AP Unit 6 and 7 Test
"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953 Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to
European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies
Which of the following resulted from Europe's expansion overseas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
European countries acquired colonies and dominated world trade.
(2 Maps) Which of the following best explains the changes depicted in Map 2 ?
European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism
"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 The founding of "the Australian nation," as alluded to in the passage, was part of which of the following processes?
European states' establishment of settler colonies
Which of the following facilitated the creation of European empires in Africa during the late nineteenth century?
Europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy
"We did not have a tractor industry. Now we have one...." Joseph Stalin, Soviet Union, 1933 The economic development Stalin describes above was achieved primarily through which of the following?
Government control of the national economy
Which of the following was the major long-term political effect of the Great Depression?
Governments began to take a more active role in economic life.
Which of the following was a major long-term effect of the global economic depression of the 1930s?
Governments began to take a more active role in their economies.
Which of the following best supports the contention that the First World War was the first total war?
Governments mobilized large segments of their populations and economies and targeted their opponents' military and economic capabilities.
The global economic downturn of the 1930s had which of the following effects on nations in Europe and North America?
Governments took a more active role in directing and regulating their economies to stimulate growth.
Which of the following was among the first results of the European Industrial Revolution in other parts of the world?
Increased demand for commodities such as cotton and palm oil
Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century?
Independence movements inspired by ethnic nationalism
*Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 Which of the following best explains why spices, such as cloves, became a LESS important component of colonial trade during the nineteenth century?
Industrialization increased the demand for manufactured goods relative to the demand for spices.
Which of the following contributed significantly to the decline of both the Qing and the Ottoman Empires?
Internal conflict with ethnic and religious minorities
Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 work On the Origin of Species?
It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples.
"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different..." Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Ideas similar to those expressed in the passage would contribute most directly to which of the following?
Japanese imperialist policies in East and Southeast Asia in the first half of the twentieth century
"Lenin used severe methods only in the most necessary..." Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet leader, 1956 The passage best exemplifies which of the following historical developments?
Khrushchev's attempt to distance his rule from Stalinist atrocities
In the mid-twentieth century, the presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa is best explained by which of the following?
Labor migrations during the nineteenth century
Which of the following best explains all of the migration movements shown on the map above?
Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects
A historian researching the motives of the perpetrators of the Holocaust would find which of the following sources most useful?
Letters and publications written by Nazi leaders before the Second World War
"By 1830 an English textile worker..." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 Which of the following aspects of the Marxist critique of capitalism would be most useful in understanding why the author of the passage chose to invoke Karl Marx's thought in the first paragraph?
Many Marxists criticized imperialism for arresting the economic development of the colonies and reducing them to mere raw material export economies, and Wesseling appears to agree with that criticism.
Which of the following best describes an important difference between the theories of revolution of Mao Zedong and those of Lenin?
Mao placed emphasis on the revolutionary potential of peasants.
Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century?
Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.
"I gave the people to understand that neither Turkey..." Mustafa Kemal, president of Turkey, speech to a party congress, 1927 In the excerpt above, Mustafa Kemal is most clearly supporting which of the following?
Nationalism
Which of the following most directly led to the start of the First World War?
Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources
"Italians establish everywhere in Argentina..." Giosuè Notari, Italian ambassador in the city of Córdoba in Argentina, report to the Italian government describing the state of Italian immigrants in the city and province of Córdoba, 1905 Which of the following best explains why people from nonindustrialized regions constituted the majority of migrants in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Nonindustrialized regions often experienced large population increases that made it more difficult for people to find local jobs.
"The immense majority of Mexico's villages and citizens..." Emiliano Zapata,, Plan of Ayala, 1911 The opinion expressed in the passage above is most consistent with which of the following?
Redistributing one-third of the land controlled by large landholders to landless peasants
"Your Highness, dear Major Leutwein!... Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the Nama people in the German colony of South West Africa, letter to the commanding officer of the German colonial army, 1894 Witbooi's perspective in the last paragraph is historically significant because it most directly illustrates which of the following rationales for African people resisting European imperial encroachment?
Resistance to preserve traditional political structures threatened by direct European territorial expansion
Which of the following is an accurate description of relations between European states and the Ottoman Empire in the period 1815 to 1914 ?
Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans.
A caption below the image read: The White Race, the most perfect of the human races, lives mostly in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and North America... The image and its caption provide evidence that would best help explain the ideas of which of the following ideologies that emerged in the late nineteenth century?
Social Darwinism
"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God... Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Based on the passage, it can be inferred that in the late nineteenth century international relations were increasingly perceived as being governed by
Social Darwinism and international power politics
"Whereas we, the undersigned kings and chiefs of Fanti, have unanimously resolved and agreed upon the articles hereinafter named. "Article 1—That we form ourselves into a Committee with the view of effecting unity of purpose and of action between the kings and chiefs of the Fanti territory. "Article 12—That the Representative Assembly of the Fanti Confederation shall have the power of preparing laws, ordinances, bills, etc." Excerpt, Constitution of the Fanti Confederation, West Africa, 1871 Which of the following best describes the excerpt above?
A liberal nationalist response to colonialism
(Doll Pic) Which of the following best describes the 1936 lithograph (entitled The Hero) by German artist George Grosz?
A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment
A historian researching the effects of Christian missionaries' activities on local social structures in late-nineteenth-century Africa would probably find which of the following sources most useful?
African accounts of converting to Christianity
EAST INDIAN POPULATIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN, CIRCA 2000 (Chart) Considering global trends in late-nineteenth-century migration movements, the specific migrations that produced the demographic situation shown in the table most likely contributed to which of the following social or political changes in India?
An increase in the number of Indian women engaging in occupations that had formerly been held by men
Which of the following occurred in nineteenth-century Africa as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade?
An increased use of slave labor within Africa
"OBJECTIVES OF YOUR JOURNEY..." The instructions to Lugard in articles (d) and (f) best reflect which of the following regarding the purpose of the board of directors' letter?
As a commercial enterprise, the British Royal Niger Company hoped that Lugard's voyage would allow it to expand its exports of African raw materials to Europe and its imports of European finished goods to Africa.
EAST INDIAN POPULATIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN, CIRCA 2000 (Chart) Compared with late-nineteenth-century East or South Asian migrants to other world regions, the ancestors of the populations shown in the table likely received a somewhat better reception in their host societies for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
Because of the ethnic and religious diversity of Caribbean colonial societies, there was no prejudice against newcomers, and immigrants, including Indian laborers, were generally welcomed by local populations.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Chinese and the Mexican revolutions during the twentieth century?
Both generated land-redistribution policies.
Which of the following is a similarity between European and Asian immigrants to the Americas during the nineteenth century?
Both were attracted by employment opportunities.
"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements?
Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa.
A historian researching international migration patterns of the nineteenth century would find which of the following sources most useful?
Census records from New York and Buenos Aires detailing the birthplaces of individuals
Which of the following scientific concepts had the greatest role in providing a justification for imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution
A historian researching factors that contributed to the rise of industrial production in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would find which of the following types of sources most helpful?
Data on migration of rural populations to urban areas
Article XI The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy... Japan's 1947 constitution The differences in the passages above are most likely a result of which of the following?
Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War
Some historians consider the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century to have been crucial decades in the development of Western thought. Which of the following best supports that contention?
Discoveries in physics introduced the concepts of uncertainty and relativity, which challenged mechanistic models of the universe.
"I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up..." A. Babayev, president of Soviet Turkmenistan's Academy of Sciences, late 1950s Which of the following best describes the cause of the developments described in the passage?
Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control
(Maps) The primary rationale for Japan's territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933-1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following?
The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India
Poem 1 "The world calls us coolie... Poem 2 "Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands?... In Poem 1, the sentiments regarding education and politics are best understood in the context of which of the following?
The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule
"OBJECTIVES OF YOUR JOURNEY..." The rival British and French claims over the Niger River region in the 1890s were most directly a part of which of the following processes?
The European "scramble" to acquire territories in Africa through both peaceful and military means
Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving?
The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power.
"By the 1930s, many Europeans were ready to leave behind..." Mark Mazower, British historian, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century, 2000 Based on the passage, it can be inferred that Mazower might also support which of the following assertions?
The Nazis' rigidly ideological approach to empire building prevented them from consolidating their control of continental Europe.
The painting shows a Japanese mother and her children receiving news that their husband/father has died fighting in an overseas war. The husband's/father's uniform and sword are lying on the floor. Japanese expansion in the late nineteenth century is most directly explained in the context of the decline of which of the following empires?
The Qing Empire
Which of the following countries experienced the greatest number of war-related deaths during the Second World War?
The Soviet Union
The painting shows a Japanese mother and her children receiving news that their husband/father has died fighting in an overseas war. The husband's/father's uniform and sword are lying on the floor. In addition to Japan, which of the following non-European states created an empire in the Asia-Pacific region in the late nineteenth century?
The United States
The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. In the late nineteenth century, which of the following would most motivate the Dutch to continue to expand their presence in Indonesia?
The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing
Poem 1 "The world calls us coolie... Poem 2 "Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands?... Which of the following best accounts for the circumstances of Indian workers alluded to in Poem 1 ?
The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants
Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: "Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!" Banners at bottom read: "Long live the invincible party of Lenin!" "Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!" Which of the following directly enabled the establishment of the government that produced the poster?
The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the First World War
EAST INDIAN POPULATIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN, CIRCA 2000 (Chart) Considering global trends in late-nineteenth-century migration movements, the Indian migrations to the Caribbean that produced the demographic situation shown in the table most likely led to which of the following short-term effects?
The creation of Indian ethnic enclaves in Caribbean societies
"Italians establish everywhere in Argentina..." Giosuè Notari, Italian ambassador in the city of Córdoba in Argentina, report to the Italian government describing the state of Italian immigrants in the city and province of Córdoba, 1905 Which of the following best explains why transoceanic migration increased significantly in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
The development of steam-powered ships made it easier and safer for people to cross the oceans.
"By 1830 an English textile worker..." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 Wesseling's argument in the second paragraph best illustrates which of the following important distinctions within the practice of imperialism in the nineteenth century?
The difference between the economic effects of direct and indirect imperialism
"By the 1930s, many Europeans were ready to leave behind..." Mark Mazower, British historian, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century, 2000 Which of the following was the most important factor behind Europeans' readiness to embrace authoritarian political systems in the 1930s?
The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression
Which of the following statements best represents a nationalistic interpretation of the collapse of the Ottoman and Russian empires during and immediately after the First World War?
The growing demands of various ethnic groups within these multiethnic empires were the primary reasons for the collapse.
"By 1830 an English textile worker..." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 Which other process in the mid to late nineteenth century most directly led to situations in which non-Western countries found it very difficult to protect their indigenous industries from Western competition, as described in the passage?
The imposition of free-trade regimes on countries such as China, the Ottoman Empire, and Latin American countries through military or diplomatic pressure from Western countries
Source: Alfred W. Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History, 1994 Which of the following best explains the changes in the population of the Hawaiian Islands from 1872 to 1878 ?
The increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations
The photograph above of German East African troops best illustrates which of the following historical processes during the First World War?
The increasing inclusion of non-Europeans in European conflicts
(2 poems) In Poem 2, the reference to Indian victories on battlefields is best understood in the context of which of the following?
The mobilization of Indian troops to fight in Great Britain's wars
"By 1830 an English textile worker..." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 The economic statistics cited by Wesseling in the first paragraph are most likely intended to illustrate which aspect of the nineteenth-century global context?
The role of British imperial policy in reversing the development of Indian textile manufacturing
"At school the teachers say it is our patriotic duty..." Diary of a twelve-year old German girl, August 1914 The passage above best exemplifies which of the following processes shortly after the outbreak of the First World War?
The strengthening of nationalist sentiment throughout Europe
"Our country needs a large population to utilize and exploit..." Fereydun Keshavarz, Iranian pediatrician, article published in an Iranian newspaper, 1937 As described by Keshavarz in the first paragraph, which of the following would best explain why European countries were implementing policies to increase the size of their populations?
They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts.
Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: "Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!" Banners at bottom read: "Long live the invincible party of Lenin!" "Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!" Which of the following best describes the likely intent of the poster?
To build support for centrally directed economic modernization programs in the Soviet Union
Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art/Bridgeman Images *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific Which of the following best describes the likely purpose of the photograph?
To reassure the French public of the civilizing effects of colonial rule and the loyalty of colonial populations
"Italians establish everywhere in Argentina..." Giosuè Notari, Italian ambassador in the city of Córdoba in Argentina, report to the Italian government describing the state of Italian immigrants in the city and province of Córdoba, 1905 Which of the following best explains a difference between European and South Asian migration during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Unlike European migrants, South Asian migrants often served as indentured laborers.
"OBJECTIVES OF YOUR JOURNEY..." Which aspect of the historical situation in West Africa in the 1890s best explains the board of directors' instructions to Lugard in article (h) of the letter?
West Africa was becoming a source of important raw materials for Europe's industrializing economies.
All of the following resulted from the French and Russian Revolutions EXCEPT
a socialist economic system
A caption below the image read: The White Race, the most perfect of the human races, lives mostly in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and North America... Although ideas of European superiority over non-Europeans had existed for centuries, views such as those expressed in the passage provide evidence of an important change in the late nineteenth century that is best explained by the fact that they
combined old cultural prejudice with supposedly "scientific" new ideas of the biological and evolutionary basis of human differences
In the late nineteenth century, European involvement in both Africa and China was characterized primarily by
competition among imperialist powers
"Your Highness, dear Major Leutwein!... Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the Nama people in the German colony of South West Africa, letter to the commanding officer of the German colonial army, 1894 Witbooi's point of view in discussing his right to rule the Nama lands "by double conquest" is historically significant mostly because it illustrates how
interethnic conflicts in Africa led to political fragmentation and ultimately limited Africans' ability to resist imperialism
"Your Highness, dear Major Leutwein!... Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the Nama people in the German colony of South West Africa, letter to the commanding officer of the German colonial army, 1894 Witbooi's statement in the last paragraph that he would likely be killed in the process of resisting the Germans is historically significant because it shows that Africans understood the
low probability that armed resistance would be successful because of the military advantages of Europeans
A caption below the image read: The White Race, the most perfect of the human races, lives mostly in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and North America... Based on the context of European imperialism in the late nineteenth century, a historian examining the image and its caption would likely explain that they provide evidence of how France sought to
reassure students that France's inhumane colonial policies were justified by a so-called "civilizing mission"
Data adapted from David Wilkinson, "Cities, Civilizations and Oikumenes," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vols. 27 and 28: Nos. 27 and 28, 1992-1993 The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1800 to 1900 C.E. best illustrate the impact of
the Industrial Revolution
