AP Psychology Chapter 1

The goal of a double-blind study is to

The goal of a double-blind study is to

evolutionary psychology

This branch looks at various behavioral and personality traits in terms of how they improve fitness

Three Later Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism

Three Later Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism

analogous

Traits or structures that are similar in appearance or function but that evolved separately are called

Two Early Approaches: Functionalism and Structuralism

Two Early Approaches: Functionalism and Structuralism

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Whales and fish both develop the ability to swim in the ocean.

What Is Psychology?

What Is Psychology?

evolutionary developmental psychology.

When evolutionary theory is applied to human learning, it is referred to as

Who opened the first psychology lab?

Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology lab in 1879

A scientist notices several birds in the same area that are similar in appearance with the exception of different beak lengths. She observes that one type of bird with a particularly long beak can pick bugs out of holes in the ground, while the birds with shorter beaks cannot. The longer beak is an example of

Adaption

homologous

Any structures which are shared by two or more different organisms and are inherited from a common ancestral structure are called

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychologist who came to believe that his patients' problems were caused by repressed memories of childhood trauma.

evolutionary fitness

a measurement of the ability of a trait to increase or decrease the relative contribution of offspring by an individual to the next generation.

survey

assesses athletes' behavioral profiles through a series of questions

reinforcements

behaviorists believed that if a behavior receives...someone will continue to do it

igmund Freud

believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex

Solomon Asch

believed that people behave according how to they perceive the world, not how it actually is

The psychology field devoted to studying connections between the body and thoughts, moods and actions is

biological psychology

double blind study

can be conducted in which the experimenters don't know which subjects they're giving the treatment to and which ones they're giving the placebo.

placebo effect

can occur when the control group thinks they're being treated even when

experimental group

clean the four bearings on your right skate

Behavior getting influenced by a combination of reinforcements and punishments is an example of

conditioning

The possible effect that's being studied in an experiment is known as the

dependent variable

dependent variable

dependent variable

the independent variable

dirty wheel bearings are

In Gestalt psychology, our ability to perceive a whole without first noticing its parts is referred to as

emergence

cognition

emphasis on thought processes, or what psychologists call

Evolutionary psychologists believe that learning occurs through:

evolution genetic mutation environmental factors natural selection

Functionalism is a forbearer of modern-day

evolutionary psychology

In a scientific experiment, the group that is actively tested is the

experimental group

Biological psychologists

explore the connection between your mental states and your brain, nerves and hormones to explore how your thoughts, moods and actions are shaped.

selective pressures

forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals

behaviorism

founded by psychologist John Watson but made most famous by B.F. Skinner. Watson and Skinner decided to do away entirely with questioning what's going on in our heads and decided to focus solely on behavior.

the control group

four dirty bearings on your left skate are

physics

had its fundamental laws.

chemistry

had its periodic table of elements

instinct is an

inborn pattern of activity or common tendency shared by a species

Substance dualism

is the closest to Descartes' theory. It basically says that there are two things, or substances, and they are completely separate. For example, substance dualists believe that the mind is part of the soul and the soul resides completely outside of the body. To remember substance dualism, just think of the word substance: the mind and body are two completely different substances to substance dualists.

speed

is the dependent variable, or effect.

Natural selection

is the process by which a species adapts to its environment by changing its genetic makeup from one generation to the next. The concept of natural selection can also be applied to human learning.

Psychology

is the study of the mind

scientific

method to tackle your problem. The scientific method is a systematic process of gathering measurable evidence.

Law of Proximity

observes that people tend to use how close objects are to one another to perceive a larger image.

linical psychologists

often assess mental health. They are aware that subjects might behave differently than they normally would because they know they're being evaluated.

scientific study of psychology

only dates back to a little over a hundred years ago.

sensation

or a stimulus' effect on one of our senses

id

or childish impulses

placebo

or fake pill

ego

or mediator

superego

or moderate voice of reason

perception

or our brain's interpretation of the stimulus.

hypothesis

or testable idea

emergence

our ability to perceive a whole without first noticing its parts.

The behavioral psychologist who refuted the concept of free will was

B.F. Skinner

Why are people more able to learn to identify animals tracks than car parts?

Because identifying animal tracks was part of our ancestral development.

Why is natural selection an essential part of evolution?

Because natural selection explains how species adapt by changing their genetic makeup from one generation to the next.

Oedipus Complex

proposed that young boys are all secretly motivated by the desire to kill their fathers and marry their mothers.

What is one similarity between the line experiment and the bridge experiment?

Both experiments demonstrate how testing the 'obvious' can yield surprising results.

The humanistic psychologist who offered a supportive environment for clients to delve into their feelings was

Carl Rogers

Who wrote about the theory of evolution?

Charles Darwin

William James' approach was heavily influenced by

Charles Darwin

Dualism and Early Psychological Thought

Dualism and Early Psychological Thought

Evolutionary Theory's Applications to Learning

Evolutionary Theory's Applications to Learning

A new mutation allows a cheetah to run faster and hunt down more prey than its slower counterparts. This mutation increased the of the cheetah.

Fitness

reification

refers to the mind's ability to fill in an implied shape.

Wilhelm Wundt pioneered an approach to psychology known as

structuralism

Which of the following is an example of a homologous structure or trait?

I. Leg bones of a human and leg bones of a penguin III. Beak of a penguin and beak of a duck

Which of the following is an example of analogous structures or traits?

II. Wing of a penguin and wing of a mosquito

Intro to Psychology

Intro to Psychology

The prominent cognitive psychologist who suggested our past experiences shape our problem-solving skills is

Jean Piaget

Property dualism

takes a slightly different tack. In this theory, there is one substance, the body, but two elements, or properties, within that substance. For example, property dualists argue that thoughts, which are part of the mind, actually reside in the brain, which is part of the body. So, in property dualism, the dualism is a distinction that is not a physical one, as in substance dualism.

Evolutionary developmental psychology is:

the application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to human development.

Functionalism is the study of

the evolutionary advantages certain behaviors can provide

dualism

the mind and body are separate entities, a belief known as

punishments

the person will stop

Psychodynamic research focuses on

the unconscious

introspection

to learn what was going through people's heads as they completed various tasks.

functionalist approach

to solve some of these problems with structuralism. He thought that Wundt's method of trying to understand complex mental processes by subjects' self-reports was ultimately futile, akin to 'seizing a spinning top to catch its motion, or trying to turn up the gas quickly enough to see how the darkness looks.' The method of measuring would always change what psychologists were trying to measure.

The psychodynamic approach, championed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on the study of

unconscious urges and early childhood experiences

Carl Jung and Alfred Adler

used techniques of psychoanalysis like talk therapy and dream analysis to try to expose and explore these unconscious memories and desires.

principles of grouping

used to describe some of these common ways; as an example, their Law of Similarity observes that people tend to group similar items together.

conditioning

used to explain how people and animals learn some behaviors instead of others.

Wilhelm Wundt

was a German scientist who founded a laboratory in Leipzig that took a structuralist approach to psychology

William James

was an American who founded a laboratory at Harvard that took a functionalist approach.

The goal of introspection was to learn

what occurred in people's heads as they completed various tasks

blind study

where subjects don't know they're being treated.

In psychology, what does the term misattribution refer to?

Making a mistaken assumption as to what caused a feeling.

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Solomon Asch Study

Only about 24% of the subjects didn't say the wrong answer on average - they would do three trials each. 24% didn't say the wrong answer. Everyone else gave the wrong answer at least once because the effect of having all these people in a row saying the wrong answer over and over again was so powerful that they said the wrong answer.

What did Solomon Asch's famous line experiment demonstrate?

Peer pressure is a powerful motivator.

Researchers in the bridge experiment concluded that:

People can misattribute what caused their emotions.

Psychology Is a Science

Psychology Is a Science

convergent evolution

The ability of insects and birds to fly is an example of

Gestalt

which is the German word for 'form.' Gestalt psychology was a primarily German movement that focused on how we perceive whole objects. This is a question that is still relevant today; when engineers try to build machines that can see and interpret visual images just like a human can, they run into a lot of problems trying to program the machine to recognize complex objects like faces. Humans are able to recognize faces and other complex things right away. We don't see a face as a group of shapes and colors; we just see a face.

Behavioral psychologists

- believe that external environmental stimuli influence your behavior and that you can be trained to act a certain way. - Behaviorists like B.F. Skinner don't believe in free will. They believe that you learn through a system of reinforcement and punishment.

Humanistic psychologists

- believe that you're essentially good and that you're motivated to realize your full potential. - Carl Rogers called his patients 'clients' and offered a supportive environment in which clients could gain insight into their own feelings.

cognitive psychologists

- believe that your behavior is determined by your expectations and emotions. - Jean Piaget would argue that you remember things based on what you already know.

psychodynamic approach

- was promoted by Sigmund Freud - believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.

psychodynamic approach

- were more interested in what's going on in our unconscious minds. - got its start with Sigmund Freud - followed this model, like Carl Jung and Alfred Adler