AP Psychology Module 34: Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity and Module 35: Solving Problems and Making Decisions

5 components of creativity

1. Expertise 2. Imaginative thinking skills 3. A venturesome personality 4. Intrinsic motivation 5. A creative environment

Which of the following is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing? a. Cognition b. Concepts c. Prototypes d. Convergent thinking e. Divergent thinking

A

Which of the following is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence? a. Confirmation bias b. Intuition c. Mental set d. Availability heuristic e. Overconfidence

A

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

What is another term for a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem? a. Heuristic b. Algorithm c. Insight d. Mental set e. Confirmation bias

B

What is another word for the way an issue is presented to you? a. Intuition b. Insight c. Framing d. Overconfidence e. Perseverance

C

Which of the following is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution? a. Allowing for incubation b. Divergent thinking c. Developing expertise d. Convergent thinking e. Experiencing other cultures

D

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following? a. Prototyping b. Cognition c. Intrinsic motivation d. Venturesome personality e. Creativity

E

When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is the term for this phenomenon? a. Intuition insight b. Confirmation bias c. Belief perseverance d. Mental set e. Availability heuristic

E

Concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Prototype

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

Heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Belief perseverence

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

Representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.