AP Psychology Semester 1
By seeking to measure the "atoms of the mind", who established the first psychology laboratory? a. Sigmund Freud b. John B. Watson c. William James d. Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt
Why do we need research methods?
Without critical thinking skills, the scientific method, and a foundation of research methods, we, as humans, can be easily fooled.
Which of the following is least likely to occur as a result of good sleep habits? (a) Decreased concentration (b) Better immune system (c) Strengthened memory (d) Lower serious accident rate (e) Decreased obesity
a) Decreased concentration
Which of the following dream theories states that dreams help us sort through the day's events and consolidate our memories? (a) Information-processing (b) Wish-fulfillment (c) Physiological functioning (d) Neural activation (e) Neural disconnection
a) Information-processing
A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon is called a(n) (a) action potential. (b) resting potential. (c) all-or-none impulse. (d) refractory period.
action potential
The most noticeable difference between human brains and other mammalian brains is the size of the (a) Visual cortex (b) Frontal lobe (c) Reticular activating system (d) Association areas
association areas
Teachers will often get some students to study more by offering extra credit
behavioral
When parents use punishment to change their child's behavior, they are using a technique from this perspective.
behavioral
When looking at why a person chooses to behave a particular way, I will examine the brain chemistry and hormonal issues of the person.
biological
The purpose of the pupil is to (a) focus light on the retina. (b) process color. (c) allow light into the eye. (d) enable night vision.
c) allow light into the eye.
A student plays the role of "class clown" in one class and the role of "brain" in another class. This approach explains it by examining a student's interpretations of how well the student assesses his/her own abilities in each subject.
cognitive
Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember the name of her second grade teacher. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question? (a) Storage (b) Recognition (c) Relearning (d) Recall (e) Encoding
d) Recall
Aggression is influenced by genetic predisposition. It was an advantageous trait that helped our ancestors acquire food and mates.
evolutionary
The basic components of emotion are physiological reaction, psychological reaction, biopsychosocial reaction. sympathetic arousal, parasympathetic inhibition, and cognitive labeling. cognition, affect, and behavior. physical gestures, facial expressions, and psychological drives. expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.
expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.
The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through tone of voice. facial expressions. hand gestures. music and dance. body postures.
facial expressions.
Independent Variable
factor that is manipulated
Dependent Variable
factor that is measured
Damage to which of the following could interfere with the ability to plan for the future? (a) Parietal lobe (b) Frontal lobe (c) Temporal lobe (d) Occipital lobe
frontal lobe
Which of the following does the endocrine system rely on to communicate? (a) Action potentials (b) Hormones (c) Agonists (d) Neurotransmitters
hormones
As children, we need unconditional positive regard (acceptance without anything in return) in order to grow up and become healthy adults.
humanistic
Breathing and heartbeat are controlled by the (a) parietal lobe. (b) corpus collosum. (c) medulla. (d) hippocampus
medulla
Damage to the hippocampus would result in (a) difficulties with balance and coordination. (b) memory problems. (c) the false sensation of burning in parts of the body. (d) emotional outbursts
memory problems
The basic building block of the nervous system is the (a) neurotransmitter. (b) brain. (c) synapse. (d) neuron.
neuron
The autonomic nervous system regulates the ________ that accompanies different emotions. physiological arousal genetic reaction well-being expressive behaviors conscious experiences
physiological arousal
Depression is the result of not being able to express our anger toward those at whom we are angry, so we "swallow" it, leading to depression.
psychodynamic
After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen, Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses. At this point, Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. stress appraisal Engagement Exhaustion Adjustment resistance
resistance
An individual experiences brain damage that produces a coma. Which part of the brain was probably damaged? (a) Reticular formation (b) Frontal lobe (c) Cerebellum (d) Limbic system
reticular formation
The biggest influence on personality is a person's friend group.
social-cultural
Which of the following illustrates generalization? (a) A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded. (b) A dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer. (c) A light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it's turned on. (d) A pigeon whose disk pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a Skinner box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again.
(a) A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded.
Who proposed the idea that language development could be explained with the principles of learning? (a) B. F. Skinner (b) Noam Chomsky (c) Steven Pinker (d) Benjamin Lee Whorf (e) Paul Broca
(a) B. F. Skinner
Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heuristic? (a) Deciding that a new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd. (b) Fearing air travel because of memories of plane crashes. (c) Checking in every drawer to find some matches because matches are usually in drawers. (d) Having the solution to a word problem pop into your head because you have just successfully solved a similar problem. (e) Applying for jobs in several local grocery stores because your best friend just got a job in a grocery store.
(a) Deciding that a new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd.
Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words? (a) Thinking about how the words relate to your own life (b) Practicing the words for a single extended period (c) Breaking up the practice into several relatively short sessions (d) Noticing where in a sentence the words appear (e) Focusing on the number of vowels and consonants in the words
(a) Thinking about how the words relate to your own life
A person who eats excessively and never seems to feel full may have which of the following conditions? (a) Tumor in the hypothalamus. (b) Too much insulin. (c) Stomach ulcer. (d) Stomach bypass surgery. (e) Too much obestatin.
(a) Tumor in the hypothalamus.
When someone provides his phone number to another person, he usually pauses after the area code and again after the next three numbers. This pattern underscores the importance of (a) chunking. (b) the serial position effect. (c) semantic encoding. (d) auditory encoding. (e) automatic processing.
(a) chunking.
Awareness of ourselves and our environment best describes (a) consciousness. (b) circadian rhythm. (c) hallucinations. (d) the biological clock. (e) hypnotism.
(a) consciousness.
What do we call the transparent, protective layer that light passes through as it enters the eye? (a) cornea (b) iris (c) lens (d) fovea
(a) cornea
Noam Chomsky believes that all we need to acquire language is (a) exposure to language in early childhood. (b) instruction in grammar. (c) reinforcement for babbling and other early verbal behaviors. (d) imitation and drill. (e) linguistic determinism.
(a) exposure to language in early childhood.
Stress-related disorders, asthma, and headaches have been successfully alleviated using (a) hypnosis. (b) serotonin. (c) leptin. (d) melatonin. (e) tolerance.
(a) hypnosis.
Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve indicates that (a) most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off. (b) we forget more rapidly as additional time passes. (c) forgetting is relatively constant over time. (d) forgetting is related to many factors, but time is not one of them. (e) we are more likely to forget items in the middle of a list than at the beginning or the end.
(a) most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off.
What do we call a mental predisposition that influences our interpretation of a stimulus? (a) perceptual set (b) emotion (c) extrasensory perception (d) context effects
(a) perceptual set
Frequency theory relates to the (a) rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates. (b) number of fibers in the auditory nerve. (c) point at which the basilar membrane exhibits the most vibration. (d) number of hair cells in each cochlea.
(a) rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates.
_____ is the idea that physiological needs create an aroused state that motivates an organism to reduce the need. (a) Instinct theory (b) Drive-reduction theory (c) Self-assertion instinct (d) Arousal theory (e) Hierarchy of needs
(b) Drive-reduction theory
Which of the following is the best biological explanation for why the human body stores fat? (a) Fat signals affluence and social status. (b) Fat is a fuel reserve during periods when food is scarce. (c) Fat is a display of abundant food sources. (d) Fat keeps the body warm in winter climates. (e) Fat combats the global epidemic of diabetes.
(b) Fat is a fuel reserve during periods when food is scarce.
In which stage of sleep are you likely to experience hypnagogic sensations of falling? (a) Alpha sleep. (b) NREM-1. (c) NREM-2. (d) NREM-3. (e) REM.
(b) NREM-1.
Which of the following illustrates a heuristic? (a) Calculating the area of a rectangle by multiplying the length times the width. (b) Recalling published reports of corporate fraud to estimate how much fraud occurs in American business. (c) Looking in each room of your home to find your sleeping cat. (d) Following a new recipe to bake a cake for your friend. (e) Trying every key on your mom's key ring until you find the one that unlocks the seldom-used storeroom in the basement.
(b) Recalling published reports of corporate fraud to estimate how much fraud occurs in American business.
Which neurotransmitters are most likely in undersupply in someone who is depressed? (a) Dopamine and GABA (b) Serotonin and norepinephrine (c) Serotonin and glutamate (d) Dopamine and norepinephrine
(b) Serotonin and norepinephrine
Which of the following phrases describes top-down processing? (a) The entry level data captured by our various sensory systems. (b) The effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception. (c) Our tendency to scan a visual field from top to bottom. (d) The fact that information is processed by the higher regions of the brain before it reaches the lower brain.
(b) The effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception.
Which of the following is an example of proactive interference? (a) You can't remember your locker combination from sixth grade because your current locker combination interferes (b) You can't recall your new cell phone number because your old number interferes (c) You can't recall what you studied in first period because what you studied in fourth period interferes (d) You can't recall what you studied on Monday because what you learned on Tuesday interferes
(b) You can't recall your new cell phone number because your old number interferes
The brain's own opiates are called (a) barbiturates. (b) endorphins. (c) tranquilizers. (d) Nembutal. (e) Seconal.
(b) endorphins.
Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis relates to the (a) influence thinking has on language. (b) influence language has on thinking. (c) role of the language acquisition device. (d) importance of critical periods in language development. (e) development of language in nonhuman animals.
(b) influence language has on thinking.
Attempts to control social behavior by using the punishing effects of isolation is an example of (a) attachment disorder. (b) ostracism. (c) exploitation. (d) wanting to belong. (e) conforming.
(b) ostracism.
The view from Narmeen's left eye is slightly different than the view from her right eye. This is due to which depth cue? (a) relative size (b) retinal disparity (c) linear perspective (d) convergence
(b) retinal disparity
To walk across a street, a person would rely most directly on her (a) central nervous system. (b) somatic nervous system. (c) peripheral nervous system. (d) parasympathetic nervous system
(b) somatic nervous system.
The purpose of the myelin sheath is to: (a) make the transfer of information across a synapse more efficient. (b) speed the transmission of information within a neuron. (c) reduce the antagonistic effect of certain drugs. (d) increase the amount of neurotransmitter available in the neuron.
(b) speed the transmission of information within a neuron.
In English, we know to put adjectives before nouns because of (a) semantics. (b) syntax. (c) statistical learning. (d) algorithms. (e) practice during the babbling stage.
(b) syntax.
The pineal gland's role in sleep involves (a) activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus. (b) the production of melatonin. (c) the location of hypnagogic images. (d) remembering dreams upon waking. (e) emitting alpha waves.
(b) the production of melatonin.
The brain's adaptation to a drug's chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect, is called (a) withdrawal. (b) tolerance. (c) physical dependence. (d) psychological dependence. (e) disinhibiting.
(b) tolerance.
Which of the following represents a circadian rhythm? (a) A burst of growth occurs during puberty. (b) A full moon occurs about once a month. (c) Body temperature rises each day as morning approaches. (d) When it is summer in the northern hemisphere, it is winter in the southern hemisphere. (e) Pulse rate increases when we exercise.
(c) Body temperature rises each day as morning approaches.
Which of the following might result from a disruption of your vestibular sense? (a) Inability to detect the position of your arm without looking at it. (b) Loss of the ability to detect bitter tastes. (c) Dizziness and a loss of balance. (d) An inability to detect pain.
(c) Dizziness and a loss of balance.
What is the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state? (a) Hierarchy of needs (b) Basal metabolic rate (c) Homeostasis (d) Instinct (e) Motivation
(c) Homeostasis
Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory? (a) What you had for breakfast yesterday (b) The need to spend some time reviewing tomorrow for an upcoming psychology quiz (c) Which way to turn the car key to start the ignition (d) That George Washington was the first president (e) How exciting it was to get the best birthday present ever
(c) Which way to turn the car key to start the ignition
In a weight discrimination study, Regina Pingitore and her colleagues demonstrated that (a) overweight men are rated less worthy than overweight women. (b) there is a correlation between a person's weight and intelligence. (c) an overweight person was rated less worthy of hiring for a job. (d) overweight people make as much money as non-overweight people. (e) overweight people, on average, are as satisfied as their non-overweight peers.
(c) an overweight person was rated less worthy of hiring for a job.
If you flashed a picture of a spoon to the left visual field of a person whose corpus callosum had been severed (so it was transmitted to her right hemisphere), she would (a) be able to draw a spoon with her right hand but would not be able to say she had seen a spoon. (b) be confused about whether she had seen a spoon. (c) be able to draw a spoon with her left hand but would not be able to say she had seen a spoon. (d) be able to tell you she had seen a spoon.
(c) be able to draw a spoon with her left hand but would not be able to say she had seen a spoon.
Mirror neurons may (a) allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response. (b) help produce intrinsic motivation in some children. (c) be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning. (d) produce the neural associations that are the basis of both classical and operant conditioning. (e) explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective than modeling negative behavior.
(c) be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning.
The "magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the (a) ideal number of times to rehearse information in the first encoding session. (b) number of seconds information stays in short-term memory without rehearsal. (c) capacity of short-term memory. (d) number of seconds information stays in echoic storage. (e) number of years most long-term memories last.
(c) capacity of short-term memory.
"Chair," "freedom," and "ball" are all (a) phonemes. (b) heuristics. (c) concepts. (d) telegraphic utterances. (e) prototypes.
(c) concepts.
Which of the following drugs is classified as an opiate? (a) nicotine. (b) marijuana. (c) heroin. (d) methamphetamine. (e) cocaine.
(c) heroin.
The Gestalt psychologists were interested in (a) depth perception and how it allows us to survive in the world. (b) why we see an object near us as closer rather than larger. (c) how an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces. (d) what the smallest units of perception are.
(c) how an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces.
Which of the following states of consciousness occurs when one person suggests to another that certain thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur? (a) daydreaming. (b) dreaming. (c) hypnosis. (d) hallucination. (e) Waking awareness.
(c) hypnosis.
Hermann Ebbinghaus is considered a pioneer in memory research because he established the importance of (a) semantic encoding. (b) mnemonic devices. (c) rehearsal. (d) iconic storage. (e) long-term potentiation.
(c) rehearsal.
Surgical stimulation of the sensory cortex might result in the false sensation (a) of music. (b) of flashes of colored light. (c) that someone is tickling you. (d) of a bad odor.
(c) that someone is tickling you.
According to Robert Sternberg, which of the following is not a component of creativity? (a) A venturesome personality (b) Imaginative thinking skills (c) A creative environment (d) A position of ignorance (e) Intrinsic motivation
(d) A position of ignorance
Which of the following statements is true of alcohol? (a) Alcohol is a stimulant because it produces insomnia. (b) Alcohol is a depressant because it produces bipolar disorder. (c) Alcohol is a stimulant because people do foolish things while under its influence. (d) Alcohol is a depressant because it calms neural activity and slows body functioning. (e) Alcohol is a stimulant because it increases instances of casual sex.
(d) Alcohol is a depressant because it calms neural activity and slows body functioning.
_____ explains why, when our biological needs are satisfied, we may still feel driven to experience stimulation. (a) Incentive (b) Homeostasis (c) Instinct (d) Arousal theory (e) Physiology
(d) Arousal theory
What do we call a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior? (a) Incentive (b) Refractory period (c) Emotion (d) Motivation (e) Instinct
(d) Motivation
Which of the following is an example of the primacy effect? (a) Remembering the most important homework assignment you have to complete (b) Remembering the skills you learned early in life, such as walking (c) Remembering the last thing your English teacher said in class yesterday, but nothing from earlier in the class period (d) Remembering the names of the first two co-workers you met on the first day of your new job
(d) Remembering the names of the first two co-workers you met on the first day of your new job
Which of the following is an example of source amnesia? (a) Iva can't remember the details of a horrifying event because she has repressed them. (b) Mary has entirely forgotten about an incident in grade school until her friend reminds her of the event. (c) Michael can't remember this year's locker combination because he confuses it with last year's combination. (d) Stephen misremembers a dream as something that really happened. (e) Anna, who is trying to lose weight, is unable to remember several of the between-meal snacks she had yesterday.
(d) Stephen misremembers a dream as something that really happened.
Why does weight loss come slowly following a rapid loss during the initial three weeks of a rigorous diet? (a) The number of fat cells makes further weight loss impossible. (b) When a person's hunger increases, metabolism increases. (c) When an obese person's set point has been reached, weight loss increases dramatically. (d) The body reacts as if it's being starved and metabolic rates drop. (e) An obese person cannot maintain a rigorous weight loss diet.
(d) The body reacts as if it's being starved and metabolic rates drop.
Brain plasticity refers to the (a) feel of healthy human brain tissue. (b) ability of the brain to transfer information from one hemisphere to the other. (c) way a brain gets larger as a child grows. (d) ability of brain tissue to take on new functions.
(d) ability of brain tissue to take on new functions.
Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of (a) nicotine. (b) methamphetamine. (c) caffeine. (d) alcohol. (e) Ecstasy.
(d) alcohol.
If you flashed a picture of a duck to the right visual field of a person whose corpus callosum had been severed (so it was transmitted to her left hemisphere), she would (a) be able to draw a duck with her right hand but would not be able to say she had seen a duck. (b) be confused about whether she had seen a duck. (c) be able to draw a duck with her left hand but would not be able to say she had seen a duck. (d) be able to tell you she had seen a duck.
(d) be able to tell you she had seen a duck.
People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10 percent death rate than they are when told it has a 90 percent survival rate. This is because of (a) belief perseverance. (b) insight. (c) intuition. (d) framing. (e) confirmation bias.
(d) framing.
The peripheral nervous system (a) connects the brain to the spinal cord. (b) calms the body after an emergency. (c) is limited to the control of voluntary movement. (d) is the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and the spinal cord.
(d) is the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and the spinal cord.
To produce the acquisition of a conditioned response, one should (a) repeatedly present an unconditioned response. (b) administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. (c) make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before the unconditioned stimulus. (d) pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times. (e) present the conditioned stimulus until it starts to produce an unconditioned response.
(d) pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times.
Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity while sleeping are called (a) hallucinations. (b) circadian rhythms. (c) alpha waves. (d) sleep spindles. (e) delta waves.
(d) sleep spindles.
Edward Thorndike's law of effect (a) establishes the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. (b) shows that behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement. (c) demonstrates how shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning. (d) states that rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again. (e) relates to the limited effectiveness of punishment.
(d) states that rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again.
Which of the following is produced by perceptual set? (a) not noticing the songs change in a restaurant (b) moving an arm quickly so a mosquito flies away (c) not noticing the watch on your wrist as the day goes on (d) surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak with a British accent
(d) surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak with a British accent
A PET scan best allows researchers to determine (a) the presence of tumors in the brain. (b) the size of the internal structures of the brain. (c) the location of strokes. (d) the functions of various brain regions.
(d) the functions of various brain regions.
Our rods and cones _____________ electromagnetic energy into neural messages. (a) adapt. (b) accommodate. (c) parallel process. (d) transduce.
(d) transduce.
Which of the following illustrates the serial position effect? (a) The only name Kensie remembers from the people she met at the party is Spencer, because she thought he was particularly good looking. (b) Kimia has trouble remembering information from the book's first unit when she reviews for semester finals. (c) It's easy for Brittney to remember that carbon's atomic number is 6 because her birthday is on December 6. (d) Kyle was not able to remember the names of all of his new co-workers after one week on the job, but he could after two weeks. (e) Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first or last words on the list.
(e) Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first or last words on the list.
What did Ernest Hilgard call a split between different levels of consciousness? (a) Hypnagogic imagery (b) REM sleep (c) Delta waves (d) Spindles (e) Dissociation
(e) Dissociation
Which of the following drugs produces effects similar to a near-death experience? (a) Ecstasy. (b) Nicotine. (c) Barbituate. (d) Methamphetamine. (e) LSD.
(e) LSD.
Which of the following statements concerning memory is true? (a) Hypnosis, when used as a component of therapy, usually improves the accuracy of memory. (b) One aspect of memory that is usually accurate is the source of the remembered information. (c) Children's memories of abuse are always accurate. (d) Memories we are more certain of are more likely to be accurate. (e) Memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information.
(e) Memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information.
According to research, which of the following are we most likely to experience after sleep-deprivation? (a) Night terrors. (b) Sleep apnea. (c) Manifest dream content. (d) Narcolepsy. (e) REM rebound.
(e) REM rebound.
Research conducted by Ancel Keys on semistarvation found that men who were given just enough food to stabilize their weight at 25 percent below their starting weight (a) became obsessed with physical exercise. (b) were more interpersonally outgoing. (c) showed increases in mental cognition. (d) were in a state of homeostasis. (e) lost interest in social activities.
(e) lost interest in social activities.
Mnemonic devices are least likely to be dependent upon (a) imagery. (b) acronyms. (c) rhymes. (d) stories. (e) massed rehearsal.
(e) massed rehearsal.
Sudden sleep attacks at inopportune times best describes (a) sleep apnea. (b) insomnia. (c) night terrors. (d) sleepwalking. (e) narcolepsy.
(e) narcolepsy.
People often underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a project because of (a) belief perseverance. (b) framing. (c) intuition. (d) the availability heuristic. (e) overconfidence.
(e) overconfidence.
When a mother's egg and father's sperm unite, each contributes 23 chromosomes 1 chromosome pair 23 chromosome pairs 30,000 chromosomes
23 chromosomes
In a normal distribution, if the mean is 15 and the standard deviation is 5, then 95% of scores fall between ____ and ____. 10 and 20 5 and 25 0 and 30
5 and 25
In a normal distribution, if the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 7, the top 2% of scores are above ___. 64 73 80
64
Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings? An operational definition is easier to translate into multiple languages than a dictionary definition An operational definition allows others to replicate the procedure An operational definition provides specific examples of the concept
An operational definition allows others to replicate the procedure
Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and Lays them out in sequence Shuts down Anticipates events Receives a reward
Anticipates events
The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the A) relative deprivation principle. B) Cannon-Bard theory. C) James-Lange theory. D) catharsis hypothesis. E) two-factor theory.
B) Cannon-Bard theory.
According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________. A. physical arousal; overt behavior B. conscious experience; unconscious experience C. a cognitive label; physical arousal D. emotion-arousing events; physical arousal E. facial expressions; a cognitive label
C. a cognitive label; physical arousal
Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research? Choosing a representative sample Choosing a large sample Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population
Choosing a representative sample
Deep sleep is associated with which of the following? (a) Hypnagogic sensations (b) REM (c) Alpha (d) Stage 1 (e) Delta
Delta
Lynn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, Charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of Lynn's demonstration, Charlie does not turn off the light. What concept has Charlie demonstrated? Habituation Discrimination Spontaneous recovery Extinction
Discrimination
Morphine elevates mood and eases pain, and is most similar to which of the following? Dopamine Serotonin Endorphins Acetylcholine
Endorphins
Margo never enjoys spring break because at the end of every finals week she catches a bad cold. Margo is most likely in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? Resolution Adjustment Exhaustion Resistance Alarm
Exhaustion
Which neurotransmitter inhibits central nervous system activity in order to calm a person down during stressful situations? GABA Glutamate Norepinephrine Acetylcholine
GABA
Control Group
Group not exposed to IV
Experimental Groups
Groups exposed to IV
The extent to which variation among members of a group can be attributed to genes is called Behavior genetics Interaction Fraternal genetics Heritability
Heritability
Ten-year-old Vito tells his friend, "When you notice that your knees knock, your hands sweat, and your stomach is in knots, then you really get scared." This statement best illustrates the Facial feedback hypothesis. Catharsis hypothesis. Cannon-Bard theory. James-Lange theory. The two-factor theory.
James-Lange theory.
The suggestion that "a happy face creates a merry soul" is most consistent with the catharsis hypothesis. James-Lange theory. Cannon-Bard theory. Two-factor theory. adaptation-level principle.
James-Lange theory.
Who coined the term "tabula rasa" to help explain the impact that experience has on shaping an individual? Rene Descartes John Locke John B. Watson Sigmund Freud
John Locke
A researcher interested in determining the size of a particular area of the brain would be most likely to use a(n) (a) lesion. (b) EEG. (c) MRI. (d) PET scan.
MRI
Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias? Tom is certain that electric cars will represent 80% of vehicles in twenty years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline Marcy cannot recognize a definition on a flashcard. After turning the card over and viewing the term, she tells herself she knew what the answer was all along.
Marcy cannot recognize a definition on a flashcard. After turning the card over and viewing the term, she tells herself she knew what the answer was all along.
A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year-olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting? Naturalistic observation Random sample method Case Study Survey
Naturalistic observation
In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus Naturally triggers a response Is a naturally occurring response Is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response
Naturally triggers a response
One reasons that identical twins might show slight differences at birth is They did not develop from a single fertilized egg One twin's placenta may have provided slightly better nourishment They develop from different sperm They develop from different eggs
One twin's placenta may have provided slightly better nourishment
When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system. Central Cathartic Sympathetic Parasympathetic somatic
Parasympathetic
With which of the following statements would John B. Watson most likely agree? Psychology should study the growth potential in all people. Psychology should study the unconscious Psychology should study mental thought processes Psychology should focus on observable behavior.
Psychology should focus on observable behavior
The purpose of random assignment is to Eliminate illusory correlations. Ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research. Reduce potential confounding variables. Allow participants in both the experimental and control group to be exposed to the independent variable.
Reduce potential confounding variables.
Which of the following is used only in correlation studies? Double blind Placebo Random assignment Scatterplot
Scatterplot
If a person had damage to the Wernicke's Area, what symptoms would you expect to see?
Speech comprehension impairment
If a person had damage to the Broca's Area, what symptoms would you expect to see?
Speech production impairment