AP PSYCH UNIT 1,2,3 COMP TEST

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Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationships between two variables

-0.12

If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115?

68

Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked, patients said they saw

ART

Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan

EEG

Who believed that bumps on the skull reveal mental abilities and character traits?

Franz Gall

An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures.

GABA

Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked, patients said they saw

HE

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"?

John B Watson

Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a "blank slate"?

John Locke

Why is replication important to science

Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings.

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

Sigmund Freud

Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?

Wernickes Area

George was worried about his bakery's new cupcakes after two customers disliked them on the first day, but when he surveyed his customers over the next week, more than 90% of the customers said they loved them. By giving too much weight to those two customers before the survey, George almost committed an error known as

a sampling bias

epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the

adrenal glands

Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule?

agonists

The brain of patients with Parkinson's disease have little dopamine. Drugs used to treat such patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. These drugs would be considered

agonists

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's

amygdala

Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is

an all or nothing response

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of

an experiment

The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates

an illusory correlation

Someone who has difficulty speaking after a stroke is suffering from which of the following?

aphasia

After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his

association areas

The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called

association areas

The process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the

association areas

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of

behavior and mental processes

Mrs. Thompson believed that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a _____ perspective

behavioral

Mr Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a _____ perspective on depression.

biological

Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.

biopsychosocial

Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?

biopsychosocial

The biological perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by

blood chemistry

If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of

brain plasticity

We are usually least consciously aware of the processes and functions of which brain structure?

brain stem

In which brain structure are nerves from the left side of the brain routed to the right side of the body?

brainstem

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. This instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. Researchers have continued to study Gage's brain to better understand this link. Which researchers method is being used?

case study

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?

case study

Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between

causes and effects

The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brain stem is called the

cerebellum

Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example,

classroom size has been operationally defined

Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?

clinical psychology

A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective.

cognitive

Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a persons ability to remember info. Dr. Karima is most likely a ____ psychologist

cognitive

Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective.

cognitive

Which perspective is most concerned with how many individuals interpret their experiences?

cognitive

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition.

control

A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?

debriefing

In transmitting sensory info to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ___ of a single neuron

dendrite to the cell body to the axon

Chromosomes are composed of

deoxyribonucleic acid

Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.

developmental

A correlation coefficient is a measure of the

direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the

endocrine system

Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce

epileptic seizures

If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ________ into your bloodstream.

epinephrine

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.

evolutionary

Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?

evolutionary

To exercise maximum control over the factors they are interested in studying, researchers engage in

experimentation

In creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain?

fMRI

According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be

genetically predisposed

Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by

heredity

Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of

hindsight bias

Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it underestimates the

impact of cultural expectations on human sexual behavior

An adaptation is an inherited physical or behavioral characteristic that

increases an organisms chance for survival

Natural selection acts on

individuals

Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?

industrial-organizational psychology

Neural networks refer to

interconnected clusters of neurons in the central nervous system

Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via

interneurons

Behaviorists dismissed the value of

introspection

Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as

introspection

Which of the following innovations differentiated wilhelm wundts research the most from any psychologist before him

laboratory research

Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to

lapse into a coma

The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called

laterization

Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are

less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.

mental life, observable behavior

DNA is a complex

molecule

Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that men are ____ likely than women to prefer mates with a fertile-looking appearance and ___ likely than women to prefer mates with wealth and social status

more; less

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the

motor cortex

To trigger a person's hand to make a fist, Jose stimulated the individual's

motor cortex

The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of ______

multiple levels of analysis

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the

myelin sheath

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)

myelin sheath

The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as

natural selection

Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in

naturalistic observation

Which statement best reflects current psychologists understanding of the relationship between nature and nurture

nature via nurture

Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of

nature vs nurture

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

negatively correlated

Dendrites are branching extensions of

neurons

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable?

number of terms remembered

In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________.

nurture; nature

The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of

observable responses

The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by

operational definitions

When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates

overconfidence

Stimulated digestion is to inhibited digestion as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.

parasympathetic; sympathetic

The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is "shake", and the forty-sixth word from the end is "spear". Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of

perceiving order in coincidental events

The master gland of the endocrine system is the

pituitary gland

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a

placebo

When Stoyka was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Stoyka is now a successful high school student who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of

plasticity

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)

population

The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)

population

Deaf people who use sign language typically

process language in their left cerebral hemisphere.

One function of glial cells is to

provide nutrients to interneurons

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)

psychiatrist

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of

random assignment

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?

random sampling

Reuptake refers to the

reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n)

reflex

According to evolutionary psychologists, our predisposition to overconsume fatty junk foods illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in ways that promoted the ________ of our ancestors.

reproductive success

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted

reproductive success

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted

reproductive success

The selective permeability of a neural membrane creates a(n)

resting potential

A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a moose is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her

right hand to indicate that she saw a moose

To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a

scatterplot

The parietal lobes are to ______ as the occipital lobes are to _____

sensing touch; seeing

As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?

sensory

The genome is the complete

set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes

Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?

social psychology

Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

social-cultural

A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method

survey

Random sampling is to ___ as random assignment is to _____

surveys; experiments

Males in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves.

teens

A hypothesis is a

testable prediction that gives direction to research

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of

the double-blind procedure

Researchers use dichotic listening tasks to investigate right-left differences in an intact brain. In this task a different verbal stimulus is presented simultaneously to each ear. Findings suggest that participants more quickly recall information heard by the right ear. This suggests that

the left hemisphere is dominant in language processing

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?

the survey

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable?

time of day

To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of

twin studies

A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what else she saw, the patient would be most likely to

verbally report that she saw a boy

Redelmeier and Tversky (1996) followed 18 patients with arthritis for 18 months. Patients were asked to record their pain and joint tenderness, while researchers documented changes in the weather. Nearly all patients believed that their condition was associated with weather changes, when the actual correlation was near zero. These participants need to be reminded that

we are likely to recall instances that confirm our beliefs

Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of

wording effects


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