AP Psychology Unit 3B Test
In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell. In the second phase, the researcher pairs a flashing light with the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will Responses A no longer salivate when the bell is rung B only salivate when the bell is rung C salivate when the light is flashed D salivate when the researcher comes into the room
C: salivate when the light is flashed
Elementary-school students were reinforced with stickers every Monday and Friday for turning in their homework on time. These stickers could later be used to purchase candy and toys from the school store. Using the data presented in the table, what is the mode for the students who received a sticker on Friday? Responses A 13 B 4 C 10 D 3
A: 13
The table depicts the number of points a basketball player earns per game wearing certain colored socks. Game #Color of socksNumber of pointsGame #1Blue8Game #2Green13Game #3Green14Game #4Blue4Game #5Green12 A player tracks the number of points he earns per game for five games wearing different colors of his team socks. After the data is gathered, he develops a superstition and always wears green socks. What is the mean number of points earned when wearing green socks? Responses A 13 B 6 C 2 D 4
A: 13
Which of the following is a response acquired through classical conditioning? Responses A A woman's stomach growls when she looks at the clock and sees it is almost lunchtime. B A dog salivates at the taste of food. C A child cleans his room more often when he is rewarded for doing so. D A driver stops speeding after receiving a ticket.
A: A woman's stomach growls when she looks at the clock and sees it is almost lunchtime.
Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior? Responses A Behaviorist B Cognitive C Psychodynamic D Structuralist
A: Behaviorist
Researchers are investigating the effects of a 20-minute antibullying video on adolescent helping behavior. Fifty-seven eighth-grade students from a middle school are participating. What conclusion can be drawn from the graph? (Both going up) Responses A Both male students and female students showed an increase in helping behaviors after watching the video. B Only female students showed an increase in helping behaviors after watching the video. C Only male students showed an increase in helping behaviors after watching the video. D Both male students and female students showed a decrease in helping behaviors after watching the video.
A: Both male students and female students showed an increase in helping behaviors after watching the video.
Larry wants to be more open to new experiences. According to a behaviorist, how could he teach himself to be more open? Responses A Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience. B Mentally walk himself through what each potential new experience will be like to convince himself that it will be a positive experience. C Force himself to engage in one new experience a day until it is second nature. D Explore what happened in his childhood that makes him reluctant to try new things.
A: Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience.
Dr. Ramsey is studying the effectiveness of different operant conditioning methods to encourage studying behavior in students. The data are presented in the graph. According to the data, which of the following is true of motivating students to study more? Responses A Positive reinforcement is the most successful. B Negative reinforcement is the most successful. C Positive punishment is the most successful. D Negative punishment is the most successful.
A: Positive reinforcement is the most successful.
Based on the data presented in the table, which consequence was used by the training staff for dog #2? He has 9 times needed to correct his behavior during training. Responses A Reinforcement B Punishment C Habituation D High-order Conditioning
A: Reinforcement
Which of the following is NOT a product of learning? Responses A Squinting in bright light B Doing chores in order to receive money C Getting acclimated to the frequent sound of trains going past one's house D Becoming afraid of dogs after being bitten by a dog
A: Squinting in bright light
The table depicts the number of good behaviors that are reinforced for students in elementary classrooms. Group 1 is offered pizza or ice cream they can eat immediately when they demonstrate good behavior. Group 2 is offered a "good behavior ticket" for each good behavior that they can use to "purchase" pizza or ice cream at the end of the week. ClassroomGroup 1Group 2Classroom #1148Classroom #2134Classroom #3159Classroom #41310Classroom #5145 Which type of reinforcement has a larger range according to the data depicted in the table? Responses A Token economy B Continuous reinforcement C Negative reinforcement D Variable-ratio reinforcement
A: Token Economy
In a set of studies, a researcher first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog's tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies, which of the following was the conditioned stimulus? Responses A Touch to the body B Vinegar on the tongue C Salivation to the vinegar D Salivation to the touch
A: Touch to the body
Based on the graph, which schedule of reinforcement would a parent choose to create the fastest rate of learning in their child? (Line graphs have stairs to them, we saw them in the google slide, closest one happens fastest towards the y axis) Responses A Variable Ratio B Variable Interval C Fixed Interval D Fixed Ratio
A: Variable Ratio
The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. This research method is best characterized as Responses A experimental B correlational C naturalistic observation D case study
A: experimental
In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called Responses A latent learning B partial reinforcement C observational learning D classical conditioning
A: latent learning
After each bar press, a laboratory rat receives electric stimulation to its brain. The rate of bar pressing increases. This is an example of Responses A positive reinforcement B negative reinforcement C negative punishment D positive punishment
A: positive reinforcement
Learned helplessness is most likely to result when Responses A responses have no effect on the environment B young organisms fail to imprint at the critical period C a response is reinforced independently D an organism receives negative reinforcement
A: responses have no effect on the environment
Jane often walked with her baby, Chloe, past a construction site. Near the site, a bright light followed by a loud sound would occur that would frighten Chloe, and she would cry. Soon Chloe would cry even if the light was not followed by the loud noise. Eventually Chloe began to cry when she saw flashing lights at the supermarket as well. This pattern of behavior reflects Responses A stimulus generalization B negative reinforcement C secondary reinforcement D shaping of behavior
A: stimulus generalization
In classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds Responses A to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus B to stimuli that are similar to the unconditioned stimulus C to the conditioned stimulus the same way as to the unconditioned stimulus D with different types of responses to neutral stimuli
A: to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Divine wants to train her dog to sit using operant conditioning. Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur? Responses A Partial reinforcement B A behavioral consequence C A stimulus substitution D Spontaneous recovery
B: A behavioral consequence
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between classical and operant conditioning? Responses A Classical conditioning involves the acquisition of voluntary responses, whereas operant conditioning involves reflexes. B Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences. C Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by Edward Thorndike's studies with cats, whereas operant conditioning was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's studies with dogs. D Classical conditioning involves a learner's active response in order to obtain reinforcement, whereas in operant conditioning the learner is passive.
B: Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences.
Oksana experiences pleasurable feelings when she hugs her mother. Recently, her mother started wearing a new perfume, which Oksana can smell when she hugs her mother. When Oksana is shopping, she smells that new perfume near the counter where it is sold. She immediately feels the same pleasurable feelings as she does when she hugs her mother. In terms of classical conditioning, which of the following is the smell of the new perfume? Responses A Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) B Conditioned stimulus (CS) C Positive reinforcement D Unconditioned response (UCR)
B: Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules? Responses A Fixed-interval B Fixed-ratio C Variable-ratio D Variable-interval
B: Fixed-ratio
Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively? Responses A Grandmother's house; fear B Grandmother's house; falling C Fear; grandmother's house D Falling; anxiety
B: Grandmother's house; falling
Which scenario below best depicts insight learning? Responses A Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry. B Kyler audited a physics class and was not required to be formally tested on the material. However, when Kyler's mother asked him a tough question about physics he was able to answer it correctly. C Marley screamed when she saw her neighbor's dog after watching her father scream in fear around dogs. D Karla never tried to leave the house in the middle of the night again after her parents grounded her for sneaking out of the house.
B: Kyler audited a physics class and was not required to be formally tested on the material. However, when Kyler's mother asked him a tough question about physics he was able to answer it correctly.
In the 1960s, a psychologist placed dogs in a box and then exposed them to five trials in which they received an electric shock that they could not avoid. In the sixth trial, the psychologist placed the dogs in a different box. In this trial, the dogs could avoid the shocks by jumping over a small obstacle. None of the dogs jumped over the obstacle. Which of the following concepts explains why the dogs did not jump over the obstacle to escape the shocks in the sixth trial? Responses A Retroactive interference B Learned helplessness C Superordinate goals D Diathesis-stress
B: Learned helplessness
After years of watching their mother drive a car, Rowan knows how to start the car when sitting in the driver's seat for the first time. Which of the following types of learning best explains how Rowan acquired this new behavior? Responses A Operant conditioning B Observational learning C Classical conditioning D Insight learning
B: Observational learning
In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning? Responses A After a painful procedure at the hospital, Erin experiences anxiety any time she sees a hospital. B Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away. C Marta always associated her mother's fruitcake with the happiness of the holidays. After being on her own for some time the fruitcake no longer had that association, but when a colleague brought a fruitcake to work she felt the happiness return. D After his first kiss at a school dance, Lester not only gets a warm feeling every time he hears the song that was playing during the kiss, but also whenever he hears a song by the same artist.
B: Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.
Being able to perform a complex action after watching another person perform it is an example of which of the following types of learning? Responses A Insight B Social C Latent D Operant conditioning
B: Social
A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the independent variable in this study? Responses A Incidence of aggressive behavior B Type of television program viewed C Sex of the children D Duration of free play
B: Type of television program viewed
Which of the following aspects of classical conditioning is demonstrated by Quadrant 1 in the figure? (Dog drooling infront of food) Responses A Conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus. B Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus. C Extinction of a conditioned response. D Spontaneous recovery of a conditioned response.
B: Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction? Responses A Shaping B Variable ratio C Fixed ratio D Fixed interval
B: Variable ratio
A psychologist conducted research that involved pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of food. Food naturally caused the dogs to salivate, and eventually the dogs salivated to the sound of the bell alone. This phenomenon is called which of the following? Responses A cognitive development B classical conditioning C operant conditioning D behaviorism
B: classical conditioning
Sebastian wants to earn an "A" in his biology course but finds it difficult to stay motivated to study every night. His teacher recommends that he surround himself with peers who study regularly to increase his studying behavior. Sebastian's teacher made her recommendation based on the learning concept of Responses A acquisition B classical conditioning C modeling D generalization
B: classical conditioning
At the beginning of the school year, Juan had trouble paying attention in class because he was distracted by posters in the classroom. Midway through the semester, he could pay attention more easily because he no longer noticed the posters. His decreased attention to the posters is most likely related to Responses A signal detection B habituation C perceptual set D the cocktail party effect
B: habituation
Because he is afraid of public speaking, Scott withdraws from a class that requires an oral presentation and enrolls in another class without a presentation requirement. He continues the pattern, switching classes each semester to avoid giving presentations. Scott's behavior has been Responses A positively reinforced B negatively reinforced C weakened D classically conditioned
B: negatively reinforced
Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. Now Jeff's children use bad language. This can be explained by Responses A learned helplessness B social learning theory C classical conditioning D self-efficacy
B: social learning theory
Which of the following statements is most representative of the principles of the Law of Effect? Responses A A person is able to notice a change in a stimulus if it is a large enough proportion of change from the original stimulus. B A person is more likely to engage in a behavior if they feel personal satisfaction from doing it rather than receiving external rewards for doing it. C A person is more likely to engage in a behavior more frequently when the behavior is followed by a positive result. D Identical twins raised in separate households are more similar in IQ and personality than fraternal twins raised in the same household.
C: A person is more likely to engage in a behavior more frequently when the behavior is followed by a positive result.
Which of the following is the best example of shaping? Responses A A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room. B An employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months. C A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday. D A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage.
C: A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.
Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. However, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi? Responses A Latent learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer. B Insight learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer. C Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion. D Negative punishment, because this example illustrates taste aversion.
C: Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion.
Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios? Responses A Princess used to sit on command, but since her owner stopped giving her a treat for it, she no longer does. B Chug, a fearful dog after growing up without a home, gradually became more trusting of people after being exposed to them. Then, Chug suddenly returns to his fearful behavior. C Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning. D Brodie associates the sound of the doorbell with guests and excitedly goes to the door when he hears it, but he also does so when he hears a game show contestant ring a bell to answer a question.
C: Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning.
In an effort to demonstrate that phobias were the result of environmental conditioning rather than mental processes, a researcher conditioned an 8-month-old child named Albert to have an intense fear of a white fluffy rat. While the result supported the researcher's behaviorist viewpoint, which of the following reasons explains why this research would not be allowed today? Responses A The use of confederates in the research created too much deception. B There was no operational definition of the variables being tested. C It created too much stress for the participant, which violates the code of ethics for psychological research. D Researchers are not allowed to work with children under the age of 18.
C: It created too much stress for the participant, which violates the code of ethics for psychological research.
The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as Responses A negative reinforcement B spontaneous recovery C shaping D latent learning
C: Shaping
Using the information presented in the graph, what is most likely the reason for the fall in the strength of the conditioned response in trials 16-20? (Extinction occurs after acquisition, extinction decreases) Responses A The CS and the US are continuing to be paired together. B The CS is getting weaker. C The CS and US are no longer being paired together. D The US is growing stronger.
C: The CS and US are no longer being paired together.
Researchers conduct a study in which university students are asked to solve puzzles, a task that all students in the experiment report enjoying before the study. They split the students into two groups: a group that is paid money for doing the puzzles, and a group that is not. The researchers then observe how often students in each group complete puzzles during their break time when they are allowed to do whatever they want. Which of the following is the dependent variable for this study? Responses A Whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles B The university students who like to solve puzzles C The amount of money being paid to the participants D The type of puzzles the students had to solve
C: The amount of money being paid to the participants
Emily was scratched several times by the family's cat when visiting her friend's house. She reflexively pulled back in pain and surprise when it happened. Now, when she visits that house, she backs away at the sight of the cat, even if it is in another room far from her. In this scenario, Emily's behavior when she was first scratched is best labeled as which of the following? Responses A Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) B Conditioned stimulus (CS) C Unconditioned response (UCR) D Conditioned response (CR)
C: Unconditioned response (UCR)
A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become Responses A a conditioned reinforcer B a neutral stimulus C a conditioned stimulus D an unconditioned stimulus
C: a conditioned stimulus
In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was Responses A a conditioned stimulus B a conditioned response C an unconditioned stimulus D an unconditioned response
C: an unconditioned stimulus
Seven-year-old Raj never wants to clean his room, but his parents know how much he loves watching television. They tell him if he cleans his room, he'll get to watch his favorite television shows. According to operant conditioning theory, Raj is most likely to Responses A refuse to clean his room B watch television without cleaning his room C clean his room D lose interest in watching television
C: clean his room
Survey research has shown that people with high levels of empathy (that is, an ability to imagine and feel what others are experiencing) tend to indicate lower ratings of enjoyment of violent humor than people with lower levels of empathy. Based on these results, one can conclude that Responses A empathy level causes people to like or dislike violent humor B liking violent humor leads to lower levels of empathy C level of empathy correlates negatively with enjoyment of violent humor D level of empathy correlates positively with enjoyment of violent humor
C: level of empathy correlates negatively with enjoyment of violent humor
A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog's tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog's tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates Responses A positive reinforcement B negative reinforcement C negative punishment D positive punishment
C: negative punishment
Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by Responses A classical conditioning B positive reinforcement C negative reinforcement D punishment
C: negative reinforcement
Dr. Mayhew finds that children who are randomly assigned to watch television shows containing many acts of violence later show more aggressive behavior during recess than children who are randomly assigned to watch television shows containing no acts of violence. In the experiment, the dependent variable is Responses A whether children are assigned to watch television shows that contain violence or that contain no violence B whether children choose to watch television shows that contain violence or that contain no violence C the level of aggressive behavior displayed by the children during recess D the level of violence in the television shows
C: the level of aggressive behavior displayed by the children during recess
Which of the following is a learned response? Responses A An instinctual behavior triggered by a sign stimulus B The imprinting mechanism of a newborn duck following its mother C A defensive reflex to an aversive stimulus D A behavior strengthened by secondary reinforcement
D: A behavior strengthened by secondary reinforcement
The above graph of conditioning shows which of the following concepts? (Graph looks like a birds beak with CS alone and also with US.) Responses A Habituation and blocking B Positive and negative reinforcement C Generalization, discrimination, and higher order conditioning D Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
D: Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
Which schedule of reinforcement produces behavior that is extinguished with the fewest trials? Responses A Fixed-interval B Variable-ratio C Variable-interval D Continuous
D: Continuous
A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the dependent variable in this study? Responses A Duration of free play B Type of television program viewed C Level of televised violence D Incidence of aggressive behavior
D: Incidence of aggressive behavior
A researcher observed chimpanzees trying to solve a problem. The chimpanzee suddenly solved the problem. The researcher viewed this behavior as evidence of which of the following? Responses A Instinct B Modeling C Learning set D Insight
D: Insight
Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism? Responses A It was formulated to account for cognitive development. B It is rooted in Sigmund Freud's view of the importance of early experiences. C It focuses on the development of thought processes and knowledge. D It holds that development is largely a product of learning.
D: It holds that development is largely a product of learning.
Which of the following provides an effective explanation for the data above? (Graph shows exposure to media violence led to increased aggressive behavior) Responses A Operant conditioning B Classical conditioning C Self-actualization D Observational learning
D: Observational learning
Which of the following have been shown to have a positive correlation? Responses A Age and REM sleep B Stress and health C Self-esteem and depression D Perceived lack of control and learned helplessness
D: Perceived lack of control and learned helplessness
