Ap test

Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

. The author claims that the possible pollution of the Chambal River, which is the only location of a stable population of gharials worldwide, was most likely caused by the illegal disposal of prescription drugs in 2008.C Anthropogenic disruptions to Earth's resources can have sudden and severe negative consequences to the health of native species, specifically those whose populations are already threatened.

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance did sweetgum experience the greatest biomass?

A 50. The peak of sweetgum biomass (150Mgha−1) occurred 50 years after the disturbance.

Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

A Observed adjustments in the ecological tolerance of a species of reef fish is a result of epigenetic changes.

Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming?

A The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification.

In the 1970s, the amount of industrial pollution decreased and the trees began to return to their preindustrial appearance. Which of the following graphs best demonstrates the change in the frequencies of light-colored moths and dark-colored moths in the population from 1950 to 2000? The dark-colored moths are represented with a solid line and the light-colored moths are represented with a dashed line.

Answer C Correct. As pollution decreased, the trees will have lighter bark again, making them more suitable for the light-colored moths. Light-colored moths will survive and reproduce better than dark-colored moths, and their relative percentage in the population will increase.

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance had the greatest species richness?

B 100. One hundred years after disturbance all 88 species had measurable biomass in the ecosystem, the maximum number of species in the graph.

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem service that would provide protection from a hurricane storm surge?

B An intact coastal wetland. An intact coastal wetland or marsh would offer natural protection from a storm surge categorized under regulating ecosystem service.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely have the highest number of species living on it?

B An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island?

B As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease. The invasive generalist species would most likely outcompete the island's species for food and other resources, as these are extremely limited on islands and specialists can thrive in a narrow range of conditions.

Which statement is best supported by the data in the graph

B Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought. Correct. The average beak size increased in 1980 due to drought conditions, which favored the large-beak finches (who could feed on seeds and nuts).

Which of the following ecosystem services is categorized as regulating?

B Pollination, decomposition, and water purification. . Regulating services are benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes.

Which of the following best describes the trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature over the past 800,000 years?

C Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past 800,000 years. (as atmospheric CO2 concentration increases, Antarctic temperature increases).

Which of the following best describes the change in Antarctic temperature from about 440,000 years ago to about 340,000 years ago?

C The temperature increases by about 12°C and then decreases by about 12°C .

Based on the graph above, which of the following tree species would be the predominant species found during the intermediate stage of succession?

C Tulip poplar.Correct. The biomass of the tulip poplar trees peaks at about 125 years, which is the intermediate stage of succession for this ecosystem.

Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C ?

D. its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.

based on the information above, which ecosystem MOST likely experienced population bottleneck?

Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from and event thay reduced the variation in the gene pool .

based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption ?

Ecosystem B . ecosystems with more gentic diversity and larger number of different species are more likely to recover from natural disruptions .

Explain one adaptation that helps grasses succeed in grasslands, rather than forests

Grasses grow quickly and can spread/recover after a disturbance such as a fire or grazing.

(d) Soil organisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, impact the rate of succession in ecosystems. Mycorrhizal fungi have a mutualistic relationship with various species of plants and increase the plant growth and survival. Sand dunes often lack mycorrhizal fungi, and a researcher wanted to determine the effect of adding mycorrhizal species to sand on disturbed beaches on grass growth. The researcher set up various mycorrhizal communities at disturbed beaches in different locations on the east coast of the United States. (i) Identify the independent variable in the study

The amount of mycorrhizal fungi

(d) Soil organisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, impact the rate of succession in ecosystems. Mycorrhizal fungi have a mutualistic relationship with various species of plants and increase the plant growth and survival. Sand dunes often lack mycorrhizal fungi, and a researcher wanted to determine the effect of adding mycorrhizal species to sand on disturbed beaches on grass growth. The researcher set up various mycorrhizal communities at disturbed beaches in different locations on the east coast of the United States.(ii) Identify the dependent variable in the study.

The effect Mycorrhizal fungi has on grass growth on beaches.

a) Identify the oldest stage of succession shown in the figure above

forest

(b) Pioneer species are important in ecological succession. (i) Identify a pioneer species that could be found in an ecosystem like the one in the figure above.

lichen (on trees).

(ii) Describe the role of pioneer species in early succession

they are the first to return after succession. their presence increases diversity. or forms new soil/improves soil.

Which of the following best describes the pattern in the atmospheric CO2 concentration data over the past 200,000 years?

B The concentration of CO2 fluctuated between 150ppm and 250ppm until recently, when the concentration rose exponentially.

The image shows two different islands and the relative distance to the nearest mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best predicts the effect of the introduction of an invasive species on Easter Island compared to Madagascar?

C The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources.The land with greater area supports more habitats and resources, reducing competition and increasing survival.

Researchers examined the effect of industrialization and increased pollution (soot) in London on the coloration in a single species of moths. Birds prey on the moths that are easily visible on trees. The researchers observed moths on tree trunks and recorded their body color. The percentage of moths with light colored bodies and the percentage of moths with dark bodies is shown on the graph above. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the change in the population of moths as a result of industrialization?

A The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population.