AP Psychology Unit 8 Test Set

Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal

The above graph is most closely associated with

incentive theory

A researcher finds that participants work hardest and are most engaged in tasks when their behavior allows them to receive awards. The researcher's finding exemplifies

Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most.

A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find?

Arousal

Adrian loves to do dangerous activities like surfing and skydiving because of the thrill he gets. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains Adrian's desire to do dangerous activities?

Drive reduction

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Two individuals who are from different cultures that have different display rules for the emotion

Based only on the variable described for each of the following pairs of individuals, which individuals are most likely to show different facial expressions when experiencing the same emotion?

Drive-reduction theory

Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory?

exhaustion

Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as

Set-point theory

For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30 pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explains Mike's experience?

incentive

Isaac's father offers to give him five dollars for every good grade he earns on his report card. Which of the following is a type of motivation being used by Isaac's father?

Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently.

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood?

facial feedback

Nick is smiling even though he does not feel happy. After a short time he feels happier. The best explanation for Nick's change in mood is

display rules

On Diane's first day of work she was offered a cookie. When she bit into the cookie, it tasted horrible, but because she wanted to make a good impression, Diane concealed her disgust and smiled instead. Diane's reaction best illustrates

extrinsic motivation

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

display rules

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

work harder and enjoy their work more

Research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to

intrinsic motivation

Rosemary wants to make the track team because she enjoys running. Her reason for wanting to make the track team is an example of

do nothing additional

Shaniqua is a fourth grader who loves to read whenever she has free time. To encourage Shaniqua to continue to read, her parents would best be advised to

overjustification

Sheila has a favorite book that she enjoys so much she has read it several times. This book is now assigned in her literature class, and students receive gift certificates for each chapter they read. As the class progresses through the book, Sheila finds she enjoys it less. This illustrates

a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal

Stanley Schachter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on

there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response

Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that

dopamine

The neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the feeling of wanting something is

Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.

Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

She feels confident that she can play well enough to score a goal.

Which of the following is true of a child with high self-efficacy regarding her ability to play soccer?

Drive reduction

Which of the following relates most to the lowest level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

redesign jobs to increase workers' responsibility and flexibility

According to research on motivation, employers are most likely to ensure high performance and job satisfaction from their workers if the employers

choose between two outcomes that are both desirable

According to Kurt Lewin, an approach-approach conflict occurs when a person has to

The same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation of that context.

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?

a drive

Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by

its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

An animal will gain weight when

sleeping

An example of a primary drive is

cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany

Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from

self-efficacy

Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. Karl may have been reluctant to try therapy to change his fear because he believes that his efforts to change are ineffective. This would indicate that Karl has low

drive-reduction theory

Martin has severely restricted his caloric intake for two weeks to reach a goal weight for his wrestling meet. Immediately after the meet, Martin stops by a restaurant and orders a large pizza and a dessert. This postmeet eating behavior is best explained by

Schachter two-factor

Melinda went skydiving. As soon as she landed, a handsome man helped her gather her parachute. Melinda's heart was beating quickly and her hands were perspiring. Melinda inferred that she must be attracted to him. Which of the following is a theory of emotion that would best explain the relationship between Melinda's physiological state and her apparent attraction to the man that helped her?

Resistance

Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which of the following terms identifies a stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing?

the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time

Researchers conduct a study in which university students are asked to solve puzzles, a task that all students in the experiment report enjoying before the study. They split the students into two groups: a group that is paid money for doing the puzzles, and a group that is not. The researchers then observe how often students in each group complete puzzles during their break time when they are allowed to do whatever they want. Assuming that their results are consistent with previous findings, the researchers are most likely to find that

The overjustification effect

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?

Drive theory

Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

Miguel jumps up on a chair because he thinks he sees something moving along the wall. When he realizes it was just a dust ball, he gets off the chair

Which of the following behaviors best demonstrates an emotional response associated with the short route from the thalamus to the amygdala, as described by Joseph LeDoux?

A - UP AND DOWN

Which of the following best depicts the relation between performance and arousal?

Homeostasis

Which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?

Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Which of the following correctly lists Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

There are several universal emotions.

Which of the following findings about emotions is well supported by research?

Savitri, who has several interesting stories that she wants to write

Which of the following individuals would be most intrinsically motivated to write?

Obtaining food and water

Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs?

Incentive

Which of the following theories proposes that motivational states are controlled by external stimuli?

Drive-reduction

Which of the following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?

Evolutionary

Which theory of motivation is most likely to suggest that a younger woman would be attracted to an older man because of his greater ability to provide for her?

Schachter two-factor

A researcher who considers top-down processing to be essential for understanding emotional experiences would most likely agree with which of the following theories?

Frequent eating and obesity

A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following?

personal interviews; sexual behavior in women

Alfred Kinsey used a method that allowed for extensive information to be collected from discussions with individual participants. The research method that he used, and his research contributions, were

The overjustification effect

Although Paul loved playing football for fun in high school, he enjoys it less now that he is paid to be a professional football player. Which of the following best explains Paul's decreased interest in playing football?

extrinsic motivation

Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

Approach-approach

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?

defending the body from viruses

Exposure to stressors decreases the effectiveness of lymphocytes in the blood stream, which perform the function of

Alarm reaction

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?

external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of

suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response

Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory,

exhaustion

The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as

start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake B

The following item refers to a snake frightening Ted. Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. According to the James-Lange theory, after seeing the snake, Ted will most likely

Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.

The graph above supports which of the following statements?

Schachter-Singer

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems

Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict?