uncontrollable negative events. Depressed minds tend to explain bad events in terms that they're stable, global, and internal. Their self-esteem fluctuates more rapidly up with boosts and down with threats. Explanatory style explain why some people and not others become depressed. Explanatory style: a person's characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life. Vicious cycle of depression: negative, stressful events interpreted though a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style create a hopless, depressed state that hampers the way the person thinks and acts, In turn, fuels negative, stressful experiences such as rejection.

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors; a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings; a person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation; patients with these disorders exhibit heightened activity in the brain areas associated with the control and inhibition of traumatic memories

psychoses

disorders in which hallucinations or delusions indicate some loss of contact with reality; a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

brain abnormalities

dopamine overactivity: schizophrenia patients' brains have excess receptors for dopamine. Such a high level may intensify brain signals in schizo, creating positive symptoms such as paranoia and hallucinations. Drugs that block dopamine receptors often lessen symptoms; drugs that increase dopamine levels, such as amphetamines and cocaine, intensify them. Dopamine blocking drugs have little effect on persistent negative symptoms of withdrawal. Impaired glutamate activity appears to be another source of shizo symp. Drugs that interfere with glutamate receptors produce shizolike negative symp. Chronic schizo patients have abnormally low brain activity in the frontal lobes, which are critical for reasoning, planning, and problem solving. People with schizo display decline in brain waves that reflect synchronized neural firing in frontal lobes. Hallucinating patients' brains became vigorously activated in the thalamus (structure deep that filters incoming sensory signals and transmits to cortex.) Paranoia patients had increased activity in amygdala, a fear processing center. People with schizo have enlarged, fluid-filled areas and corresponding shrinkage of cerebral tissue. Maternal viral infection that impairs fetal brain development play a role in development of schizo.

monoamine neurotransmitter

dopamine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine and serotonin

histrionic personality disorder

dramatic-erratic cluster, a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

dramatic-erratic cluster, a type of personality disorder characterized by a grandiose sense of self; a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation, such as Xanax, Valium, depress central nervous system activity; should not be used in combo w/ alc; used with psychotherapy; antibiotic D-cycloserine, acts upon a receptor that facilitates the extinction or learned fears; enhances benefits of exposure therapy and relieve symptoms of PTSD and OCD; help person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear triggering stimuli

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters; Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil; life people up from the state of depression; increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin which elevate the arousal and mood- which are scarce during depression. Prozac (Fluoxetine) blocks the reapsorbtion and removal of serotonin from synapses. Slow synaptic vacumming up of serotonin, zoloft and paxil are called selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRI): Medications used to relieve depression by increasing the availability of serotonin in the brain; by increasing its availability, these drugs modify neuronal pathways involved in regulating mood. Others block the reabsorption or breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin. Side effects- dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, or dizziness (administered through a patch, bypassing the intestines and liver, reduces side effects); delay due to increased serotonin promotes neurogenesis- birth of new brain cells- reverse stress-induced loss of neurons.

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder; Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli, so helps schizo patients with positive symptoms- such as auditory hallucinations and paranoia; molecules of most are similar to molecules of neurotransmitter dopamine to occupy receptor sites and blocks its activity; an overactive dopamine system contributes to schizo; some produce sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to Parkinson's, which is marked by too little dopamine.

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies of what the person expresses (verbally or nonverbally). A feature of Rogers' client centered therapy. To listen more actively: paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings.

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. Those with paranoid tendencies are particularly prone to delusions of persecution. Within sentences, jumbled iseas create word salad.

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus; People with schizophrenia may have sensory experiences without sensory stimulation, seeing, feeling, tasting, or smelling things not present. Most often they're auditory (a voice giving orders or insulting remarks).

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes, such as crowds or wide-open places, where one has felt a loss of control and panic.

bio of depression

genetic influence, risk of major depression and bipolar disorder increases if you have a family member with the disorder. Depressed brain, less activity during slowed-down depression states, and more activity during periods of mania. The left frontal lobe, which is active during positive emotion, is likely to be inactive during depressed states. People with severe depression have 7 percent smaller frontal lobes than normal shown in MRI scans. Other studies show that the hippocampus, the memory-processing center linked with the brain's emotional circuitry, is vulnerable to stress-related damage. Norepinephrine increases arousal and boosts mood, is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine. Lack of serotonin during depression. Drugs that relieve depression tend to increase norepinephrine or serotonin supplies by blocking either their reuptake (prozac, zoloft, and paxil with serotonin) or their chemical breakdown. Repetitive physical exercise, such as jogging, reduces depression as it increases serotonin. Boosting serotonin may promote recovery from depression by stimulating hippocampus neuron growth.

interpreting

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight; therapy where the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material; occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent

transferring

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent); positive or negative feelings for important people from the past, gives people a belated chance to work through them, with the analyst's help.

lobotomy

invented by Egas Moniz, a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal loves to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain; cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centered of the inner brain, calmed uncontrollably emotional and violent patients; it decreased person's misery or tension but produced permanent lethargic, immature, uncreative person.

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

counselors

marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims.

clinical psychologists

most are psychologists with a Ph.D. or Psy.D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship and, often, post-doctoral training. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

odd-eccentric cluster; type of personality disorder characterized by social aloofness and limited range of emotional expression, personality disorder in which they have no interest in relationships with other people, lack emotional responsiveness

Subtypes of schizophrenia

paranoid: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity, characterized by appearance of delusional thinking accompanied by frequent auditory hallucinations; disorganized: disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion, characterized by confused behavior and disorganized delusions among other features; catatonic: immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements, characterized by bizarre movements, postures, or grimaces; undifferentiated: many and varied symptoms, characterized by a mixture of symptoms and does not meet the diagnostic criteria of any one type; residual: withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared

post traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises; people who struggle with challenging crises, later report an increased appreciation for life, more meaningful relationships, increased personal strength, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life. Suffering has transformative powers can be found in Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Like the body, the mind has great recuperative powers.

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system; physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs, or affecting its circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery. Ony psychiatrists (as MD) offer this.

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes; class of psychological disorders involving disturbances in mood states, such as major depression and bipolar disorder; theory of depression: many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression; depression is widespread; compared with men, women are nearly twich as vulnerable to major depression; most major depressive episodes self-terminate; stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationship often precede depression; with each new generation, depression is striking earlier (now often in the late teens) and affecting more people

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

mental disorders

risks: academic failure, birth complications, caring for chronically ill or patients with dementia, child abuse or neglect, chronic insomnia, chronic pain, family disorganization or conflict, low birth weight, low socioeconomic status, medical illness, neurochemical imbalance, parental mental illness, parental substance abuse, personal loss and bereavement, poor work skills and habits, reading disabilities, sensory disabilities, stressful life events, social incompetence, trauma experiences

social anxiety disorder

shyness took to an extreme. An intense fear of being scrutinized by others, avoid potentially embarrassing social situations, such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties. intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such-or will sweat, tremble, or have diarrhea when doing so. (Formerly called social phobia.)

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia involving behavioral excesses, such as hallucinations and delusions; hallucinations, disorganized and deluded talking, and exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage; the presence of inappropriate behaviors.

stress inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations offered by Donald Meichenbaum. A form of cognitive behavior modification in which a person thinks positive thoughts during a stressful situation

DSM-IV-TR

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated as a 2000 "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders; defines a diagnostic process and 16 clinical syndromes, describes various disorders including psychotic disorders; uses a 5 axis system: 1. clinical syndrome present, 2. personality disorder or mental retardation present, 3. general medical condition such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthtris, also present, 4. psychosocial or environmental problems, such as schooling or housing issues, also present, 5. the global assesment of this person's functioning

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity; penetrates only to the brain's surface, sometimes more deeply; performed on wide-awake patients over several weeks. Produces no seizures, memory loss, or other side effects unlike ECT. Energizess depressed patients' inactive left frontal lobe. Repeatedly stimulated, neurons can form functioning circuits through long-term potentiation (LTP).

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital; psychological disorders are seen as reflecting disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and in other biological processes; Phillippe Pinel advocated constructing mental hospitals to offer humane treatments for those with psychological disorders in France

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior; Double-blind procedure: an experimental procedure to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs in which researchers give half the patients the drug and the other half a placebo, with neither the patients or those evaluating the results knowing whose been given which; eliminates placebo effect and bia

latent content

the symbolic or hidden meaning of a dream; underlying but censored meaning of a dream; manifest content: storyline and actual content of a dream

regression toward the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average; unusual events (or emotions) to regress (return) to their average state.

behavior modification

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior; reinforcing desired behaviors, and withholding reinforcement or enacting punishment; alteration of behavioral patterns through the use of such learning techniques as biofeedback and positive or negative reinforcement. Operant conditioning: voluntary behavior s are strongly influenced by their consequences.

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight; a newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach. Assumed problem is the unconscious forces and child experiences, therapy aims to reduce anxiety through self-insight, method od analysis and interpretation

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors; doubt the healing powers of self-awareness; assume that problem behaviors are the problems, and the application of learning principles can eliminate them; view maladaptive symptoms- phobias or other anxiety disorder- as learned behaviors can be replaced by constructive behaviors. Assumed problem os maladpative behaviors, theraphy aims to extinct maladaptive behaviors, and relearn more adaptive behaviors, method od counterconditioning, eposure, desensitization, aversive condtioning, and operant conditioning

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions; self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events are often an integral part of the vicious cycle of depression. Try in varioys ways to teach people new, more constructive ways og thinking. Assumed problem is the negative, self-defeating thinking, theraphy aims to produce healthier thinking and self-talk, use the method od reveal and reverse self-blaming

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; Assumed problem is stressful relationships and the theraphy aims to heal relationships; the mehod the use is understanding family social system, exploring roles, and improving communication

anti-DSM

this movement represents the commitment made by positive psychology in favor of human virtues and strengths. This perspective intends to highlight what makes us happy and to counteract the tendency to only classify and study mental disorders; it assesses six clusters of 24 strengths: wisdom and knowledge- curiosity, love of learning, critical judgment and open-mindedness, creativity, and perspective (wisdom); courage (overcoming opposition)- bravery/valor, industry and perseverance, integrity and honesty, and vitality (zest and enthusiasm); humanity- love, kindness, and social intelligence; justice- citizenship and teamwork, fairness and equity, and leadership; temperance- humility, self-control, prudence and caution, and forgiveness and mercy; transcendence- appreciation of beaty, awe/wonder, gratitude, hope and optimism, playfulness and humor, and spirituality and purpose.

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

clinical and psychiatric social workers

two-year mater of social work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, most to people with everyday personal and family problems. About half have earned the national association of social workers' designation of clinical social worker.

borderline personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by unstable emotions and self-image; a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures