AP Psychology Personality Test
The belief that some distressing physical symptoms could not be readily explained in terms of neurological impairments contributed most directly to
Sigmund Freud's interest in unconscious conflicts
the belief that distressing physical symptoms could not be readily explained in terms of neurological impairments contributed most directly to:
Sigmund Freud's interest in unconscious conflicts
People given little control over their world in prisons, factories, schools, and nursing homes experience a. personal control. b. reciprocal determinism. c. learned helplessness. d. self-actualization. e. projection.
c. learned helplessness.
Reaction formation refers to the process by which people
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
which of the following is LEAST helpful when preparing for an examination?
cramming
if you were presented a picture of two women as part of a personality test, what would you most likely be asked to do
create a story to go with it
in the thematic apperception test, test takers are asked to
create stories based on certain drawings
What do we call the ability to control impulses and delay gratification? a. Self-actualization b. External locus of control c. Independence d. Self-control e. Self-esteem
d. Self-control
Which of the following is based on "Big Five" personality traits research? a. highly conscientious people are likely to be evening people or "owls." b. Highly conscientious people get poor grades c. Married partners scoring the same agreeableness are more likely t experience martial dissatisfaction d. Shy introverts are more likely to prefer communicating through e-mail instead of in person. e. Neuroticism predicts the use of positive-emotion words in text messages.
d. Shy introverts are more likely to prefer communicating through e-mail instead of in person.
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
individualism
alfred adler believed most people were motivated by a need to overcome what feeling?
inferiority (hasina)
Which of Freud's ideas is one of the most controversial personality theories?
instinctive efforts to survive are aided by a psychological energy called libido/Oedipus Complex
william james believed that human behavior is primarily motivated by
instincts
What do we call the belief that we have the ability to affect our environment?
internal locus of control
the perception that one controls one's own fate.
internal locus of control
inward focus-tendency to be imaginative
introversion
Hans Eysenck focused on the relationship between what two personality dimensions?
introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-instability
which of the following tests gives people direct feedback about their interests?
kuder career search
Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were censored expression of the dream's
latent content
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
learned helplessness
which of the following goals are usually satisfied by intrinsic rewards?
learning goals
Compared with those who perceive an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are
likely to be academically successful.
Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms
made no neurological sense
Julie reported that she had a dream in which she was chased by a large dog. According to Freud, Julie's account represents the ________ content of her dream.
manifest
How do sociocultural theorists believe that social and cultural factors impact an individual's self-esteem?
members of an ethnic group subjected to discrimination and poverty may have a lowered self-esteem
Understanding how the id, ego and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of
motivational conflict
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries threatening or upsetting events in the unconscious?
negativity
Dr. Jordan is
neo-Freudian (childhood sexual instincts)
personality tests can be divided into
objective and projective tests
MMPI (Mr. Helmus/Dr. Zytowics) is an
objective test that can be empirically derived
According to the social-cognitive perspective, one of the best ways to predict a person's future behavior is to
observe that person's behavior in various relevant situations.
which of the following is an effective way of helping someone else reduce stress?
offering sympathy for the person's problem
According to Freud's theory , the ego
operates on a conscious level
One-year-old Melissa derives great pleasure from putting everything she touches in her mouth—toys, balls, Mom's keys, for example. Freud would have suggested that Melissa is going through the ________ stage of development.
oral
order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
personal control
What do the psychologists who helped develop the Five-Factor model believe about people's personalities?
personalities tend to mature
....The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive
personality
Mark Typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distinctive:
personality
an individual characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting/pattern of feelings, motives, and behaviors that set people apart from one another
personality
People's scores on personality tests often fail to predict their behavior in a real-life situation. According to Walter Mischel, this should make us more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of
personality traits.
boys (4 year old John) usually experience the Oedipus Complex (Boris) during the _____ stage, also when our gender identity develops most rapidly
phallic
what personality trait does eysenck (continuum) place opposite someone who is aggressive, excitable, and impulsive?
phlegmatic
By professional training, Sigmund Freud was a
physician
Freud emphasized that the id operates on the _____ principle
pleasure
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
positive psychology
Carl Rogers (Lamont) (Sunstedt) that the self-concept is _____________ and those that fall short of their ideal self experience ______________
positive' a negative self-concept (central feature of personality)
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
projection
Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called ________ tests.
projective
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.
projective test
Free association is central to the process of
psychoanalysis
Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques
psychoanalysis.
criticized for offering after the fact explanations and that it is fixed in childhood
psychoanalytic theory
Frued believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from:
psychological processes
Freud suggested that pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
psychosexual stages
what characterizes a person's breathing when they experience stress?
quick and shallow
stress-induced return to behavior characteristic of an earlier developmental stage
regression (Timmy)
For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of
regression.
thoughts that are too settling for people to acknowledge/sensored dream contents
repressed
Evan is so terrified of snakes that he can't go to the zoo for fear of seeing one. Evan can't remember the first time he was afraid of snakes. Evan's inability to recall when his fear began is best explained by which of the following Freudian concepts?
repression
Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories through _____.
repression
Freud suggests that a man's inability to remember his childhood Oedipus Complex is
repression
pushes anxiety-causing ideas into unconscious mind
repression
research psychologists are less likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics as involving
repressive censoring
Accepting ourselves without undue dependence on the approval of others best illustrates
secure self-esteem.
According to Freud, the ego
seeks to gratify the id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
self
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
self transcendence
according to humanistic psychology, what is the very core of what we as people are?
self-awareness
view of oneself as an individual
self-concept
according to social-learning theory, people who persist at difficult tasks are more likely to have what internal factor?
self-efficacy expectations
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
self-esteem
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
self-serving bias
childhood experiences have consequences for our
social attachment styles
albert bandura method
social cognitive
when a psychologist fails to see an expected pattern of answers on a validity scale
the test taker is probably not answering questions honestly
which of the following is a characteristic of psychological needs?
they are not necessarily based on deprivation
according to the research, what is likely to happen if people experience too many life changes in a short period of time?
they develop an increased risk for medical problems
what have PET scans revealed about emotions?
they involve different parts of the brain
According to studies by Albert Bandura, what happened to children who saw an adult being punished for aggressive behavior?
they were less likely to copy the behavior
how does progressive relaxation help lower stress in the body?
through reducing muscle tension
Gordon Allport is to the _________ perspective
trait
Kelsey is consistently optimistic, talkative, and impulsive. Each of these characteristics most clearly represents a
trait
The ____ theory of personality focuses on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.
trait
characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives (Kelsey), to be shy
traits
what did erikson name his first stage?
trust vs. mistrust
Freud suggested that in the process of development, people pass through
a latency stage before they enter a genital stage.
People respond to stress with greater anxiety if they have
a reactive autonomic nervous system
According to Carl Jung, what is the collective unconscious?
a store of shared human concepts
Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist? a. A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom. b. A person applying for a managerial position takes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. c. A defendant in a criminal case is interviewed by a court-appointed psychologist. d. In a premarriage counseling session, a young couple responds to ambiguous inkblots. e. A depressed young man is asked by his therapist to relax on a couch and talk about whatever comes to mind.
a. A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom.
Which of the following is most likely to be true of a person from an individualistic culture? a. His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes. b. He would cope by accommodating to reality. c. He would view his life task as fitting in and maintaining connections. d. He would strive to develop a few close and enduring relationships. e. He would focus on his duty to his family.
a. His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes.
Which of the following is an example of unconditional positive regard? a. Mr. and Mrs. Prohaska, who have been married for 37 years, credit the success of their marriage to the fact that each has been able to accept the faults of the other without criticism. b. Seven-year-old Michaela gets her allowance each week whether she does her chores or not. c. Ms. Lopez, a second grade teacher, puts a smiley face sticker on her students'papers when they have done a good job. d. John got a promotion and a raise at work after filling in for a sick manager one day and doing a better job than the manager had done previously.
a. Mr. and Mrs. Prohaska, who have been married for 37 years, credit the success of their marriage to the fact that each has been able to accept the faults of the other without criticism.
In Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister's research, how did people with unrealistically high self-esteem react when they were criticized? a. They became exceptionally aggressive. b. Many were more receptive to the criticism. c. Some became easily depressed. d. Most worked harder to do better the next time. e. They quit the task without completing it.
a. They became exceptionally aggressive.
Free association is a. a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind. b. another name for hypnosis c. the major function of superego d. an ego defense e. a method of dream analysis
a. a method for exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind.
Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with
an external locus of control.
Barry is a college freshman who seems more interested in partying with friends than studying, even though he is in danger of failing out of school. Freud would suggest that Barry's focus on present pleasures rather than on future success reveals
an id dominated person
2 year old Damien is going through the _____ stage of development
anal
Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our ______.
anxiety
what is the least stressful type of conflict?
approach-approach conflict
people applying to graduate school may be required to take
aptitude and achievement tests
carl jung created a number of
archetypes
Which of the following is best described along a continuum ranging from ruthless and suspicious to helpful and trusting? a. Conscientiousness b. Agreeableness c. Openness d. Extraversion e. Perfectionism
b. Agreeableness
Scott Lilienfeld, James Wood, and Howard Garb (2001) wrote, "When a substantial body of research demonstrates that old intuitions are wrong, it is time to adopt new ways of thinking." What were they talking about? a. MRI test b. Rorschach inkblot test c. Freud's work on the id and ego d. Psychodynamic theories e. Modern views of the unconscious
b. Rorschach inkblot test (no validity) meaningless, projective
responding violently to a stressful situation is an example of
defensive coping
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.
denial
Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.
describing;explaining
which of the following is the most effective method for losing pounds and keeping them off?
dieting plus exercise
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
displacement
There is little evidence supported the idea that defense mechanisms
divert instinctual energy
Freud= the royal road to the unconscious
dreams
Who of the following is considered the leading advocate of personality's social-cognitive approach a. Gordon Allport b. Carl Jung c. Karen Horney d. Carl Rogers e. Albert Bandura
e. Albert Bandura
A question on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) such as "I get angry sometimes" is included to determine what about the test-taker? a. Whether the person has a personality disorder. b. If the person needs immediate help for anger management. c. If the person is more extraverted than introverted. d. Whether the person has a stronger id or superego. e. If the person is answering the questions truthfully.
e. If the person is answering the questions truthfully.
According to Freud, Bruce's ____________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires
ego
Although Garth wants to interact sexually with his girlfriend , he also wants to avoid premarital sex. Freud would have suggested that both desires might be partially satisfied by Garth's
ego
defense mechanisms are used by the
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The _______ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
ego
Freud suggested that in a healthy person the
ego is stronger than the id and superego
a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
empirically derived test
according to b.f. skinner, what forces shape people into wanting some things and not wanting others?
environmental influences
Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure sensitive areas of the body known as
erogenous zones
the id's psychic energy is focused on
erogenous zones
the needs for social recognition and accomplishment fall into which level of need?
esteem
What did Freud believe would likely develop in later life if a child did not resolve conflicts during the anal stage?
excessive use of self-control
behaviorists emphasize the effects of what on behavior?
experience
Freud emphasized that effective treatment of psychological disorders involves the
exploration of repressed memories
Free association is designed to
explore the unconscious
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate.
external locus of control
allows researchers to identify clusters of correlated test items and personality traits
factor analysis
test anxiety usually includes which of the following
feelings of foreboding
Freud's (Cawley) theory has been criticized for offering
few testable hypotheses to determine validity
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved.
fixation
what are instincts also known as?
fixed-action patterns
why have psychologists criticized the James-Lange theory?
for downplaying the role of human cognition
in which of the following types of formats are test-takers required to choose an answer for each question?
forced-choice
..The therapist is using a technique known as
free association
Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his patients dreams?
free association
Which technique was Freud most likely to use in an attempt to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patients' symptoms?
free association
Rogers believes a growth-promoting climate required 3 conditions
genuineness acceptance empathy
How did Erikson select names for his stages of psychological development?
he named them for the traits people might develop during each stage
which of the following terms relates to people who are driven to get ahead?
high achievement motivation
why might an obese man who loses weight feel hungry all the time?
his fat cells have shrunk, signaling the brain to trigger the hunger drive
teaches that people shape personalities through free choice and action
humanistic
what does the biological need for food give rise to?
hunger drive
Prior to his use of free association , Freud had encouraged patients to retrieve their forgotten memories by means of
hypnosis
When 2 year old matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The ____ operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The ________ operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
id
the behavior of a newborn and making nasty, hostile comments is controlled by the
id
What 3 basic psychological structures in the mind did freud identify?
id, ego, superego
The pleasure principle is to the ________________ as the reality principle is to the ___________.
id;ego
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.
identification
Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's
superego
Jordan feels ashamed that he hurt his younger brother. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Jordan's
superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
superego
what must you do to practice the progressive relaxation technique?
tense a specific muscle group then relax it
proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit (motivation) of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death.
terror-management theory
The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as
the Barnum effect.
Who said we can sum up personality on two dimensions: introversion/extraversion and stability/instability?
the Eysencks
What did Freud call a boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father?
the Oedipus Complex
Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between
the actual self and ideal self
who was/were the first to believe that humans have four inborn emotions?
the ancient Chinese
Which of the following would a trait theorist focus on?
the big five/temperament
what is a negative effect of society's increasing emphasis on losing weight?
women have set unrealistic weight-loss goals
What are the basic humors that Hippocrates believed were the basis of personality traits?
yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm
Which of the following is a "Big Five" personality factor? a. Seriousness b. Neuroticism c. Dutifulness d. Dominance e. Abstractedness
Neuroticism
according to the graph, about what percentage of Hispanic girls are happy with their experience in high school?
30%
Modern-day psychodynamic theorists agree with Freud about A. existence of unconscious mental processes B. Oedipus complex C. predictive value of Freudian theory D. superegos role as the executive part of personality
A. existence of unconscious mental processes
The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An ex. of this A. presence of books in a home B. preference for outdoor play C. ability to read at a fourth grade level D. fear of violent action on tv
A. presence of books in a home
Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious? A. repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events B. schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations C. parallel processing that occurs without our conscious knowledge D. instantly activated and implicit memories of learned skills
A. repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events
humanist who focused on self actualization and created hierarchy of needs/psychologist that would consider the need for esteem as a possible explanation for human behavior?
Abraham Maslow
known for the "bobo doll" experiments, developed a social cognitive model
Albert Bandura
Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized that personality development is strongly influenced by feelings of inferiority?
Alfred Adler
A cognitive strategy in which people set low expectations for a future performance despite having done well in similar situations in the past is called what? A. Self-concept B. Defense Pessimism C. Self-serving bias D. Personal inventory E. Self-efficacy
B. Defense Pessimism
Which neo-Freudian developed the concept "womb envy", opposed Freud's pessimistic outlook, and helped identify basic neurotic needs and present-day psychological issues? A. Carl Jung B. Karen Horney C. Alfred Adler D. Carl Rogers E. Jane Goodall
B. Karen Horney
Freud's theory of personality that states unconscious forces (wishes, desires, hidden memories) determine our behavior; as well as seeking to expose & interpret unconscious tendencies refers to which approach? A. Humanistic Approach B. Psychoanalysis Approach C. Cognitive Approach D. Abnormal Approach E. Biological Approach
B. Psychoanalysis Approach
Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted. A. life probs cause low self esteem B. answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and doesn't indicate cause and effect C. low self esteem leads to life probs D. because of the self serving bias, we must assume that external factors cause low self esteem
B. answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and doesn't indicate cause and effect
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors A. conscientiousness B. anxiety C. extraversion D. agreeableness
B. anxiety
According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to A. dormant sexual feelings B. fixation C. preconscious blocking of impulses D. distorted gender identity
B. fixation
Our scores on personality test best predict A. our behavior on a specific occasion B. our average behavior across many situations C. behavior involving a single trait, such as conscientiousness D. behavior that depends on the situation or context
B. our average behavior across many situations
According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms underlies all of the others? A. Reaction formation B. Repression C. Displacement D. Regression E. Projection
B. repression E. Projection (people who cheat on their taxes)- aka false consensus effect
Frida..palm readers, tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality
Barnum Effect (self-serving bias)
Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow both believed in the importance of reaching one's full potential. What psychological perspective was dedicated to both this growth potential and on the way healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization? A. Psychodynamic B. Cognitive C. Humanistic D. Behavioral E. Evolutionary
C. Humanistic
One famous personality inventory is the A. extraversion-introversion scale B. person-situation inventory C. MMPI D. rorschach
C. MMPI
According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the ____, seeks to gratify the impulses of the ____ in more acceptable ways. A. id, ego B. ego, superego C.ego, id D. id, superego
C.ego, id
which of the following tests would a guidance counselor be most likely to use to help a student who felt unsure about future career goals?
CISS
humanistic psychologist who devised self theory/people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies
Carl Rogers
Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on A. Freudian theory B. his experiences with patients C. series of lab experiments D. his study of healthy, creative people
D. his study of healthy, creative people
In general, neo-Freudians accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on A. development throughout the lifespan B. collective unconscious C. role of the id D. social interactions
D. social interactions
what is the central question raised by the cannon-bard theory of emotions?
Do bodily responses and emotions occur at the same time?
People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures. This readiness to perceive oneself favorably is called _____________. A. possible selves B. defense pessimism C. spotlight effect D. learned helplessness E. self-serving bias
E. self-serving bias
Which of the following represents Freud's Oedipus complex?
Four-year-old Carlos is experiencing unconscious sexual desire for his mother and unconscious hatred for his father.
personality arises from conflict between impulse and restraint, the result of our efforts to resolve this basic conflict
Freud's view of personality structure
Who emphasized that slips of the tongue often reveal the personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders?
Freud, incomplete repression
believed that a persons behavior is a product of a particular combination of traits
Gordon Allport
Focused personality theory of introversion-extroversion and stability-instability
Hans Eysenck
anxiety triggers desire for love and security
Horney
According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?
It operates under the reality principle
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Freud believed that personality forms as children
Pass through a series of psychosexual stages
What does the psychoanalytic approach to personality teach?
People undergo inner struggles between drives and rules.
______ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus like telling a story.
Projective
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
Rorschach inkblot test
which of the following is a general aptitude test?
SAT
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. mr. dutoit
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
What is a practical benefit of the work of trait theorists?
There is value in matching individuals to jobs on the basis of personality traits.
What conclusion did Gordon Allport make about traits?
Traits are fixed in the nervous system
a psychologist watches a class of preschool children for one hour and tracks a variety of behaviors that show inattention or hyperactivity. she is administering
a behavior-rating scale
Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister found that when criticized, people with unrealistically high self-esteem a. became exceptionally aggressive. b. were more receptive to the criticism. c. became easily depressed. d. worked harder to do better the next time. e. quit the task without completing it.
a. became exceptionally aggressive
Sigmund Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques a. psychoanalysis. b. the humanistic approach. c. the self-concept. d. the psychosexual stages. e. free association.
a. psychoanalysis
Our______ consists of all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?" a. self-concept b. ideal self c. self-esteem d. empathy e. self-acceptance
a. self-concept
process of adapting to new or different culture
acculturation
when faced with a stressor, which of the following can help the body cope with it?
adrenaline and noradrenaline
how do psychologists describe stress?/which of the following can improve how the body copes with stress?
all of the above
in a study of business executives, those who were able to withstand stress the best were
all of the above
Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced unconscious sexual desires for their father during the phallic stage. These feelings, they thought, reflected
an Electra Complex
Collectivist cultures are characterized by members a. developing a strong sense of self. b. giving priority to group goals. c. forming casual, often temporary relationships. d. achieving personal goals. e. discovering how they are different from the group.
b. giving priority to group goals.
Humanistic psychologists often prefer to assess personality by a. having a person write out answers to questions. b. sitting down and talking to a person. c. getting a person to describe what he or she sees in ambiguous inkblots. d. having a person describe their dreams. e. putting a person in a stressful situation to see how he or she behaves under pressure.
b. sitting down and talking to a person.
Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own prowess, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance are exhibiting a. a low self-esteem. b. the self-serving bias. c. pessimism. d. the spotlight effect. e. incompetence.
b. the self-serving bias.
According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem. He called the accepting attitude that enables this freedom a. a peak experience. b. unconditional positive regard. c. self-transcendence. d. humanistic psychology. e. our self-concept.
b. unconditional positive regard.
the concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of
behavioral consistency
Which of the following approaches states that everything is learned and thus we should only focus on observable behavior?
behaviorism
Which of the following theories offers a special focus on the potential for healthy personal growth? a. Neo-Freudian b. Psychodynamic c. Humanistic d. Behavioral e. Functionalist
c. Humanistic
Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? a. Manuela believes others are always watching her. b. Abraham believes he is a good person. c. Rasheed believes he is a competent skater. d. Saundra believes it rained because she's been wishing for rain for days. e. Igor maintains his optimism despite doing poorly in his math class.
c. Rasheed believes he is a competent skater.
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries threatening or upsetting events outside of consciousness? a. Regression b. Displacement c. Repression d. Projection e. Rationalization
c. Repression
What did Abraham Maslow call the process of fulfilling our potential? a. Love needs b. Self-esteem c. Self-actualization d. Self-transcendence e. Hierarchy of needs
c. Self-actualization
Children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influences how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. This is an example of a. personal control. b. learned helplessness. c. reciprocal determinism. d. the Big Five traits. e. implicit learning.
c. reciprocal determinism.
a person who begins counseling to deal with the stress of everyday living is most likely to be given the
california psychological inventory
when answering multiple-choice questions, it is best to
change your answer if you think you have made a mistake
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
collective unconscious
What did Carl Jung call the shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species'history?
collective unconscious
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
collectivism
One would NOT be likely to observe unusually high rates of divorce in cultures that promote
collectivism.
A boy's identification with his father illustrates the process of
conflict resolution
Self-actualized (have self-transcendence- Jin) people are least likely to be
conforming and experience defensive self-esteem (more likely to be open and spontaneous)
The way we explain negative and positive events is called a. personal control. b. reciprocal determinism. c. positive psychology. d. attributional style. e. situational assessment.
d. attributional style.
Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for a. empathy. b. love. c. negativity. d. evil. e. laziness.
d. evil.
Our self-focused perspective may motivate us, but it can also lead us to presume too readily that others are noticing and evaluating us. This is called a. self-monitoring. b. self-schemas. c. possible selves. d. the spotlight effect. e. the social-cognitive perspective.
d. the spotlight effect.
methods the ego uses to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause anxiety/has received some support from recent research
defense mechanisms
psychological distortions used to remain psychologically stable or in balance/in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
defense mechanisms
Which of the following is the best term or phrase for a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act? a. Myers-Briggs Indicator b. Factor analysis c. Introversion d. Extroversion e. Trait
e. Trait
Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which a. explains the nature-nurture debate. b. predicts human behavior. c. focuses on how our environment controls us. d. explains human motivation. e. emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.
e. emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.
Questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors designed to assess several traits at once are called a. factor analysis studies. b. peer reports. c. achievement tests. d. cognition tests. e. personality inventories.
e. personality inventories.
According to the text, many research psychologists think of as an information processor that works without our awareness. a. the TAT b. the id c. repression d. defense mechanisms e. the unconscious
e. the unconscious
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
rationalization
Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, "You could better spend the time playing with the kids." Melissa's comment best illustrates
rationalization.
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
reaction formation (amity, religious leader)
Ego is to id as ____________ is to ______________
reality/pleasure principle
Because she is often rejected by her parents, Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.
reciprocal determinism
emotional healing is associated with
recovery of repressed wishes
Maslow's theories could be criticized for
reduced generalizability
Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to
regression
Albert Bandura proposed the _____-_____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____ _____.
social cognitive, reciprocal determinism
Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development
social interactions
what did erik erikson think are the most important factors in personality development?
social relationships
Critics say that ______-______ personality theory is very sensitive to an individuals interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the person's enduring train.
social-cognitive
Which perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism?
social-cognitive
The process by which people learn a sense of personal control or personal helplessness has been most strongly emphasized by the
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context.
social-cognitive perspective
process by which people learn and adopt behaviors desirable in their particular culture
socialization
theorists that focus on roles of ethnicity, gender, and culture in the formation of personality advocate the ____________ approach
sociocultural
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).
spotlight effect
what could emotions be described as?
states of feelings
16 year old Hafez shows signs of a
strong ego
No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A freudian psychologist would suggest that lerae shows signs of a
strong superego
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.
sublimation
Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the _____, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
superego
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as
unconditional positive regard
The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called ____ ___ ___.
unconditional positive regard
Forgotten memories that we can easily recall are said by Freud to be
unconscious
In suggesting that the mind is like an iceberg, Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of the
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
unconscious
parallel processing of distinctive dimensions of a visual scene/implicit learning and memories
unconscious thought
Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate _____ and defend us against _____.
unconsciously;anxiety
Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions she would be classified as
unstable-introverted
critics say that the humanistic concepts are too
vague and subjective and underestimate the human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors, and social obligations, encourages selfishness
Critics of the MBTI question it's _____ and is a ___________ type of test in flattering terms, used for career counseling and work-team development; identified by ___________ _________
validity, feeling; Carl Jung
Conscious awareness of what goes on in our own minds is
very limited
what did carl rogers believe about people?
we are conscious architects of our own personalities
Georg shows signs of a
weak ego
Saeb is a high school senior . He impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money n his girlfriend and his car. Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of :
weak superego
Karen Horney disputed that women have
weak superegos
what is produced by the immune system to prevent disease?
white blood cells
