A.P. U.S. History - Chapter 16 -
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. --Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. I --t forbade the immigration of Chinese to America. 1. --This was the first immigration restriction America passed; until this point in history, immigrants simply came to America without hindrance
The Bessemer Process
--A new way of making steel pioneered by Henry Bessemer. --Steel was a scarce commodity in the America of Lincoln and was expensive; was used for cutlery. Within 20 years America started pouring out more steel
J. Pierpoint Morgan
--Andrew Carnegie worked hard from a young age, he surrounded himself with influential people and then became rich and involved with steel. --J. Pierpont Morgan, another financial giant, also was involved in steel business. 3.Carnegie sold his industry to Morgan for 400 million. He gave away about 350 million to giants or libraries. Morgan's new company was America's 1st billion dollar corporation.
Criticism of Capitalism
--Creates potential for Monopoly - control of the market by large corporate combination. Eliminating competition thus gaining control of market and prices --Concern grew from farmers, laborers, small businesses, bankers --Standard of living increasing BUT gap b/t rich and poor increasing +1% owned 88% of nations assets +10 million lived below poverty line
Conditions in Factories
--Factories often had no windows to allow for ventilation, or heating systems to help the workers stay warm in the winter. --Poor lighting led to accidents. --Workers hands and arms were crushed by machines, because there were no safety devices on them. --Textile workers got lung diseases from breathing dust and fiber all day. --Steel workers risked injuries working close to red-hot vats of melted steel. +In mines, cave-ins buried miners alive. +If a worker got hurt, they got fired. +There was no such thing as insurance.
Andrew Carnegie Theory Contrary to Social Darwinism
--Gospel of Wealth is an article written by Andrew Carnegie that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. --Counter harsh business practices associated with Social Darwinism --People w/ wealth had power and RESPONSIBILITY --Duty to advance social progress --Andrew Carnegie wrote The Gospel of Wealth (1901) --Philanthropic works - all revenue in excess of needs used for good of community --Significant because the wealthy should administer their riches responsibly and not in a way that encourages "the slothful, the drunken, the unworthy."
leisure time
--In late 1800's, workers began to have more leisure time. --Employers decreased hours and institute partial breaks on Saturdays (half-day). --Vacations began to be offered.
Eugene V. Debs
--Leader of American Railway Union --Led Pullman Strike --Pullman Palace Car Company --Sleeping and parlor cars for RR ++Owner George M. Pullman ++Located in 600 acre town Pullman outside of Chicago - home of employees, rent high 1894 slashed wages 25% -Workers went on strike w/ support of American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs --Coordinated walk offs throughout nation paralyzing transportation from Chicago to west coast --Gov. of IL, John Peter Altgeld, supported workers --Pres. Grover Cleveland (he did something!) ordered 2,000 troops to protect new hires and stop strike Debs refused and arrested, but strike collapsed under federal supervision
Negatives of Big Business
--Mostly from farmers and middle-class workers (believed in gov't intervention) --Threat to Republican society (Agrarian)
George M. Pullman
--Pullman Palace Car Company --Sleeping and parlor cars for RR ++Owner George M. Pullman ++Located in 600 acre town Pullman outside of Chicago - home of employees, rent high 1894 slashed wages 25% -Workers went on strike w/ support of American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs --Coordinated walk offs throughout nation paralyzing transportation from Chicago to west coast --Gov. of IL, John Peter Altgeld, supported workers --Pres. Grover Cleveland (he did something!) ordered 2,000 troops to protect new hires and stop strike Debs refused and arrested, but strike collapsed under federal supervision
Pullman Strike
--Pullman Palace Car Company --Sleeping and parlor cars for RR ++Owner George M. Pullman ++Located in 600 acre town Pullman outside of Chicago - home of employees, rent high 1894 slashed wages 25% -Workers went on strike w/ support of American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs --Coordinated walk offs throughout nation paralyzing transportation from Chicago to west coast --Gov. of IL, John Peter Altgeld, supported workers --Pres. Grover Cleveland (he did something!) ordered 2,000 troops to protect new hires and stop strike Debs refused and arrested, but strike collapsed under federal supervision
Haymarket Riot (1886)
--Riot in Chicago -Associated Union Movements with Anarchism
Civil Service Commission
--The Pendleton Act was the height of political reform. --It was called the "Magna Carta of civil service reform" meaning it required merit to get jobs, not simply knowing someone in a high position --The Civil Service Commission awarded jobs based on performance rather than on how much "pull" a person had (how many buddies they had in high places). --The Pendleton Act first affected only 10% of federal jobs, but it (a) stopped the worst offenses of giving jobs to buddies and (b) it set the tone for civil service reform in the future
Commerce Commission
--The Supreme Court decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. --Congress passed the Commerce Commission - forbade unfair behaviors and promoted orderly forums --1st large scale attempt by Washington to regulate hustlers in the interest of society at large
Positives of Big Business
--US experienced time of substantial economic growth --Cutting costs of production --Creating infrastructure --Mass production --Creating jobs
Factors that Favored The Rise of Business
--Unskilled and Semi-Skilled Abundant Labor Supply --Abundant Capital --New talented group of businessmen (entrepreneurs and advisors) --Market Growing as population increased --Abundant Natural Resources --Laissez Faire and Protective Tariff Policies --Social Darwinism
Impact of Industrial Revolution on Women
--Women were profoundly affected by the new Industrial Age --They were introduced to the age of the typewriters and the telephone switchboard, a new image of an independent and athletic girl came out.
Gospel of Wealth (Carnegie)
--an article written by Andrew Carnegie that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. --Counter harsh business practices associated with Social Darwinism --People w/ wealth had power and RESPONSIBILITY --Duty to advance social progress --Andrew Carnegie wrote The Gospel of Wealth (1901) --Philanthropic works - all revenue in excess of needs used for good of community --Significant because the wealthy should administer their riches responsibly and not in a way that encourages "the slothful, the drunken, the unworthy."
Monopoly
--control of the market by large corporate combination --Eliminating competition thus gaining control of market and prices
Concepts of Laissez Faire Economics
--individual as moral and economic ideal. --Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace. --The market was not man-made or invented. --No room for government in the market!
Horatio Alger
--most famous author of time period --ALL novels had same plot: poor boy leaves farm for city; through hard work gets rich --Gave public idea that ANYONE could advance from hard work
Horizontal versus vertical integration
-Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie ++Horizontal integration: allying with competitors to monopolize a given market. ++also buying up rivals or smaller businesses to limit competition and drive up pricing (John D. Rockefeller-Standard Oil) ++vertical integration: combining into one organization, all phases of manufacturing. Helped control quality. Buying all of the means of production.
Impact of railroads on US
-Principal Agent of Industrial Development -Allowed Access to Distant Markets -Gave Rise to Modern Corporation --Funded largely by State, Local, Federal Governments --Changed and Linked U.S. Together
Mugwumps
-The Republicans nominated James G. Blaine for president in the 1884 election. -Reform-minded Republicans didn't like this choice and went over to the Democrats. -- They were called "Mugwumps", supposedly with "their mug on one side and their wump on the other".
Main Sources of Labor in the American Workforce
1. Disillusioned or bankrupt farmers 2. Wave of immigration Bt/ 1865 - 1915: 25 million immigrants ---West coast - Mexicans and Chinese (until Chinese Exclusion Act 1882) ---East coast - S & E Europe - Italians, Poles, Russians, Greek, Slavs
Demands of the Populist Party
1. Inflation through "cheap money" policies of printing paper money and coining silver. They felt inflation would make it easier to pay off their debts. This was their top priority. 2. Other desires were: a graduated income tax (a person pays more with a higher salary); government regulation of railroads, the telegraph, and telephone; direct elections of U.S. senators by the people; initiative and referendum (so people can propose and pass laws themselves); a shorter working day; and immigration restrictions.
Jane Addams
1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.
Homestead Act
1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
Henry Ford
1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.
National Labor Union
1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers
Homestead Strike
1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
Knights of Labor
1st effort to create National union. --Terrance Powderly --Welcomed majority of American workforce, loose in structure and vague program --8 hour workday --abolition of child labor --Began as a secret society with a private ritual passwords, and a special handshake --It was sought to include all workers in "one big union."
W.E.B. Du Bois
A Harvard trained professional who called for equal rights immediately for African Americans. --He founded the NAACP that aimed to help African Americans improve their lives. --He insisted in full civil rights and increased political representation. --He opposed the Atlanta Compromise of Booker T. Washington, whereby Southern African Americans would work and submit to white political rule.
Model T
A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car.
Patents
A grant made by gov't that confers upon the creator the sole right to make, use, and sell that invention for a set period of time 1860 (total since 1789) - 36,000 1860-1890 - 440,000
Social Gospel
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
Self-Made Man
A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits --Everybody had the opportunity to succeed
Political Party Machine
A political group in which an authoritarian boss or small group commands the support of corps of supporters and businesses, who receive rewards for their effrots.
Union Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah --When the South seceded the union wanted to bind the pacific coast --The Union Pacific Railroad was commissioned by congress
middle class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
Protective Tariff
A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel
AAIS called for a strike (The Homestead Strike). --The most powerful union in the U.S. --Comprised of skilled workers. --Significance: Shows union weakness in the face of big business.
invisible hand
Adam Smith's theory that the market is moved by the "invisible hand" of supply and demand.
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. --He founded the Tuskegee Institute, a historically black college in Alabama. --Altanta compromise: called for black progress via education and entrepreneurship.
New South
After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.
Railroad Strike of 1877
America's First National Labor Conflict --Railroad 10% wage cut --Strikers rioted, disrupted rail service, destroyed equipment President Hayes called in federal troops to suppress demonstrators --100 people died over several weeks Illustrated: Resentment between worker and employer, degree the worker was willing to go.
American Bison
American Bison or Buffalo who were hunted nearly extinct in the late 1800's. --Commercial settlers hunted the bison. --
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
Molly Maguires
An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence
Stock Watering
An example of corruption in Railroads --Corruption lurked nearby the fortune made by the railroads; --one of the favorite devices of corruption was "stock watering" - where stock promoters inflated claims about a line's assets and sold more stocks than the railroad's actual value
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
The Steel King
Andrew Carnegie -The Steel King - pioneered the tactic of vertical integration: combining into one organization, all phases of manufacturing. Helped control quality. • Horizontal integration: allying with competitors to monopolize a given market.
Dawes Severalty Act
Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes
Social Darwinism
British economist. Advocate of laissez-faire. Adapted Darwin's ideas from the "Origin of Species" to humans. Notion of "Survival of the Fittest
Henry Clay Frick
Carnegie and lieutenant Henry Clay Frick attempt to cut them out --Cut wages and denied negotiations AAIS called for a strike Frick called in Pinkerton Detective Agency - job to bring in nonunion workers Strikers fought off Pinkerton until surrender
Western Boomtowns
Cities in the U.S. West that suddenly exploded in population, usually due to the nearby discovery of a precious resources, such as gold in California.
Lockout
Closing the factory to break a labor movement before it can get organized
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt offered superior, cheaper railway services and became rich. --The steel rail was a new improvement, tougher than the iron rails, safer and more economical because it could carry heavier load • Standard track gauge came into use, eliminated inconveniences; Westinghouse air brake contributed to efficiency and safety
Scientific Management
Compatible with machine age Employer more control Subdivide tasks, workers more interchangeable, diminishes employers dependence on skilled labor
People's (Populist) Party
Created in response to the growth of corporate power; called for political reform (election of senators, secret ballot) and increased government involvement in economy --In 1892, a new political party emerged—the Populist Party (AKA the People's Party). It was made up of unhappy farmers and sprung out of the Farmers' Alliance. 2. The Populists demanded... 1. Inflation through "cheap money" policies of printing paper money and coining silver. They felt inflation would make it easier to pay off their debts. This was their top priority. 2. Other desires were: a graduated income tax (a person pays more with a higher salary); government regulation of railroads, the telegraph, and telephone; direct elections of U.S. senators by the people; initiative and referendum (so people can propose and pass laws themselves); a shorter working day; and immigration restrictions. 3. The Populist Party did surprisingly well in the election. They got 22 electoral votes by winning four western states. 4. The South was reluctant to vote for the Populists due to race reasons. The Populists had reached out to Southern blacks so Southern whites turned away. After the election, Southern whites tightened the screws on blacks.
Assimilationist policies
Effort to transform Native American culture to European-American culture with the idea that once indigenous persons learned American customs and values, they would be able to merge tribal traditions with American practices and join society.
Henry Bessemer
Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history --John D. Rockefeller came to dominate the oil industry. He became a successful businessman at 19. He was aggressive and extinguished other companies.
Frederick Taylor
Father of Scientific Management --Compatible with machine age --Employer more control --Subdivide tasks, workers more interchangeable, diminishes employer's dependence on skilled labor
The Railway Revolution
For the first time the nation became untied with ribs of iron and steel, railroads emerged as the nation's biggest business. The railroad had an amazing economic growth, trains hauled raw materials to factories and then back as finished goods 2. Railroads simulated immigration by offering land 3. Railroads helped regulate time, until the 1880's every town had its own local time, dictated by the sun. It was a nightmare for figuring out schedules thus on November 18, 1883 railroad lines decided that the continent would be divided into 4 "time zones".
Samuel Gompers
Formed American Federation of Labor --Craft Union -- comprised of Skilled Laborers --Believed in Capitalism: believed workers should reap more rewards from system --Improve relationship between labor and management = better wages and hours
2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie
Gave reservation land to the Sioux and the government closed the trail and forts along it
William Graham Sumner
He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. --He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor --Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail. --Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!
Pinkerton Detective Agency
In response to the Homestead Strike, Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick brought in the Pinkerton Detective Agency, whose job it was to bring in nonunion workers.
Cyrus W. Field (1866)
Inventor of the Transatlantic Telegraph
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of the telephone
Terrance Powderly
Leader of the Knights of Labor --1st effort to create National union. --Terrance Powderly --Welcomed majority of American workforce, loose in structure and vague program --8 hour workday --abolition of child labor
William Sylvis
Leader of the National Labor Union established in 1866
Blacklists
Lists of pro-union workers circulated amongst employers
Business Methods Against Unions
Lockout: Closing the factory to break a labor movement before it can get organized. Blacklists: Lists of pro-union workers circulated amongst employers. Yellow Dog Contracts: Workers being told, as a condition for employment, that they may not join a union. Private Guards: Calling in private guards and state militia to shut down strikes. Court Injunctions: Obtaining Court Orders to shut down strikes
Corporate Consolidations (Trusts/Monopolies)
Monopoly: A corporation eliminates its competition. Trusts: Shareholders of several competing corporations turn in their stock in exchange for a trust certificate entitling them to a dividend.
New Immigration (Eastern/Southern Europe)
New immigrants to the Eastern U.S. during the late 1800's were from Eastern or Southern Europe.
Captains of Industry
Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) stated that "separate but equal" facilities for the races were legal. --In reality, however, the races were indeed separate, but the facilities were hardly equal. --Segregation was carried out in nearly all public facilities such as schools, theaters, transportation, and restrooms.
Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
Robber Barons
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. -Market moved by the "invisible hand" controlled by law of supply and demand
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 forbade combination in restraint of trade without distinguishing "good" trusts from "bad." --Not very effective and had lots of loop holes until 1914 --The first federal action against monopolies
The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers
The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884 --The Republicans nominated James G. Blaine for president in the 1884 election. -Reform-minded Republicans didn't like this choice and went over to the Democrats. -- They were called "Mugwumps", supposedly with "their mug on one side and their wump on the other". --The Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland as their candidate. 1. The mudslinging reached the worst level up until that point during the campaign. --A popular topic was Cleveland's affair and the child it had produced some 8 years earlier. --Despite the drama that Cleveland had fathered a love-child, he won the election
Pendleton Act
The Pendleton Act was the height of political reform. --It was called the "Magna Carta of civil service reform" meaning it required merit to get jobs, not simply knowing someone in a high position --The Civil Service Commission awarded jobs based on performance rather than on how much "pull" a person had (how many buddies they had in high places). --The Pendleton Act first affected only 10% of federal jobs, but it (a) stopped the worst offenses of giving jobs to buddies and (b) it set the tone for civil service reform in the future
Price and Supply of Model T Ford
The price of the Model T Ford started higher. But as the supply of the Model T Ford grew plentiful, the price decreased.
Laissez-faire economics
Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.
Battle of Wounded Knee
US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.
American Federation of Labor
Union formed in 1881 --Formed by Samuel Gompers --Craft Union -- comprised of Skilled Laborers --Believed in Capitalism: believed workers should reap more rewards from system --Improve relationship between labor and management = better wages and hours
telegraph and telephone
What two inventions greatly transformed communications during the late 1800s?
"Cross of Gold" Speech
William Jennings Bryan's 1896 address at the Democratic Convention; one of the most famous speeches in American history In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He decried the gold standard, concluding the speech, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold
Negatives of the Impact of the Industrial Revolution on America
cities became overcrowded working conditions & wages were very bad increased pollution and poor sanitation rise of political machines/corrupt politics
W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington Compare and Contrast
disagreed over whether achieving equality was the burden of the nation or of African Americans.
Capitalism
economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profit
Settlement Houses
institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people
Positives of the Impact of the Industrial Revolution on America
provided jobs for people living in cities improved transportation, communication due to new discoveries (i.e. inventions) cities grew in size, population, and influence (political) allowed United States to become interconnected (ties West to East, North to South, farmer to machinist)
farming technology
tools used to make and grow food
Protestant work ethic
way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God
Yellow Dog Contracts
workers being told, as a condition for employment, that they must sign an agreement not to join a union