AP Psych Unit 12 (Modules 65-69) Review, MC, FRQ

66-2: What is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

- Persistent and repetitive thoughts $ obsessions AND actions characterize OCD. -

66-3: What is post- traumatic stress disorder PTSD

- Symptoms of PTSD include four or more weeks of haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety and sleep problems following a traumatic experience.

65-2: Why is there some controversy over attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A child who by age 7 displays extreme inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity may be diagnosed with ADHD and treated with medication and other therapy. The controversy centers on whether growing number of ADHD cases reflects over diagnosis or increased awareness of the disorder. Long term effects of stimulant-drug treatment for ADHD are not yet known.

66-1: What are the different anxiety disorders?

Anxious feelings and behaviors are classified as an anxiety disorder only when they form a pattern of distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. People with generalized anxiety disorder feel persistently and uncontrollably tense and apprehensive for no apparent reason. In the more esteem panic disorder, anxiety escalades in periodic episodes of intense dread. Those with a phobia may be irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation. Two other disorders, OCD and PTSD involve anxiety although they are classified separately from anxiety disorders

69-2: What are dissociative disorders and why are they controversial?

Dissociative disorders are conditions in which conscious awareness seems to become separated from previous memories, thoughts and feelings. Skeptics note that dissociative identity disorder, previously known as multiple identity disorder, increased dramatically in the late twentieth century, that is rarely found outside of north America, and that it may reflect role playing by people who are vulnerable to therapist suggestions. - Others view this disorder as a manifestation of feelings of anxiety, or as a response learned when behaviors are reinforced by anxiety reduction.

69-3: How do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nerves and binge eating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological forces?

In these eating disorders, psychological factors may overwhelm the the homeostasis drive to maintain a balanced internal state. Despite being significantly underweight, people with anorexia nervosa continue to diet because they view themselves as fat. -- usually adolescent females Those with bulimia nervosa secretly binge and then compensate by purging, fasting or excessive exercise - usually females teen and twenties Those with binge eating disorder binge but do not follow binging with purging, fasting or exercise Cultural pressures, low self esteem, and negative emotions interact with stressful life experiences and genetics produce eating disorders.

67-1: What are mood disorders? How does major depressive disorder differ from bipolar disorder?

Mood disorders are characterized by emotional extremes. A person with major depressive disorder experiences two or more weeks of seriously depressed moods and feelings of worthlessness, and takes little interest in and derives little pleasure from most activities. A person with the less common condition of bipolar disorder experiences not only depression but also mania, episodes of hyperactive and wildly optimistic behavior.

65-5: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?

Other critics view DSM diagnoses as arbitrary labels that create preconceptions which bias perceptions of the labeled person's past and present behavior. The legal label"Insanity" raises moral and ethical questions about whether society should hold people with disorders responsible for their violent actions. Most people with disorders for nonviolent and are more likely to be victims than attackers

68-3: How do brain abnormalities and viral infections help explain schizophrenia?

People with schizophrenia have increased dopamine receptors, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia. Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia include enlarged, fluid filled cerebral cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex. Brain scans reveal abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus and amygdala. Interacting malfunctions in multiple brain regions and their connections may produce schizophrenic symptoms. Possible contributing factors include viral infections or famine conditions during the mother's pregnancy, low weight or oxygen deprivation at birth, and maternal diabetes or older paternal age.

69-4: what are the three clusters of personality disorders? What behaviors and brain activity characterized the antisocial personality?

Personality disorders are disruptive, inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning These disorders for clusters, based on three main characteristics: 1. Anxiety 2. Eccentric or odd behaviors and 3. Dramatic or impulsive behaviors Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack conscious and , sometimes, by aggressive and fearless behavior. Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder

65-6: how many people suffer, or have suffered from a psychological disorder? Is poverty of risk factor?

Psychological disorder rates vary, depending on the time and place of the survey. One multinational survey rates for any disorder ranged from less than 5% in Shanghai to 25% in the United States. Poverty is a risk factor: conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders. But some disorders, such as schizophrenia, can drive people into poverty

65-1: Where should we draw the line between normality and disorder?

Psychologists and psychiatrists define psychological disorders as a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior --- deviant, distressful and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings or behaviors. The definition of deviant varies with context culture and time.

68-1: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is a group of disorders typically strike during late adolescent years, affects men very slightly more often than women and seems to occur in all cultures. Symptoms are disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions and actions. Delusions are false beliefs, Hallucinations are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

68-2: How do chronic and acute schizophrenia differ?

Schizophrenia symptoms may be positive (the presence of inappropriate behaviors) or negative (the absence of appropriate behaviors). In chronic (or process) schizophrenia, the disorder develops gradually and recovery is doubtful. In acute (reactive) schizophrenia, the onset is sudden, in reaction to stress, and the prospects for recovery are brighter

69-1: What are somatic symptom and related disorders

Somatic symptom disorder - presents a somatic (bodily) symptom- Some are psychologically unexplained but genuinely felt Conversion order (also called functional neurological symptom disorder) anxiety appears converted to a physical symptoms that has no reasonable neurological basis Illness anxiety disorder is the interpretation of normal sensations as a dreaded disorder (more common)

67-3: What factors affect suicide and self injuring and what are some of the important warning signs to watch for in suicide prevention efforts?

Suicide rates differ by nation, race, gender, age group , income, religious beliefs & involvement, marital status, and social support structure. - support is important for gay youth Those with depression are more at risk for suicide than others are, but social suggestion, health status, and economic and social frustration are also contributing factors. Environmental barriers (such as junp barriers) are effective in preventing suicide For warnings of suicide may include verbal hints, giving away possessions, withdrawal, preoccupation with death, And discussing one's own suicide Non suicidal self injury (NSSI) does not usually lead to suicide but may escalate to suicidal thoughts and acts if untreated. People who engage in NSSI do not tolerate stress well and tend to be self-critical with poor communication and problem solving skills.

65-4: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders?

The American Psychiatric Association's DSM 5 contains diagnostic labels and descriptions that provide a common and shared language for concepts for communication and research. Some critics believe the DSM editions have become too detailed and extensive. Most US health insurance organizations require an ICD/DSM diagnosis before paying for therapy.

67-2: How do the biological and social-cognitive perspectives explain mood disorders?

The biological perspective on depression focuses on genetic predisposition and on abnormalities in the brain structure and function. (including those found in neuro transmitter systems) The social-cognitive perspective views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences.

66-4: How do learning and biological perspective explain anxiety disorders?

The learning perspective views anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, fearful behavior reinforcement and observational learning of other's fears and cognitions (interpretations, and and irrational beliefs, and hyper vigilance). The biological perspective considered the role that fears of life threatening animals, objects or situations played in natural selection and evolution, genetic predisposition for high levels of emotional reactivity and neurotransmitters production, and abnormal responses in the brain's fear circuits.

65-3: How do the medical model and the biopsychosocial approach understand psychological disorders?

The medical model assumes that psychological disorders are mental illnesses with physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases cured through therapy, occasionally in a hospital. The biopyschosocial approach assumes that three sets of influences interact to produce specific psychological disorders. - biological (evolution, genetics, brain structure, Chemistry) - psychological (stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood related perceptions and memories) - social-cultural (roles, definitions of normality and disorder)

68- : Are there genetic influences on schizophrenia? What are some psychological factors that may be early warning signs in children?

Twin and adoption studies indicate that the predisposition to schizophrenia is inherited and environmental factors influence gene expression to enable this disorder, which is found worldwide. No environmental causes invariably produce schizophrenia. Possible early warning signs of later development of schizophrenia include biological factors (a mother with severe and long-lasting schizophrenia; oxygen deprivation and low weight at birth; short attention span and poor muscle coordination) AND psychological factors (disruptive or withdrawn behavior, emotional unpredictability, poor peer relations and solo play)

MC 65-2. Which of the following is the primary purpose of the DSM? a. Diagnosis of mental disorders b. Selection of appropriate psychological therapies for mental disorders c. Placement of mental disorders in appropriate cultural context d. Selection of appropriate medicines to treat mental disorders e. Understanding the causes of mental disorders

a. Diagnosis of mental disorders

MC 67-4 Based on brain scans, which of the following is true of brain function and mood? a. The brain is more active during manic episodes and less active during depressive episodes. b. The brain is less active during manic episodes and more active during depressive episodes. c. There is no consistent relationship between brain activity and mood. d. The brain is more active than normal during both manic and depressive episodes. e. The brain is less active than normal during both manic and depressive episodes.

a. The brain is more active during manic episodes and less active during depressive episodes

MC 69-1 Adela regularly interprets ordinary physical symptoms like stomach cramps and headaches as serious medical problems. Her doctor is unable to convince her that her problems are not serious. Adela suffers from a. illness anxiety disorder. b. conversion disorder. c. fugue state. d. dissociative identity disorder. e. anorexia nervosa.

a. illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

Which of the following is the defining characteristic of antisocial personality disorder? a. Violence b. Lack of conscience c. Mood swings d. Unexplained physical symptoms e. Committing serial murders

b. Lack of conscience

MC 65-3. Which of the following disorders do Americans report most frequently? a. Schizophrenia b. Mood disorders c. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) e. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

b. Mood disorders

MC66-1. What do we call an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation? a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder b. Phobia c. Panic disorder d. Generalized anxiety disorder e. Posttraumatic stress disorder

b. Phobia

MC 68-3 According to research, which of the following has been identified as an early warning sign of schizophrenia? a. Emotional predictability b. Poor peer relations and solo play c. Long attention span d. Good muscle coordination e. High birth weight

b. Poor peer relations and solo play

MC 67-1 Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder? a. Weight gain or loss b. Auditory hallucinations c. Sleep disturbance d. Inappropriate guilt e. Problems concentrating

b. auditory hallucinations

MC 68-2 Which of the following is true? Those born during winter and spring are less likely to a. develop schizophrenia later in life. b. People born in densely populated areas are less likely to develop schizophrenia later in life. c. Fetuses exposed to flu virus are more likely to develop schizophrenia later in life. d. Maternal influenza during pregnancy does not affect brain development in monkeys. e. The retrovirus HERV is found more often in people who do not develop schizophrenia.

c. Fetuses exposed to flu virus are more likely to develop schizophrenia later in life

MC 66-3 The key difference between obsessions and compulsions is that compulsions involve repetitive a. thoughts. b. experiences. c. behaviors. d. memories. e. concerns.

c. behaviors

MC 68-1 Which of the following is the best term or phrase for a false belief, often of persecution, that may accompany psychotic disorders? a. Psychosis b.Schizophrenia c. Delusion d. Split mind e. Dissociative identity disorder

c. delusion

MC 67-3 Which of the following is true of suicide? a. Marijuana use is related to suicide, but alcohol use is not. b. Women are more likely to end their lives than men. c. Suicide is a bigger problem among the poor than the rich. d. In the United States, suicide is more common among Whites than Blacks. e. Married individuals are more likely to commit suicide than single people.

d. In the United States, suicide is more common among whites than blacks

MC 66-2 A person troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions is most likely experiencing which of the following? a. Generalized anxiety disorder b. Post-Traumatic stress disorder c. Panic disorder d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder e. Fear conditioning

d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

MC 67-2 Which of the following is true of depression? a. Depression usually develops during middle age. b. Depression usually happens without major cognitive or behavioral changes. c. A major depressive episode usually gets worse and worse unless it's treated. d. True depression is usually not related to stress in one's work or relationships. e. Compared with men, nearly twice as many women have been diagnosed with depression.

e. Compared with men, early twice as many women have been diagnosed with depression

Which of the following is the diagnosis given to people with multiple personalities? a. Schizophrenia b. Antisocial personality disorder c. Fugue state d. Conversion disorder e. Dissociative identity disorder

e. Dissociative identity disorder

MC 65-1 Which of the following describes the idea that psychological disorders can be diagnosed and treated? a. Taijin-kyofusho b. The DSM c. The biopsychosocial approach d. Amok e. The medical model

e. The medical model

MC 67-5 Xavier, who has a negative explanatory style, is most likely to get depressed after failing a math test if he believes that he failed because a. he is not good at math and never will be. b. his teacher made it impossible to learn the material. c. he was sick on the day he took the test. d. his parents have been putting too much pressure on him and he panicked on the test. e. the testing room was very hot and stuffy

e. the testing room was very hot and stuff