AP Psychology Unit 3 Review

According to the data presented in the graph, most infants can stand unsupported by which age?

18 months

A researcher studied 30 people ages twenty to forty, 30 people ages forty-one to sixty, and 30 people ages sixty-one to eighty. The researcher set up two rooms—one with a faint rose smell, and one with a faint lemon smell. Each participant was asked to enter each room and identify the smell in the room. What research method did the researcher use, and what outcome would be found?

Cross-sectional. As people age, their sense of smell diminishes, especially in older age.

Crystal has three children she loves and cares for very much. Denise has two children that she neglects. Crystal's children are very friendly and talk to people more often than Denise's children. Which of the following is the likely result of the children's attachment to their mothers?

Crystal's children will have better socialization skills.

A researcher studied the impact of early childhood education on disadvantaged children. Half of the children were randomly assigned to receive high-quality preschool, while the other half received no opportunity to attend preschool. The study collected extensive data on the children from the study until they reached age 40. The researchers were able to conclude that high-quality preschool positively affected education, socioeconomic status, crime prevention, family dynamics, and health. Which of the following best describes the research methodology used?

Longitudinal experiment

Researchers probing the brain in search of explanations for sexual orientation have found differences between gay men and straight men in the region known as the

Hypothalamus

Dr. Belzer documented the behaviors of parents with their children at a local restaurant. She looked for specific examples of permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles. Which of the following best describes the method of research used by Dr. Belzer?

Naturalistic Observation

In homes where parents do not use correct grammar, their children tend to make more grammatical errors. Which of the following concepts identifies a type of error children might make?

Overgeneralization

By age six months, infants from different countries in the world will distinguish hearing a change in small units of sound. For example, in one study, when six-month old babies hear the RRR sound change to an LLL sound, they sucked faster on a special pacifier that measured their rate of sucking. By twelve months, however, Japanese children no longer distinguish these sounds since culturally, they are not exposed to them. Which of the following terms were researchers studying on a cross-cultural level?

Phoneme

As teens mature, they start to show improved judgment, impulse control, and long-term planning. These improvements are due to development of which brain area?

Prefrontal cortex

What is Torian displaying with his positive, constructive, helpful behaviors like helping his grandmother with shopping and volunteering after school?

Prosocial behavior

Dr. Lawrence asked participants to identify their gender by using their own words instead of using a multiple-choice question. Which of the following describes the type of data Dr. Lawrence is collecting with this question?

Qualitative data

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing

Role confusion

What conclusion can be drawn from the data presented in the figure about sensitivity to teratogens during prenatal development?

Teratogens are least likely to impact the development of the heart after 9 weeks.

Researchers hypothesize that the older a baby is when it begins to crawl, the longer it will take the baby to stop exhibiting earlier rocking behaviors. The researchers go into the infant room of a day care center every day for six weeks. Every time a baby rocks, the researchers record it. They document which babies are already crawlers and at what age each started crawling. What will help the researchers with their investigation?

Their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins

Marjorie's little brother tends to bother her when he is bored. Marjorie wants to figure out which toy will keep her brother occupied the longest so he will not bother her. She conducts a study where each day at 6 P.M. for a week she gives her brother a different toy and on one of the days she gives him no toys to play with. She measures the amount of time he spends playing with each toy before he comes to bother her. Which of the following is the independent variable in this example?

Type of toy

According to Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate predisposition to understand the principles and rules that govern grammar in all languages. What is this predisposition called?

Universal grammar

Which of the following statements about gender differences in aggression is true?

Women show more relational aggression than men do

Researchers were interested in seeing how quickly toddlers learned how to play with a new toy while interacting with one of their caregivers. They documented the number of interactions between toddlers and caregivers as they learned to play with the new toy. The researchers noted that caregivers from different cultures varied in the number of verbal statements spoken to the children to explain how to play with the toy. Which of the following concepts best describes the topic of the research study?

Zone of proximal development

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

a theory of mind

Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of:

accommodation

Ellie and Ella's parents set clear rules, but also have discussions with their daughters about the types of rules and what the consequences should be for breaking the rules. Their parents are evidently following the parenting style.

authoritative parenting style

Already at 15 months of age, Justin strongly senses that he can rely on his father to comfort and protect him. This most clearly contributes to:

basic trust

Mary Ainsworth's research on attachment suggests that a child is most likely to become "securely attached" when exposed to

consistent, responsive caregivers

For Regis to think it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so is demonstrating Kohlberg's stage of morality.

conventional

The combination of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that result from a pregnant woman's heavy drinking is known as:

fetal alcohol syndrome

What process is used by psychologists to test whether newborns can visually discriminate between various shapes and colors?

habituation

Jayden, age 15, is struggling with how his political views fit with those of his peers and his parents as he moves toward developing what Erikson would call his sense of

identity

Cross-sectional research indicated that during early and middle adulthood, aging is associated with ____ levels of intelligence. Longitudinal research indicated that during this period of life, aging is associated with ____ levels of intelligence.

increasing, declining

According to Kohlberg, a person who bases moral decisions on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards is in which stage?

preconventional

One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates:

secure attachment

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a

sense of object permanence

When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's stage.

sensorimotor

Mason retired at age 50 and was called "lucky" by his peers. This is because age 65 is the normal retirement age according to the

social clock

The _____ is the fertilized egg that after a 2-week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo.

zygote

Most adolescents can ponder and debate human nature, good and evil, and truth and justice. According to Piaget, this thinking ability is due to the emergence of which stage?

Formal operational

Which of the following words has three morphemes? Cat, Greeters, Choose, Nonstop

Greeters

Maria is a thirteen year old child born with deafness to parents who can hear and who also live in a remote, rural area. Since birth, her parents have provided love, nourishment, educationally enriching toys, and developed their own hand signals to communicate with her about basic necessities. However, Maria did not begin to learn sign language until she was twelve and the family moved to a city and encountered members of a deaf community. Maria has found it very difficult to learn sign language, no matter what her instructors try. Which of the follow concepts best explains Maria's difficulty learning sign language?

A sensitive period

What is a teratogen?

A substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child

What is the correct term for a period of time when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development?

Critical period

Based on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is Megan in? Megan, a third grader, is having trouble with math and feels she cannot master it, affecting her performance in other subjects.

Competence (industry) and inferiority

Vy is 11 years old and knows 10 - 7 = 3 and 3 + 7 = 10 but finds it difficult to solve a math problem, such as 3x - 5, because she cannot understand why there is a letter in the problem. Piaget would most likely place her in the

Concrete operational stage

A psychologist works with the Temne people of Western Africa. The psychologist presents two equal balls of clay, both an inch in diameter. First, the child acknowledges that the balls of clay are equal. Then, the researcher flattens one of the balls, and the psychologist asks the child, "If your friend was given the clay shaped like a rice cake and you were given the ball, who would have more to eat?" The psychologist counted how many children said, "One of us cannot have more than the other." Which of the following cognitive concepts was the psychologist testing?

Conservation

Researchers gathered information on the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in children under the age of six years from a randomly selected sample from a large nation. One type of data collected involved parents reporting about special health care needs of their children such as whether they had emotional, behavioral, or developmental delays. Children with no or low ACEs were less likely to experience developmental difficulties. Which of the following research methodologies was used in this study?

Correlational

Professor Whitmore conducted research to examine changes in cognitive development across the life span. He recruited 400 participants and then grouped them by age. The study included 20-year-olds, 40-year-olds, 60-year-olds, and 80-year-olds (100 in each group). Each group in the study took several different tests. Some of the tests were fact-based and drew upon knowledge from several different areas. Other tests required participants to solve new problems as quickly as they could. Based upon research on fluid intelligence, which of the following is a likely hypothesis for Dr. Whitmore's study?

The 20-year-old cohort will likely outperform all other groups on the tests that involve solving new problems quickly.

A researcher explored the importance of comfort in newborn rhesus monkeys. The researcher separated infant monkeys from their biological mothers and introduced them to two inanimate surrogate mothers. One surrogate mother was constructed of wire and had a milk bottle attached to it, and the second was covered in soft cloth but did not have a milk bottle attached to it. The baby monkeys spent almost all of their time on the soft cloth mother and only went to the wire monkey to eat. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?

The amount of time the infant spent with each surrogate mother.

Anthony is an adolescent who has a pimple on his cheek and thinks everyone is looking at it. Which of the following best explains what Anthony is experiencing? Responses

The imaginary audience phenomenon

Which of these is an example of a cross-sectional study?

The memory of one group of 50-year-olds is measured and compared to a different group of 70-year-olds

Researchers proposed a study on language acquisition to see if exposing 10-month-old babies to phonemes outside of their primary language had an impact on the child's fluency in their primary language. One hundred babies are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition babies would only be exposed to phonemes of their primary language for one hour per day over the course of six months. The other group would be exposed to phonemes from several different languages for one hour per day over the course of six months. The researchers hoped to explore whether exposure to phonemes from several different languages helped or impeded language development. Which of the following concerns would an IRB likely have about this study?

The procedure could potentially cause harm to the babies by interfering with their language development.

Which of the following statements BEST represents contemporary thinking on the nature-nurture issue?

The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other

Researchers created a study to try to assess the extent to which 2-year-old children could detect emotion in telegraphic speech coming from adults. Children would be exposed to neutral phrases, happy phrases, and angry phrases. Which of the following statements about ethical guidelines is accurate for this study?

The researchers will first need to obtain informed consent from the parents of each child.