AP US History Chapter 22 Study Guide

After the _____, the United States began a period of almost uninterrupted _____.

recession of 1921-1922, prosperity and economic expansion

____ developed slowly in the 1920s, beginning with the use of ____ to deliver mail. Airplanes remained ____ and ____ of entertainment. The development of the ____ and ___ laid the groundwork for the great increase in commercial travel in the ___ and beyond. ___ became faster and more efficient with the development of the ___. ____, and other industries all ___ the economic boom. ___ continued to proliferate. By the late ___, there were approximately ___ million telephones in the United States, approximately one for every six people.

Commercial aviation, planes, curiosities, sources, radial engine, pressurized cabins, 1930s, trains, diesel-electric engine, electronics, home appliances, plastics and synthetic fibers, aluminum, magnesium, oil, electric power, grew and spurred, Telephones, 1930s, 25

In both ___ and ___, scientists and engineers were working to transform primitive ___ into devices capable of performing more complicated tasks. By the early ____, researchers, led by ___, had created the first ___, which became the ___ for dramatic progress over the next several decades. A few years later, ___, built a much more complex ___ with ___.

England, America, calculating machines, 1930s, Vannevar Bush, analog computer, starting point, Howard Aiken, computer, memory

___ had begun in ___ in the mid-nineteenth century through the work of ___, a Catholic monk who performed experiments on the ___ of vegetables. His findings attracted ___ during his lifetime, but in the early twentieth century they were discovered by several investigators and helped ____ modern genetic research. ___, whose experiments with fruit flies revealed how several genes could be ___ together. Morgan also revealed the way in which genes were ___ along the chromosome. His work helped open the path to understanding how genes could ___.

Genetic research, Austria, Gregor Mendel, hybridization, little attention, shape, Thomas Hunt Morgan, transmitted, arranged, recombine

___ of American business were driving toward national ___ and ___. Certain industries, such as ___, dependent on large-scale ___-seemed to move toward concentrating production in a few ___; ___, the nation's ___ corporation, was so dominant that almost everyone used the term "___" to refer to all of its competitors combined. Other industries, such as ___, that were less dependent on ___ and less susceptible to great economies of scale, proved more resistant to ___, despite the efforts of many businessmen to promote it.

Large sectors, organization, consolidation, steel, mass production, large firms, U.S. Steel, largest, Little Steel, textiles, technology, consolidation

Some industries less susceptible to domination by a few great corporations attempted to stabilize themselves not through consolidation but through ___. An important vehicle was the ___-a national organization created by various members of an industry to encourage ___ in ___ and ___ techniques. Trade associations worked reasonably well in the mass-production industries that had already succeeded in limiting ___ through consolidation. But in more ___ industries, such as cotton textiles, their effectiveness was limited.

cooperation, trade association, coordination, production, marketing, competition, decentralized

An immediate cause of the economic boom was the _____ in the aftermath of ______, which left the United States as the only _____ in the world. More important in the long run was _____ and the great _____ it made possible. The _____ became one of the most _____ industries in the nation. It _____ growth in many related industries as well. Auto manufacturers purchased the products of _____ companies. Auto owners bought ______ from the oil corporations. _____ due to the proliferation of motor vehicles became important. The increased _____ the automobile increased the demand for ______, fueling a boom in the _____ industry.

debilitation of European industry, World War I, healthy industrial power, technology, industrial expansion, automobile industry, important, stimulated, steel, rubber, glass, and tool; gasoline, road construction, mobility, suburban housing, construction

No one could deny the remarkable feats of the American _____ in the _____. The nation's manufacturing output rose by more than _____ percent during the decade. Per capita income grew by a _____. _____ was negligible. A mild _____ in _____ interrupted the pattern of growth, but when it subsided early in ____, the economy _____ with greater vigor than before.

economy, 1920s, 60, third, inflation, recession, 1923, 1924, expanded

In those areas where industry did consolidate, new forms of corporate ___ emerged to advance the trend. ___, by 1920 not only the largest ___ manufacturer but also the fifth-largest American ___, was an example. GM's founder, ___, had ___ the company dramatically but had never replaced the ___ management style with which he began. Leadership of the company fell to ___, who created a ___ with an efficient divisional organization. The new system not only made it easier for GM to ___ its many subsidiaries; it also made it simpler for it to ___ further.

organization, General Motors, automobile, corporation, William Durant, expanded, informal, Alfred P. Sloan, modern administrative system, control, expand

The efforts by industrialists to find ways to curb competition through consolidation or cooperation reflected a strong fear of ___. Even in the booming mid-1920s, industrialists remembered how too-rapid expansion had helped produce recessions in ___. The unrealized dream of the New Era was to find a way to ___ the economy so that such collapses would never occur again.

overproduction, 1893, 1907, and 1920, stabilize,

___ began to become a popular technology even before ___ began in 1920. Early radio communication could occur only through ____. Canadian scientist, ____, discovered the ____, allowing transmittance of ____. ____ radio sets, which, unlike ___ radios, could receive ____ quality signals over ____ distances. They were much more ____ than earlier models. By ____, there were __ million sets in American homes, and by the end of the ___ almost ____ family had one.

radio, commercial broadcasting, morse code, Reginald Fessenden, theory of modulation, speech and music, conventional, shortwave or ham, high, short and medium, reliable, 1925, 2, 1920s, every