ap questions pda 1

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands. Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. (The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 X S2, and the formula for the volume of a cube is S3, where S = the length of a side of the cube.) Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?

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Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands. Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. (The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 X S2, and the formula for the volume of a cube is S3, where S = the length of a side of the cube.) Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficien

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A student calculated the average surface area-to-volume ratio of four different types of human epithelial cells. The results are shown in the table below. Cell TypeSurface Area-to-Volume RatioSimple squamous9Simple cuboidal6Simple columnar4Simple spherical3 Based on the data, which type of cell would be best suited for the lining the alveoli of the lungs, where diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen must occur very rapidly?

A Simple squamous cells

Muscle cells have high ATPATP demands. Which of the following is a scientific claim about how the structure of the mitochondria in muscle cells should be different than it is in other cells because of the high energy demands of mitochondria?

A The inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should have more folds to increase the surface area, allowing more ATPATP to be synthesized. The amount of ATPATP produced is related to the number of ATPATP synthase molecules located on the inner mitochondria membrane. Increasing the folds increases the number of ATPATP generation sites and results in more ATPATP production.

Which of the following is evidence that eukaryotes and prokaryotes share a common ancestor?

All eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain ribosomes. Although the ribosomes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes have a slightly different structure, both contain ribosomes that perform the same function, suggesting that the trait came from a common ancestor.

A mutation in the upland cotton plant causes the development of chloroplasts with a single outer membrane and no internal membranes. Which of the following would most likely be observed in chloroplasts of cotton plants with this mutation?

B They would be unable to generate the ATPATP and NADPHNADPH needed to make sugars, because these processes occur on membranes within the chloroplast.

The figure above shows a series of microscope images taken over time of ovalbumin production in chick oviduct cells in response to stimulation with estrogen. The ovalbumin protein was detected using a fluorescent dye as shown by the white areas in the time-lapse sequence. The microscope images indicate that ovalbumin

C crosses the endoplasmic reticulum membrane as it is translated, then moves to the Golgi apparatus, then to vesicles from which it is secreted

The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen?

Centriole

Which two cellular organelles in eukaryotes have both electron transport systems and chemiosmotic mechanisms?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below. What is the most likely identity of protein X ?

D An enzyme that participates in the degradation and recycling of cell components

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure to which some proteins are moved from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are enzymatically modified before being sent to a cellular membrane.

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure to which some proteins are moved from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are enzymatically modified before being sent to a cellular membrane.

For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below. Which of the following correctly shows the order in which protein X moves through the cell?

Er-golgi-lysosomes

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

Golgi apparatus

In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following? I. RibosomesII. MitochondriaIII. Chloroplasts

II and III only

Which of the following best explains how the extensive folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane benefits a eukaryotic cell?

It increases the area available for proteins involved in energy transfer.

Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Lysosome

Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?

Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol.

Synthesized at the ribosome (A) Proteins(B) Carbohydrates(C) Nucleic acids(D) Lipids(E) Steroids

Proteins

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?

Ribosomes

Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them?

Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot. The ribosomes associated with rough ERER synthesize proteins that are then exported from the cell.

Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(ER) is explained by the structural differences between them?

Rough ERER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ERER cannot.

The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled Y?

Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized.

Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?

The Golgi apparatus

Researchers have proposed a model of the process by which a newly synthesized protein is transported to the plasma membrane and secreted into the extracellular space. Based on the model, the newly synthesized protein is transported directly from the endoplasmic reticulum to which of the following?

The Golgi complex- Membrane proteins and secreted proteins are synthesized by ribosomes bound to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. As shown in the figure, a newly synthesized secreted protein is transported by vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum directly to the Golgi complex.

A spherical bacterial cell has a radius of 3μm. The human egg cell has a radius of 100μm. Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?

The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio.

Individuals with an inherited autosomal recessive disorder called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) often have severe respiratory problems due to defective cilia. Males with PCD are often sterile because they produce sperm with defective flagella. Which of the following most likely explains the effect of the recessive allele?

The cells do not produce functional motor proteins in flagella and cilia.

The table below provides a comparison of nitrogenous waste production in selected organisms. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data in the table?

The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete uric acid.

The primary function of the kidney is to exchange molecules across a membrane between the blood and the urine. One type of kidney cell has a basic rectangular shape, except for a single surface, which is lined with tiny, finger-like projections that extend into the surrounding extracellular space. Which of the following best explains the advantage these projections provide the cell?

The projections increase the surface area-to-volume ratio of the cell, which allows for more efficient nutrient exchange with the environment.

A student peeled the skins from grapes, exposing cells with membranes that are only permeable to water and small diffusible solutes. The student measured the mass of the peeled grapes. The student then placed each peeled grape into one of five solutions. After 24 hours, the student removed the peeled grapes from the solutions, measured their final mass, and calculated the percent change in mass (Table 1). Which of the following best explains why larger grapes have a different rate of water absorption per gram of mass than smaller grapes do?

The rate is slower because smaller grapes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio than the larger grapes do. A grape with a smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio will have a slower rate of water absorption per gram.

Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and the Calvin (light-independent) cycle?

They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix.

Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?

They have highly folded membranes. Compared with a smooth membrane, a highly folded membrane has a greater surface area that increases the rate of material transport across the membrane and provides more support for membrane-associated processes

The figure below illustrates a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows work together

To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell

Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell

c

The last part of the metamorphosis of a tadpole to an adult frog results in the disappearance of the tail. This stage of development most likely occurs by

cells of the tail dying and the nutrients being absorbed and reused by the body

The organelle that is a major producer of ATP and is found in both heterotrophs and autotrophs is the

mitochondrion

For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below. In graphing the data from this experiment, the sampling time would be shown on the x-axis because

sampling time is the independent variable