AP Psych Vocab Unit 3/Study Guide

alcohol use disorder

(popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

Sleep protects, Sleep helps us recuperate, Helps us restore and rebuild our fading memories of the days experiences, Sleep feeds creative thinking, Sleep supports growth.

5 reasons sleep has evolved

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

obesity

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

spend less time in deep sleep

Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

3

During what stage of sleep do night terrors happen?

derivatives, morphine, heroine

Examples of opiates

Ernest Hilgard

Famed researcher who believed hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a special dual-processing state of dissociation (ice bath)

Freud believed the unconscious was a hiding place for our most anxiety-producing thoughts. Modern day psychologists simply view the unconscious track as one that operates without awareness.

How do modern psychologists define our consciousness compared to Freud?

90 minutes

How long does a full sleep cycle last?

4 separate sleep cycles

How many stages of sleep do you go through during the sleep cycle?

No more than 1/3, 7-8 hours.

How much do most adults sleep per night?

2/3 of their day.

How much do newborns sleep per night?

20-25%.

How much of an average night's sleep do we spend in REM?

viral infections

If this sleep deprivation continues, people will become increasingly susceptible to

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

effective memory

Slow-wave sleep promotes

William James

Studied a continuous stream of consciousness with each moment flowing into the next

To induce sleep or reduce anxiety.

What are barbiturates commonly used for?

They allow us to understand our inner conflicts.

What are dreams' purpose according to Freud?

Amplifies sensitivity, memory loss, paranoia, appetite, poor decisions, social anxiety disorders, heart and lung damage.

What are some of the effects of Marijuana?

Complaining of sleepiness and irritability, loud snoring, possibly high blood pressure.

What are the causes/warning signs of sleep apnea?

Spice and K2

What are the nicknames for synthetic marijuana?

Sleeping pills and alcohol which don't work.

What are the quick fixes for insomnia? Do they work?

It may be instantly and ingeniously woven into the dream.

What can happen to sensory stimuli that occur while you are sleeping?

AIDS, Alzheimer's, Arthritis, Asthma, and Cancer (chemo)

What diseases is medical marijuana used for?

It slows brain activity that controls judgement.

What does it mean that alcohol is a disinhibitor?

Hallucinations and lack of memories

What happens if you deprive yourself of REM sleep for many days in a row? (called REM rebound)

It grows shorter and disappears.

What happens to NREM-3 sleep as the night goes on?

Genetic brain diseases, absence of a hypothalamic neural center that makes orexin.

What is the cause of narcolepsy?

Daydreams involve the familiar details of our life, which REM dreams are vivid, emotional, and completely construct the alternative world.

What is the difference between daydreams and REM dreams?

They can impair memory and judgement.

What is the effect of large doses of barbiturates?

The brain stops producing endorphins

What is the long term price of opiates?

Stress

What makes insomnia worse?

People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer

Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns?

They combine fact and fiction

Which of the following is true of "hypnotically refreshed" memories

Children

Who do night terrors usually affect?

To satisfy our own wishes

Why do we dream?

It slows the sympathetic nervous system.

Why, biologically, does alcohol relax the drinker?

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system. Over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind.

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Ecstasy (MDMA)

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

Stage 2 (NREM-2)

about 20 minutes. lightly sleeping, high brain activity. Sleep talking begins. Now clearly asleep

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

REM sleep

after sleeping for an hour and a half, a heart began to beat faster, breathing became fast and irregular, and closed eyes began to dart back and forth. this person was most likely experiencing

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

hypnagogic sensations

bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning to sleep

Sleep spindles

bursts of neural oscillatory activity

REM sleep

characteristics: heart rate rises, rapid and irregular breathing, eyes darting, arousal, relaxed muscles/paralyzed, hard to wake up, dreaming, sharp brain waves, paradoxical sleep.

Stage 3 (NREM-3) and 4

deep sleep, bed wetting, sleep walking

substance use disorder

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

Depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Barbiturates

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Dreaming

heart rate increases, breathing becomes more rapid, and eyes move rapidly under closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

Stage 1 (NREM-1)

hypnagogic state, hallucinations, sensations of falling or floating. Slow breathing and irregular brain waves

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

Opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Conciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation (Dement)

posthypnotic suggestion

prior to waking up from a hypnotic state, a therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. This therapist was making use of

Sigmund Freud

proposed that dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings. Viewed dreams as manifest and latent content.

Hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Amphetamines

stimulates neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. can be changed by age and experience.

Tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep of NREM-3

THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

REM Rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation