AP US History CH2 - Transplantations and Borderlands
Sir Ferdinando Gorges
the "Father of English Colonization in North America", was an early English colonial entrepreneur and founder of the Province of Maine in 1622, although he never set foot in the New World. Maine was eventually bought by Massachusetts from heirs of Gorges in 1677
house of burgesses
the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619 to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.
quitrent
a tax which provided a way for the proprietors to derive income from their colonies (ex: a shilling for 50 acres)
slavery in Virginia
(1619)- A Dutch ship sold twenty blacks to the colonists, slavery wasn't a new concept and the amount of African Americans grew over time. The number of indentured servants decreased and the need for labors eventually was replaced by African Americans.
the starving time
1609-1610; when the colony of Jamestown was in such short supply that graves were robbed and corpses eaten and cannaibalism was used
Massachusetts Bay Colony
1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.
English Civil War
1642-1649. conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and with Glorious Revolution of 1688, the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy
Bacon's Rebellion
1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.
Leisler Rebellion
1689 - When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York.
congregational church
A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves
Frame of Government
1701 - The Charter of Liberties set up the government for the Pennsylvania colony. It established representative government and allowed counties to form their own colonies.
William Bradford
A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
Halfway Covenant
A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. Used by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control respectable families. Conversion needed but not "regeneration" to be a member of the congregation.
Thomas Hooker
A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to found Hartford, Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.
royal colony
A colony under the direct control of a monarch
Roger Williams
A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south
Scrooby Group
A group of Puritan Seperatists formed in Scrooby, Nottinhamshire. Led by William Brewster, they escaped to Holland without royal permission, and later after enduring prison, hoped to settle in Amsterdam. They eventually gained permission from the London Company to settle in the southern region in the new world.
Pocahontas
A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; she helped Rolfe plant and raise the first tobacco plants in the Jamestown colony.
flintlock musket
A new weapon that was much easier to use than its predecessor, the matchlock rifle. The flintlock was lighter and more accurate than the matchlock and it didn't require a match to light. Indians managed to buy and effectively use the Flintlocks despite rules forbidding the colonists from sharing them. The Flintlock is credited with causing very high casualties on both sides of King Philip's War.
city upon a hill
A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "city upon a hill," watched by the world and serve as an example for future generations.
Delaware
A separate colony that was created when, in 1702, Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly. This colony had the same governor as Pennsylvania's until the American Revolution
Navigation Acts
A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues.
Plymouth Plantation
A settlement of Separatists outside the London Company's territory. These Separatists, the Pilgrims, received help from the Indians and made friends with some of them.
Somoset
Abenaki Native American that greeted colonists settled at Plymouth after 1st winter. Introduced settlers to Squanto.
John Winthrop
As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
tobacco
Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown
corporate colony
Colonies operated by joint stock companies
Quakers
English dissenters who broke from Church of England in 1640s, preached a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
indentured servants
Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years
Providence, Rhode Island
Colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636. Named so, because Williams believed God led him there. In 1644 became part of Rhode Island with Portsmouth and other small colonies using a charter from Parliament.
Fundamental Constitution for Carolina
Drawn up by Anthony Ashley Cooper and John Locke in 1669, it divided the colony into counties and parcels and created a rigidly hierarchical social order. It introduced limited government and the idea of a social contract. It is the most important of any of the early constitutions.
Imperial reorganization
End of Salutary Neglect...colonies have to help pay for their own defense (British soldiers left in colonies to protect colonists and land)
Glorious Revolution
English overthrow of 1688-1689 in which James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. The significance is that Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. In the colonies there was no punishment for removal of Andros and no attempt to reestablish the Dominion of New England. This precedent as well as that established by the bill of rights would have a significant impact in the future of the colonies.
mercantilism
European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement in North America
John Smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
Maryland Civil War
From 1644 to 1646, the "Plundering Time" was a period of civil unrest caused by the tensions of the English Civil War (1641-1651). Governor Leonard Calvert led colonial defenses against Parliamentary privateers such as Captain Richard Ingle and William Claiborne. An experiment in religious tolerance: In 1649 Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians. Passed on September 21, 1649 by the assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the first law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies. The Calvert family, who had founded Maryland partly as a refuge for English Catholics, sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and those of other religions that did not conform to the dominant Anglicanism of England and her colonies.
George Calvert
G. Calvert is also known as Lord Baltimore (and a Catholic), invested in the Virginia Company and eventually got land for his family; eventually the colony Maryland would be founded.
Sir Thomas Dale
He arrived in Jamestown in 1611. He was the Marshall of Virginia and used harsh corporal punishment to enforce the laws. He also kidnapped Powhatan's young daughter Pocahontas
John Davenport
He set up the New Haven colony in 1637. It allowed only church members a voice in government. New Haven joined with other nearby towns to form the colony of Connecticut in 1662.
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
Edmund Andros
He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly. He was autocratic and unpopular and was toppled from power and driven from the colonies
headright system
Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
Virginia
In 1607,Virginia became the first English colony in America.
New York
In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother James (the Duke of York) the land now known as New York. James took the land from the Dutch, but treated them fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute representative government. He relented in 1683.
Dominion of New England
In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York and New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority -- James II. Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. The Dominion ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne and Andros was driven out of the colonies
Powhatan
Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia
Slavery in the Caribbean
Many more slaves went to the Caribbean because sugar production required rigorous labor which in turn called for more slaves. African slaves gradually replaced indentured servants in the fields. By the beginning of 18th century, due to sugars profitability, there were four times as many resident Africans than English. Sugar plantation owners also discovered that it was cheaper in the short run to work slaves to death and buy new ones, rather than provide for their health and longevity. Because the slaves did not react well to this, harsh slave codes were implemented along with brutal punishments to prevent rebellion. There were seven major slave uprisings during first century of settlement.
Metacom
Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War, aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts
Squanto
Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.
New England Confederation
New England Confederation was a Union of four colonies consisting of the two Massachusetts colonies (The Bay colony and Plymouth colony) and the two Connecticut colonies (New Haven and scattered valley settlements) in 1643. The purpose of the confederation was to defend against enemies such as the Indians, French, Dutch, and prevent intercolonial problems that effected all four colonies.
freeholders
New England property who owned property in its entirety, without feudal dues or landlord obligations, and they have the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their property
Lord De La Warr
New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.
saints
Ordinary people who lived in the midst of difficulties, uncertainty, and suffering. Despite these circumstances, they made extraordinary choices to put their faith into action.
Effects of the Glorious Revolution
Overthrow of Andros & elimination of Dominion of New England. Plymouth was added to Massachusetts Bay. Reinstatement of legislative assemblies. Code's Rebellion. Leisler's revolt in New York. Maintenance of royal governors in some colonies. Development of more closely intertwined empire.
William Penn
Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.
Separatists
Pilgrims that started out in Holland in the 1620's who traveled over the Atlantic Ocean on the Mayflower. These were the purest, most extreme Pilgrims existing, claiming that they were too strong to be discouraged by minor problems as others were. They were a sub-group of the Puritans who vowed to break completely with the Church of England.
Opechancanough
Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments in 1644. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.
inner light
Quaker's believed in an inner light which was a gift of God's grace, it expressed itself as divine intuition or knowledge unaccountable by ordinary derivations of thought. Transcendentalists believed that every person possesses an Inner Light that can illuminate the highest truth and put a person in touch with God
Anne Hutchinson
She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
New Jersey
Since New York was too large to administer, James II gave a section in 1664 to his 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. This section was located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay (West Jersey and Easy Jersey). However, land titles changed hands repeatedly, and inaccurate property lines added to the general confusion. To settle matters, these two sections were combined in 1702 into a single royal colony
Santa Fe
The capital of New Mexico, founded in 1610 by the Spanish which served as capitol of the Spanish colonies in North America
New Hampshire
The last colony to be founded in New England. It was originally part of Massachusetts Bay, and consisted of a few settlements north of Boston. Hoping to increase royal control over the colonies, King Charles II separated this colony from the Bay colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony
Louisiana
The name Robert de La Salle gave to his claim of the Mississippi River and its surroundings
separation of church and state
The policy of keeping government and religious functions separate
Mayflower Compact
This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
This document was the first written constitution in the American colonies. It was prepared as the covenant for the new Puritan community in Connecticut, established in 1639. This document described a system of government for the new community.
elect of God
Those who were predestined to go to salvation by god before birth
triangular trade
Trade in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to New England or to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. The trade of sugar from the Caribbean to Europe or New England, where it was distilled into rum. The profits from the sale of sugar were used to purchase manufactured goods, which were then shipped to West Africa, where they were bartered for slaves. The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe,
Chesapeake
Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements
King Phillips War
War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.
Holy Experiment
William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all, was the first colony to allow many different religions to live together
William Berkeley
a Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians and showed favoritism towards the distribution of land in his second term which led to the Bacon's rebellion in 1676 ,which he ruthlessly suppressed.
backcountry
a colonial frontier region that ran along the Appalachian, west of the Tidewater, through several colonies, from Pennsylvania to Georgia.
Plymouth Rock
a place where the Pilgrims disembarked from the Mayflower in Massachusetts in 1620. The boat waas carrying about 40 pilgrims.
Nathaniel Bacon
a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; his resentment of Berkeley and the unbalanced power of the Virginia government, lead to a rebellion, by him and other backcountry farmers, the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land . When Berkeley refused to let Bacon and other farmers fight nearby Indians to gain more land, Bacon did it anyway, and then went into Jamestown, with his own militia, burned most of the city, and drove Berkeley out of town.
charter
a written grant of authority giving those individuals named on the document power to act in the king's name as long as those authorities implemented the king's law
Pequot War
alarmed at steady stream of English settlers; colonists demanded that the powerful Pequot tribe surrender their tribe membership & pay tribute; Pequots refused & govts of MA, CT, & Plymouth declared war in 1637. In a brutal war the English militiamen virtually annihilated the Pequots.
Miles Standish
an English born military officer hired by the Pilgrims as military advisor for Plymouth colony. Worked on Colonial defense; on Mayflower. often remembered for his bravery in battle and his reputation as the military captain of the Pilgrims
Cecil Calvert
an English coloniser who was the first proprietor of the Maryland colony. He received the proprietorship that was intended for his father, George Calvert, the 1st Lord Baltimore, who died shortly before it was granted.
Act of Toleration
an act passed in Maryland 1649 that granted freedom of worship to all Christians; although it was enacted to protect the Catholic minority in Maryland, it was a benchmark of religious freedom in all the colonies. It did not extend to non-Christians, however.
San Fernando
an outpost made by the Spanish in 1731 that showed their dominance of the Texas region
proprietary colony
colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted
founding of Georgia
created in 1733 by the English crown (Named after King George II) to serve as a buffer between the Carolinas and the Spaniards. It was rented from James Oglethorpe's and was the only one of the original thirteen colonies to recieve subsidies from the crown. Oglethorpe attempted to create a haven for wretched souls imprisoned with debt and was originally free of slavery.
Thanksgiving
day at the end of the harvest season set aside by the Pilgrims to give thanks to god
Tidewater
eastern parts of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, low-lying coastal land drained by tidal streams "Bacon... had pitted the hard scrabble backcountry frontiersmen against the haughty gentry of the tidewater plantations."
theocracy
government run by religious leaders
John Mason
he founded New Hampshire in 1630 as an escape for those restricted by religious and economic rules made by Puritans
Green Spring Group
inner-circle of William Berkeley's governing council; members enjoyed special access to patronage; excluded N. Bacon
Middle Passage
middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa to America throughout the 1600's; it consisted of the dangerous trip across the Atlantic Ocean; many slaves perished on this segment of the journey.
praying indians
native americans among the Algonquians who were converted to Christianity
Maryland
proprietary colony founded by Lord Baltimore, safe haven for Catholics, famous for the Act of Toleration
Virginia Company
refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.[4] The two companies, called the "Virginia Company of London" (or the London Company) and the "Virginia Company of Plymouth" (or Plymouth Company) operated with identical charters but with differing territories.
Antinomianism
the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture)
Wampanoags
tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers
Sagadoahoc
unsuccessful colonization effort by the Plymouth Company; in Maine
Restoration Colonies
was one of a number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the latter half of the 17th century, ostensibly as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration. The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus. The two major restoration colonies were the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina.
Plymouth Company
was one of two joint-stock companies, along with the London Company, chartered with such a purpose as part of the Virginia Company. In form it was similar to the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London. The territory of the company was the coast of North America from the 38th parallel to the 45th parallel,
London Company
was one of two joint-stock companies, along with the Plymouth Company, chartered with such a purpose as part of the Virginia Company. The territory granted to the London Company included the coast of North America from the 34th parallel (Cape Fear) north to the 41st parallel (in Long Island Sound)
Charter of Liberties
written constitution of Pennsylvania colony by William Penn which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration in 1701.
