ap psychology: consciousness

What is the average amount of sleep adults get each night?

8 hours

What best identifies the length of an average sleep cycle?

90−110 minutes

What is insomnia?

A sleep disorder in which the affected person may not be able to fall asleep, and keeps waking up during the night

One sleep theory is that "sleep protects." What is meant by this theory?

A species' sleep cycle will be best suited for it's ecological surroundings.

What is the term used to describe the idea that dreams are the result of the cerebral cortex interpreting and organizing random flashes of brain activity?

Activation synthesis

Which of the following drug combinations is most likely to be fatal?

Alcohol and benzodiazepines

Which of the following terms is best defined as the form of waves that are emitted by a person who is awake, unfocused, and relaxed?

Alpha waves

Which are classified as stimulants?

Amphetamine

What functions are directly related to circadian rhythm?

Blood pressure, metabolism, and body temperature

Last night Carla dreamed of drowning in a tidal wave. Which of the following best describes how a psychologist subscribing to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming would interpret Carla's dream?

Carla's brain is merely trying to make sense out of random neuron firings.

Antagonists are a type of drug that do which of the following?

Change the chemistry of the brain by preventing neurotransmitters from entering receptor sites

Jim works in marketing for a large company. His company often requires that he travel across the U.S. and sometimes internationally across time zones. As a result, he often experiences jet lag. What affects Jim the most?

Circadian rhythm

Which of the following significantly affects both serotonin and dopamine concentrations?

Cocaine

Paul is participating in a sleep study. The EEG he is connected to shows delta waves while he is sleeping. Which of the following stages of sleep is Paul experiencing?

Deep sleep stage

Which brain waves are associated with deep sleep?

Delta waves

Alcohol belongs to which of the following drug categories?

Depressants

Opiates belong to which of the following drug categories?

Depressants

For thousands of years, cultures throughout the world have been able create natural drugs from

Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens

Sleep apnea is commonly associated with what?

Depression and Obesity

Which belief was commonly held by ancient or older civilizations in history?

Dreams are portals to an entirely different world we cannot access in waking life

What is now widely considered to be the most accurate dream theory?

Dreams are the result of random electrical firings in our brains in regions that process memories. The reason dreams seem like stories is that our waking mind tries to make sense of them through a coherent narrative.

Which of the following best identifies the principal effects of stimulant drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine?

Elation, excitement, increased alertness, increased energy, reduced fatigue

Inadequate sleep is a risk factor for

Impaired immune functioning Obesity Diabetes

Wanda has chronically had poor sleep habits. She often remains awake in bed for hours before being able to fall asleep and sometimes becomes worried about the next day as she attempts to rest. In addition to having difficulty falling asleep, Wanda wakes up in the middle of the night several times per week and is unable to fall back asleep most of the time. Her lack of adequate quality sleep is starting to cause her problems at work and she is becoming very frustrated. Wanda is most likely suffering from which of the following?

Insomnia

What is considered to be the most common sleep disorder?

Insomnia

On average, a person repeats the sleep cycle about four times over the course of a night. Which of the following happens to the REM sleep period as the cycle repeats?

It gets longer each time

What is the effect of light on the suprachiasmatic nucleus in terms of sleep?

It suppresses the release of melatonin

Which of the following is not a stimulant?

LSD

What is stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

Light sleep phase, during which a drop in body temperature occurs

Long term negative health outcomes of heavy alcohol use include

Liver disease Cancer Stroke

Which of the following is considered a hallucinogenic drug?

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Which hormone is most closely associated with sleep?

Melatonin

Stage 2 sleep most likely involves which of the following?

Memory consolidation and synaptic pruning

When are hypnagogic sensations most likely to be experienced?

NREM-1

At what stage of sleep can an EEG pick up delta waves?

NREM-3

Amphetamines have historically been used to treat which of the following disorders?

Narcolepsy and obesity

Substances such as morphine and heroin that produce euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, and pain relief belong to which of the following drug classes?

Narcotics/opiates

What is not true regarding night terrors?

Night terrors usually have a story or plot to them

What is the key difference between the state and non-state theory of hypnosis?

Non-state asserts that there is no actual altered state of consciousness during hypnosis and that the person is acting out the role of a hypnotized person. State asserts that during hypnosis the person is accessing a different state of consciousness.

Psychoactive drugs are chemicals that alter perception and mood. Which of the following describes how an individual would become tolerant to such medications?

One would become tolerant through repeated exposure of the same dose

Bob has consumed a substance and he now has constricted pupils, is breathing slower, feels sense of relaxation, and is less alert. Based on his symptoms, which of the following substances has Bob most likely consumed?

Opiates

what are examples of types of psychoactive drug?

Opiates Barbiturates Coffee Alcohol

Which of the following drugs is an opiate?

Oxycodone

What is true regarding the sleep stages?

People cycle through the different stages of sleep throughout the night.

Which of the following types of individuals can be hypnotized?

People who are highly open to suggestions are more likely to be hypnotized

What is the difference between the physiological and psychological theories of dreaming?

Physiological theories claim that dreams are a product of neural firing in the brain. Psychological theories claim dreams are a way of processing issues in our lives.

Which is not a theory on the function of sleep?

Sleep promotes a healthy lifestyle.

What does a delta wave on an EEG scan signify?

Slow wave sleep, or non-rapid-eye-movement sleep

Which is not a true characteristic of REM sleep?

Slower brain activity

During which stage of sleep do night terrors occur?

Stage 4

In which of the following stages of sleep are the brain waves the slowest?

Stage 4

night terrors occur during which stage of sleep?

Stage 4

Cocaine belongs to which of the following drug categories?

Stimulants

Which of the following statements is true regarding hypnosis?

The effects of hypnosis can last long after the session is over

Which of the provided theories related to the function of dreams would Freud most likely to support?

The function of dreams is to satisfy our own wishes

Which sleep waves consist of low amplitude and high frequency waves, and becomes progressively higher in amplitude and slower in frequency when transitioning between stage 1 and stage 2 sleep?

Theta waves

A person that takes the same amount of a drug but experiences a diminished effect over time is experiencing...

Tolerance

Ted is prescribed a stimulant medication for his ADHD, which helps him stay focused and alert during the day. At first, the medication works well; however, over time, Ted notices that the medication is not working as well as it used to. He says that it feels like he is getting less of an effect even though he is taking the same amount as prescribed. Which of the following is Ted most likely experiencing?

Tolerance

examples of natural and synthetic depressants are

Tranquilizers Alcohol Prescription painkillers Heroin

Which of the following does not occur during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep?

Voluntary movement of the eyes

What term describes people who are more easily hypnotized than others?

highly-suggestible

A research participant is asked seven questions during an interview. Three weeks later, he is asked six different questions and one question that he was asked before. He answers the familiar question more quickly than the new questions. This is an example of __________.

priming

What stage of sleep and associated brain waves are correctly matched?

stage 1: Alpha Waves

What can occur during REM sleep?

Quickened breathing Quickened heart rate Intense dreams

During which stage of sleep is dreaming said to occur?

REM

Nightmare disorder most commonly occurs in

REM

What stage of sleep is most strongly associated with dreaming?

REM

Dreams occur in which stage of sleep?

REM sleep

In which stage of sleep do we typically dream?

REM sleep

One theory for the function of dreaming is that it allows us to file away our memories. It is understood that dreams allow us to review the information gained from the day. They also facilitate or ability to sift and sort through this information and incorporate it into our memories. Which of the following stages of sleep, if interrupted multiple times, would most likely cause that individual to remember less the following morning?

REM sleep

What is the "deepest" stage of sleep and is most commonly associated with dreams?

REM sleep

Memory encoding occurs during which sleep stage?

REM, using theta waves

Who was originally responsible for creating the psychoanalytic approach to dream theory?

Sigmund Freud

What follows a circadian rhythm?

Sleep

A patient is slightly overweight and has trouble sleeping. He keeps waking up gasping for air, disrupting his sleeping patterns. What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?

Sleep apnea

What is an accidental or pathological cause of an altered state of consciousness?

Sleep deprivation Psychosis Infections